12) Global warming

Like the glass panes in a greenhouse, certain gases in the Earth’s atmosphere permit the Sun’s radiation to heat Earth. At the same time, these gases retard the escape into space of the infrared energy radiated back out by Earth. This process is referred to as the greenhouse effect. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor, insulate Earth’s surface, helping to maintain warm temperatures. Without these gases, Earth would be a frozenplanet with an average temperature of about –18 °C (about 0 °F) instead of a comfortable 15 °C (59 °F). If the concentration of these gases rises, they trap more heat within the atmosphere, causing worldwide temperatures to rise. a rise in sea levels that will completely inundate a number of low-lying island nations and flood many coastal cities, such as New York and Miami. Many plant and animal species will probably be driven into extinction, agriculture will be severely disrupted in many regions, and the frequency of severe hurricanes and droughts will likely increase.

DEPLETION OF THE OZONE LAYER

The ozone layer, a thin band in the stratosphere (layer of the upper atmosphere), serves to shield Earth from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)-chemicals used in refrigeration, air-conditioning systems, cleaning solvents, and aerosol sprays-destroy the ozone layer.

Layer set

specific targets for all nations to achieve in order to reduce emissions of chemicals responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer. Many people had hoped that this treaty would cause ozone loss to peak and begin to decline by the year 2000. In fact, in the fall of 2000, the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica was the largest ever recorded. The hole the following year was slightly smaller, leading some to believe that the depletion of ozone had stabilized. Even if the most stringent prohibitions against CFCs are implemented, however, scientists

expect that it will take at least 50 more years for the hole over Antarctica to close completely.

AIR POLLUTION

A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels, such as gasoline. When these fuels burn, chemicals and particulate matter are released into the atmosphere. Although a vast number of substances contribute to air pollution, the most common air pollutants contain carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. These chemicals interact with

13) A. United KingdomThe university can do after successful completion of A-level in one of Britain's private schools. Option Two: Tutorial Colleges, Six-form Colleges, international colleges that prepare children for entry to universities both in program A-level, and special programs (University Foundation Programme, International Baccalaureate Programme). Unlike traditional private boarding schools in the schedule of these colleges do not have any rehearsals of choirs and orchestras or theater performances, no mandatory physical education classes. Instead, all efforts are focused on one goal: to prepare people for examinations with the maximum result. Therefore, lectures, seminars, laboratory work, replacing each other until late at night, are here in small, not more than 6 people, groups. If necessary, the student involved individually. In fact, occupy Tutorial Colleges in the UK educational system that niche in the Russian system is occupied tutors. The flexibility of training programs - this is another advantage of college.Universities. In the United Kingdom for more than forty universities, among them leading - Oxford and Cambridge - and also the oldest educational institutions, based respectively in 12th and 13th centuries.The Russian schools do not give students opportunities to share items on the taught in greater or lesser extent, on the contrary, the American system with the ninth grade provides the freedom to choose subjects in which you try to score the greatest number of credits for admission to the university. Also in the American school, you can choose several options of the same object, for example, Algebra I and Algebra II. Differences between the two courses of study and the complexity of the material. Undergraduate LevelAt this level of learning takes place in a college or university as a student. Be deserved a bachelor's degree after four years of study (students of the courses are called freshmen, sophomore, junior and senior), which is called undegraduate studies. Usually there is a set of specific requirements that must be satisfied to obtain the Ph.D.:§ collect a certain number of courses, of which so much of basic (compulsory) - usually the first year are compulsory courses for the second year - elective courses, sometimes - poluobyazatelnye (for example, of the eight specified type should be five).§ to pass qualifying exams - this is how our candidate (according to the degrees - see below).. If you decide to get a qualification "graduate", you must also learn 1 year (subject to match actual training programs, "the desk" lasts one semester, followed by independent work - certification).MASTER - the best way for BA to the heights of skill. Education in her last two years and ends with the protection of the final work - a thesis and, accordingly, awarding master's degree.

