The parts of a computer system

A computer system consists of a Central Processing Unit, input devices and output devices.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out, or executes, instructions in the program. The main memory stores input data, and the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

Input Devices

Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. By using a keyboard, a user can enter data directly into the computing system. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by an input device called a card reader. Data is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc. A mass storage device has a much larger capacity than main memory. That is, it can store more data. The tapes or discs are read by an input device called a tape drive or a disc drive.

Output Devices

Output devices receive data from CPU. The Visual Display Unit (VDU_; and printer are common output devices. The VDU is similar to a television screen. The printer produces printed output on paper. Both the VDU and printer present output data for immediate use. Sometimes, the output data is transmitted along a telephone line to another computer. Output data can also be stored for future use on a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc.

Input and output devices are collectively called Input-Output Device (I/O Devices), or peripherals.

The parts above are made from electrical and mechanical components. Both parts of the computer system are known as hardware.

Computer programs

For the computer system to operate, computer programs are required. A computer program is a set of instructions for the CPU. These instructions

tell the CPU where to find the input data in the system. The CPU is also instructed how to process the data and where to put the results. Programs are not hard ware, as they have no electrical or mechanical components. They can be easily changed according to the needs of the user. Programs are known as software.

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Man guides and controls the flow of information into, through, and out of the computer by means of a plan called a program. Once a problem is defined, an analyst breaks down the steps that must be followed and constructs a system flow chart showing that job is to be done by pointing out the detailed decisions and operations to be performed. The programmer uses this program flow chart during the coding of the program as a guide to the sequence in which logical and arithmetic operations occur, as well as the relationship of one portion of a program to another. Programming is not simply a coding task. It involves many different jobs such as taking care of the allocation of storage locations to data, instructions, etc.; setting up a system of handling tables, files, along with plan for editing input data; specifying operator and error message; deciding upon the best mathematical technique of handling the processing of data; and output ting the results in a clear manner so that they are usable by the people responsible for their applications. The programming language may take the form of convenient equivalents of machine instructions called mnemonics having symbols such as ADD for add, SUB for subtract, DIV for divide, etc. The computer using a previously written language program called a processor, translates these mnemonics into equivalent machine instructions in the binary mode, its own internal language.

While the program written by the programmer is called the source program, the translated machine language program is called the object program.

Notes:

flow chart блок-схема

guide руководство

to occur происходить

to involve включать, в себя; затрагивать

allocation распределение; выделение

storage memory

location область; ячейка

to edit редактировать

source program исходная программа

object program объектная программа

VI.Воспроизведите следующий диалог.

A. Hullo, В! Where are you going?

B. Привет. Вечность тебя не видел. Я иду в университет.

A. Oh! You are a student now! What university have you entered?

B. Я студент 2-го курса факультета вычислительной техники и информатики технического университета.

A. And what is your future speciality?

B. Инженер-системотехник.

A. What does it mean system-engineer?

B. Я буду работать с вычислительной техникой.

A. And you already know what a computer is, don't you?

B. Да. Компьютер – это машина, которая выполняет последовательность операций над данными.

A. What kinds of operations does a modern computer perform?

B. Он выполняет арифметические операции сложения, вычитания, умножения и деления. Также выполняет логические операции.

A. Well, what are they?

В. Логические операции сравнения и выбора. Кстати, почему это так тебя интересует?

A. I want to enter your university.

B. Очень хорошо. Ты не пожалеешь. Удачи тебе.

A. Thank you.

VII. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The device produced was powerful.

2. Data estimated were used in designing the new system.

3. Due to reduced size and weight microelectronics may be used to increase the speed of the equipment.

4. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.

5. The velocity of a reaction depends on the specific nature of the substances involved.

6. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.

7. The plans proposed did not meet the requirements of our plant.

8. The method used depended upon the material selected.

9. The techniques applied must be discussed once more.

10. The results of the experiments achieved in the lab must be checked once more.

VIII. Переведите предложения па английский язык. Выберите правильную форму глагола.

1. Компьютер разработан (was designed / designs) для автоматизации вычислений.

2. Компьютеры (are used / uses) для обработки данных.

3. Компьютеры (are divided / divides) на классы.

4. В первых компьютерах использовались (were used / used) электронные лампы.

5. Современный компьютер (consists / is made up of) многих компонентов.

