- •Оглавление
- •1. Общий вопрос (General question).
- •2.Специальный вопрос (Special question).
- •3.Альтернативный вопрос (Alternative question).
- •4. Разделительный вопрос (Disjunctive question).
- •1. Read and translate the text
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Read the text again and translate the first paragraph:
- •3. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •V. I. Bazhenov (1737 - 1799)
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3 Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Reading for general understanding. Skim read the Wet. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.
- •Read and translate the third paragraph from the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •III. Answer the questions.
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •1. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it.
- •Read the text again and translate it.
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •5. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •Find all the sentences from the text in the Passive Voice. Copy them in your exercise-books.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Exercise 2. A few explanations to the text.
- •Exercise 3. Vocabulary. Learn by heart the following words and expressions.
- •Exercise 4.
- •Exercise 5. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need:
- •3. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •Read the text and find new words from the text.
- •Beading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.
- •Read and translate about reinforced concrete.
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Read the text once more. Recognize all the sentences, relating to a particular paragraph.
- •6. Reading for general meaning. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:
- •Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •9. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •3. Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Частью сказуемого:
- •1. Discuss the following:
- •2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:
- •6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •7. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
- •8. Match the parts of the following sentences:
- •Write down all the nouns from the text in plural.
- •Make the following sentences negative and put into the interrogative form:
- •3. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •Make up a plan to the text.
- •Imagine you are a future skilled engineer. Say some words about properties of materials. Your talk should include 15—20 phrases.
- •1. Write all the following nouns in plural:
- •4. Write all the complex sentences from the text and translate them.
- •Reinforced-concrete elements production Before-Reading
- •5. Read the text again and choose a right word:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •7. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
- •4. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false, Correct the false statements:
- •5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences with the name of a building trade:
- •2. Write the following words in the correct order to make sentences and translate them into Russian:
- •3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words:
- •4. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
- •5. Reading for general understanding. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the text:
- •6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true of false. Correct the false statements:
- •1. Choose suitable Russian words to English terms. Explain their meaning
- •2. Сhoose suitable English words to Russian terms. Make your own sentences.
- •3. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •4. Find correct Russian translation of English words. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text. Find unnecessary words
- •5. Define which of these statements contain the main idea of the text
- •6.Put these sentences in order according to the text
- •7. Find the correct answer to these questions. Prove your opinion
- •8. Which paragraphs deal with these questions? Give brief explanations to each of them
- •9. Which of these sentences explain the work of heating and which ones -ventilation?
- •10. Prove these statements, add some more information from the text
- •11. Compose pairs of words from English and Russian synonyms. Explain their meaning
- •12. Read the text. Mark which paragraphs devote to the title of the text
- •14. Mark which paragraphs these titles belong to. Place them in order according to the text
- •15. Finish these sentences
- •16.Divide these sentences into three groups
- •18.Change these words into another part of speech
- •Причастие (theparticiple)
- •1.Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
- •2. Translate the following word-combinations in accord to the given models:
- •3.Замените придаточные предложения причины причастными оборотами.
- •4.Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Participle или Perfect Participle.
- •1. Choose suitable translation of English words from Russian ones. Compose sentences with them on the topic of the text
- •2. Chose the translation of bold type (выделенных) words.
- •3.Point which of these sentences have the main idea of the text. Explain your point of view
- •4. Which of these statements contain the basic of the text. Put them in accordance with the context
- •5. Add these sentences with correct variant according to the text. Using as a plan speak briefly about Water Supply
- •6. Fill this table due to points of the topic Sanitary engineering
- •7.Using information from the texts and this table compose a dialogue "Service engineers " for three persons. Discuss process of equipment of any new-built structure with all modern conveniences
- •Список литературы
3. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.
5. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:
The value of true architecture...
...must always study each detail...
We enter the building...
...on the building materials employed.
A knowledge of this alphabet...
...must be a true...
...as things in themselves.
...uses drawings to achieve...
The danger of...
...to point out...
...in the actual building.
Paper architecture...
...is the result of thinking...
...they are completely meaningless.
A valid criticism against...
6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or false. Correct the false statements:
The value of true architecture lies in the direct effect of the structure itself.
Inside we observe the physical structure.
. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ CAN, MAY, MUSTVI ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ
Модальные глаголы обозначают не само действие, а указывают на отношение к нему говорящего. Модальные глаголы выражают способность, возможность, допустимость, вероятность действия, обозначенного последующим инфинитивом.
Модальные глаголы употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to. Эти глаголы часто называются недостаточными, так как они:
1. Не имеют неличных форм инфинитива, причастия, герундия.
2. Не изменяются ни по ЛИЦАМ, пи по числам (не имеют окончания в 3-м лице ед. числа):
Не can do it him self. Он может сделать это сам.
3. Образуют вопросительную форму путем постановки глаголов can, mustили mayперед подлежащим, а отрицательную форму — путем добавления отрицания notпосле модального глагола:
Can you play tennis? Вы умеете играть в теннис?
Must I translate this article? Мне нужно переводить эту статью?
You must tell me the truth. Ты должен сказать мне правду.
Примечание. Поскольку отрицательная форма глагола mustупотребляется только для выражения запрещения, для того чтобы передать значение отсутствия необходимости (не нужно, не надо, не должен) употребляется модальный глагол needв отрицательной форме –need n't. Ср.:
You mustn't light fires here. Вы не должны (вам запрещено)
Разжигать здесь огонь. Must I translate these sentences? - No, Нужно ли мне переводить эти you need n't. предложения? - Нет, не нужно.
4. Сап и mayимеют формы прошедшего времени (couldи might); глагол mustимеет только одну форму.
Наряду с модальными глаголами can, may, mustдля выражения долженствования, допустимости, способности или возможности совершения действия используется ряд других глаголов, которые употребляются как наряду с модальными глаголами, так и вместо недостающих форм этих глаголов.
Выражение долженствования
Долженствование может быть выражено:
1) глаголом must+ инфинитив без частицы to в настоящем времени во всех лицах:
I must leave at once. Я должен уехать немедленно.
2) to have+ инфинитив с частицей to в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени.
То have toвыражает долженствование, вытекающее из внешних условий, и часто переводится на русский язык глаголом приходится, пришлось и т.д.:
I had to work hard to pass my Я должен был (мне пришлось) examination. много работать, чтобы сдать
экзамен.
3 ) to be+ инфинитив с частицей toв настоящем и прошедшем времени.
То be to означает долженствование, вытекающее из предварительной договоренности или плана:
We were to inspect the new Мы должны были тщательно samples. осмотреть новые образцы.
4) shouldвыражает моральный долг или совет:
You should go and see him Вы должны (вам следует) на- tomorrow вестить его завтра.
Выражение способности или возможности совершения действия
Это значение может быть выражено:
1) глаголом сап + инфинитив без частицы to(настоящее время) или could+ инфинитив без частицы to(прошедшее время):
I can play tennis. Я могу (умею) играть в теннис.
Не could help you. Он мог (бы) помочь вам.
2) выражением to be able+ инфинитив с частицей to(все вре мена):
We'll be able to see each other very Мы сможем часто видеться.
often. Неwas able to help me. Он сумел (ему удалось) помочь
мне.
Выражение разрешения совершить действие
Это значение может быть выражено:
1) глаголом may+ инфинитив без частицы toили might+ инфинитив без частицы to. Mayи mightотносят действия к настоящему или будущему:
You may come here every day. Вы можете приходить сюда
каждый день. Do you think it'll snow? - Yes, it Ты думаешь, будет снег? - Да, may/might. возможно (вероятно).
2) to be allowed+ инфинитив с частицей to, может быть использовано в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени:
Не was allowed to borrow books Ему разрешили (позволили) from the University library брать книги из университетской библиотеки.
Сводная таблица модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов
|
Present |
Past |
Future |
Долженствование |
I must meet him. I have to meet him. I am to meet him. I should meet him. |
I had to meet him. I was to meet him. |
I shall have to meet him. |
Способность или возможность совершения действия |
He can help you. He is able to help you. |
He could help you. He was able to help you. |
He will be able to help you. |
Разрешение или возможность (вероятность) |
I may use this device. [ am allowed to use the device. |
I was allowed to use the device. |
I shall be allowed to use the device. |
Unit8
THE ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING
Before-Reading