14)Atmospheric pollution - the introduction of new air uncharacteristic for him the physical, chemical and biological agents or a change in their natural concentration.The main sources of air pollution are:- Natural (natural contaminants of mineral, vegetable or microbial origin, which include volcanic eruptions, forest and grassland fires, dust, pollen, animal selection, etc.)- Man-made (anthropogenic), which can be divided into several groups:transport - the pollutants generated during operation of road, rail, air, sea and river transport, manufacturing - contaminants formed as vyyurosy for industrial processes, heating, domestic - pollutants resulting from fuel combustion in the residential sector and the processing of household waste. In composition, anthropogenic sources of air pollution can also be divided into several groups:- Mechanical pollutants - dust, cement plants, dust from coal combustion in boilers, furnaces and stoves, soot from the combustion of oil and fuel oil, grated tires, etc.;- Chemical pollutants, pulverulent or gaseous substances that can enter into chemical reactions;- Radioactive contaminants.Contamination of fresh water - hit various pollutants into the waters of rivers, lakes and groundwater. Occurs when the direct or indirect contact with contaminants in the water in the absence of adequate measures to clean up and disposal of hazardous substances. Contaminants enter the fresh water in various ways: as a result of accidents, deliberate dumping, spills and leaks. The largest potential source of pollution - farms, a growing threat to freshwater runoff are discharged from fish farms because of the wide use of pharmaceutical agents to combat diseases of fish.contamination of soilThe surface layers of the soil is easily contaminated.The main contaminants of the soil: 1) pesticides (insecticides), 2) fertilizer, and 3) waste and waste production, and 4) gas and smoke emissions into the atmosphere, 5) oil and oil products. Soil contamination with pesticides is very common in rural areasIn the Sverdlovsk region in the ranking of the most disastrous environmental situation of the cities in the top positions remain Yekaterinburg, Nizhniy Tagil, Ural iKamensk. However, not only the pollutant emissions from industrial plants "do not allow people to breathe," but also the excessive density of automobile traffic."The problem of air pollution in large industrial cities of the Sverdlovsk region remains the same: very dirty, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Urals and Kamensk. Surprisingly, the main source of air pollutants are not the industry, and transportation (up to 90% contamination), - said during a press conference today the regional Minister of Natural Resources Constantin Kryuchkov, answering the question of the "New Region".To find out what is most polluting towns in the Urals, it is planned to implement a detailed environmental monitoring and emissions. In particular, business leaders urged to install systems for measurement of contamination. "Pervouralsk New Pipe Plant", for example, plans to soon put a station within the city. This will help clarify the still unclear picture for us of the exact amount of emissions from "dirty" in the atmosphere of each specific company and the amount of emissions from vehicles in a particular area of the city. As a result, a detailed picture will allow to quickly solve the problem by cleaning the air "- added the Minister.

15) In the ranking of technical and technological universities, compiled by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Ural State Technical University took place in the top twenty. In 2007, the university took the 7th place in the ranking of the "Education of the business elite," and 3rd place in the ranking of "most popular graduates of Russia" magazine "Kommersant-Money." Teaching staff strength of 2171 people, including more than 310 doctors, professors and 1124 associate professors. Ural University, is the core of the research cluster, which also includes research institutes of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, specialized laboratories and businesses high-tech industry. Urfa research complex includes dozens of research centers, innovation infrastructure, research library (with a fund of over 3 million books), several museums and special collections.

16) Founded in 1920 Ural State Technical University-UPI - the largest technical university of the Ural region - has a systemic impact on the development of education, science, economy and socio-cultural sphere of the Ural Federal District. Southern Federal University, named after the first Russian President Boris Yeltsin, for decades one of the leaders in the development of student sports. Victory of university students in the major competitions are making a huge contribution to improving the image of Urfa, praise his name not only in Russia but far beyond. The successes of the leading athletes of the University are the best example for the thousands of his students in physical education and sports, are agitating for a healthy lifestyle. Currently training process is carried Urfa athletes in 30 teams. Every year, these teams engaged in more than 600 students, many of whom have qualifications at least a candidate for master of sports. In Urfa are several theaters: traditional, musical, literary, linguistic, and others. Music groups - choirs, orchestras, dance groups of various types and styles - are virtually the whole range of modern musical life. There are several associations of historical reconstruction, team programming, tourist club, KVN teams, clubs, intellectual games, film society, etc. Students' while in the Urals Federal University - is a fascinating time of receipt of knowledge in one of the most interesting periods fascinating life.