6. Данные обрабатываются (is processed / processes) компьютером очень быстро.

7. Компьютеру сообщают (is told / tells) какую информацию выполнять с помощью команды.

8. Команда для компьютера выражается (is expressed / expresses) словом.

9. Информация в компьютере представляется (is represented / represents) в виде электрических сигналов.

10. Работа компьютера основана (is based / based) на ДВОИЧНОЙ системе.

11. Арифметические и логические операции (are processed / processes) ЦПУ.

12. Память компьютера строится (is comprised of/ comprises ) на микросхемах.

13. Программы и данные хранятся (are stored / store) в памяти.

14. Содержимое динамической памяти периодически обновляется (is refreshed / refreshes).

15. Устройство ввода обеспечивает (is provided / provides) ЦПУ данными.

16. Обычно данные вводятся (is fed into / feed) в компьютер с клавиатуры.

17. Выходные данные передаются (is transmitted / transmits) на принтер.

18. Устройства ввода / вывода еще называют (are known as / known) периферией.

19. Для работы компьютера созданы (are invented / invented) языки программирования.

20. Электрические и механические части компьютера также называются (are referred to / referred) аппаратными средствами.

IX. Раскройте скобки. Выберите правильную форму причастия. Модель: using – used; использующий – используемый.

1. The first computers used thousands of separate electrical components (connected / connecting) together with wires.

2. Computers (using / used) vacuum lubes, resistors, and diodes were called first generation computers.

3. Transistors were made from materials (called / calling) semiconductors.

4. Computers (used / using) transistors were called second generation computers.

5. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor (calling / called) a chip.

6. Computers (used / using) integrated circuits were known as a third generation computers.

7. Numbers (representing / represented) by the binary code and by the ASCII code both use the symbols 0 and 1.

8. Machine instructions (called / calling) mnemonics have symbols such as ADD for add, SUB for subtract, DIV for divide, etc.

9. The computer (using / used) a previously (written / writing) language program translates these mnemonics into its own internal language.

10. The algorithm (using / used) in programming specifies a sequence of operations.

Unit 2

I. Запомните следующие слова.

a wire провод

a vacuum tube электронная лампа

semiconductor полупроводник

integrated circuits (circuitry) интегральные схемы

a chip кристалл; чип

a shape форма

a pattern комбинация; модель; набор; образ

a character символ; знак

binary двоичный

decimal десятичный

a space пространство; область; пробел

contents содержимое

a level уровень

a compiler компилятор

either ..., or или ... , или

certain определенный

therefore поэтому; следовательно

however однако

the same тот же самый

some несколько; какой-то

II. Найдите в словаре значения следующих глаголов.

to represent, to send, to design, to convert, to specify

III.Прочитайте и переведите следующее словосочетания.

first generation computer, second generation computer, computer components, computer manufacture, computer system, character code, instruction code, storage space, binary number, decimal number.

IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

can = be able

may = be allowed to, be permitted to

must = be to, have to, should, ought to

1. Our lab assistant has to construct this electronic device.

2. The participants of this scientific conference are to arrive tomorrow.

3. You have to remember the names of the scientists who have contributed to the development of your speciality.

4. Much is yet to be learned about the economic and social effects of automation.

5. Centers of high electron density are to be found in nearly all molecules.

6. We are to take into consideration all the advantages and disadvantages to decide what system is the best for the future work.

7. When the question of the suitability of alternating-current or direct-current systems is to be solved it is necessary to balance carefully advantages and disadvantages of each of these systems.

8. We are to take special steps to reduce the weight of the mechanical part.

9. A careful examination should be made of generating stations.

10. This important information should be transmitted by wireless.

11. In this case visual images are to be transmitted by electrical means.

V. Определите принадлежность слов к частям речи, слова переведите.

apply – application – appliance – applicable

electricity – electrical – electrician – electrically

inventor – invention – invent – inventive – inventiveness

measure – measurement – measurable

scientist – science – scientific – scientifically

weigh – weight – weightless

weightlessness rely – reliable – reliability

present – presentation – presentable – presently – presence – presentment – represent

impress – impressive – impression

number – numerical – numerable – numerate – numberless

instruct – instruction – instructor – instructive – instructional

specify – specific – specifier – specification

achieve – achievement

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