Syllable

The on-set – зачин

Coda - ??

Window - nd – only medial position

The nature of syllable, different theories:

1. The number of syllables coincides with the number of vowels

2. Expietry

3. The chest-past??? theory

4. The sonority theory

5. The articulatory tension theory

6. Теория громкости – развитая теория Щербы

The syllable is a language universal.

Sequences of consonants into syllables in accordance with ??? sonority scale. The inherent sonority of

speech sounds is their relative perceptibility. The prominence of the sound or the several sounds with uniform length, forth and pitch that on the same ???/ They should be graded on the following way:

1. Open vowels

2. Half opened vowels

3. Closed vowels

4. The approximants р, л, в, й

5. The nasals

6. Voice fricative

7. Voice stops

8. Voiceless fricatives

9. Voiceless stops

Another universal principle governing mainky the syllabification of polisyllanbic words is refer to as the principle of the maximal onset.

APPROVE – the sound [p] may occur in coda position, but the cluster [pr] will violate the principle of the sonority, but at the same time this cluster may be applicable to the onset position. Thus an analyst has the following two alternatives:

Ap-prove & app-rove.

In cases like this ??/ it is thedivision that maximaises the sound material in the onset. That is the most preferable of classification. The right division is – ap-prove. -> with the basic types of syllable in all languages. In polysyllabic word consonants occurring at the syllabic boundaries are expected to constitute the onset of the following syllable. Languages differ in syllabic structures the allow. The English language and our mother tongue has ??? 23 for English, 21 for Russian. Nontheless there exists various ?? for the conbsonant cluster in English and in Russian. The numder of consonants forming the engl .syllable – is three. The 1 sound fill be [s] the second [p,t.k] the third comes form the group [r l v y] eg splash-> greater variability in such combination in Russian, while the forth sound could be the sound {в . In code the number is diversed, The maximum for Russian is 3, English – as many as four consonsnt eg. Sixths, the basic divverense in E. and R. is in open syllable and closed syllable and short vowel and voiceless consonant in English coda. The sonorants may become syllabic after a consonant which can be accounted by the same sonority rule. Russian terminal sonorants do not form syllables with the consonants do not form consonants while precede them, owever in some cases they may become syllabic. E.g. Была в Останкине зима. Декабрь число тридцатое. -\\- Декабрь тридцатое первое. Thus we see if the second example the sound Р becomes ?? for the stylistic purposes. Thera two alternative sources for looking up syllabic boundaries of any given English word

• EPD – Cambridge English pronouncing dictionary , Daniel Jones, Peter Roach

• LPD – Longman pronounciation dictionary by Jogn Wells.

These two sources agree on the following:

• Compounds should be divided into syllables according to the morphological principle

• A single consonant which appers between a two syllables should be attached to the preceding vowel.

Double peek consonants – краткие двухвершинные согласные.

• Hpwever the authors of the dictionaties following the different principles in attaching the syllable consonants to the syllable boundary either to the fisrt syllable (maximum) stress syllable – принцип максимального скопления согласных в ударном слоге. E.g. lei-di, in-vait-id.

• To the second syllable according to the maximum onset principle suggested by the compilers of EPD lei-di, in-vai-tid. – принцип максимального скопления согласных в зачине или принцип максимального начала.

Function of the syllable:

• The constitutive function

• Distinctive function

• Identificatry function\recognitive

STRESS. WORD STREES. THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN STRESS AND ACCENT IN ENGLISH, THE TYPES OF STRESS. THE MOST FREQUENT ACCENTUAL TYPES OF WORDS.

STRESS – in a certain property of syllables which makes them stand out more prominent than others it’s the degree of force used in producing a syllable. Word stress is a essential component of a word`s phonological form. The term stress – is a more general term than accent, This word is used to refer all kind of prominence. While accent is associate with international or pitch prominence. The tone accent to the combination “utterance stress” which is a greater prominence given to a syllable or a word, or a particular sentence. The domain of a word stress is a word where the domain of accent is the whole utterance of the actual running pitch. Features which participate:

• The force of excalation is greater which is connected with more energetic articulation

• The pitch of the voice is higher which is connected with the greater tenseness of the vocal cords and the walls of the resonance chambers.

• The quantity of the vowel is increased

• The quality of the vowel is different than that in the unstressed position

In the auditory\perception level a stressed syllable is a part of the word which has a special prominence. This fact is achieved by a combination of greater loudness and length, modification of pitch and vowel quality. There are some other segmental features features which may have ???

• Strong aspiration of voicless plosives before stressed vowels

• Greater prominence of long vowels and diftongs

• The English language and our mother tongue are reported to posses all these possibilities sometimes all simulteniusly sometimes only one.

Types of stress.

In different languages the most important feature stress types are classified:

• Dynamic or force stress – when the effect of special prominence is achieved mainly through the intensity of the articaulation. In European languages eng rus ger French stresses are predominantly dynamic.

• Musical/tonic stress – effect of prominence is achived mainly to the change of pitch or musical tone – in oriental languages, in Scandinavian languages stress is to be both dynamic and musical

• The quantitative stress – special prominence through the changes of the duration of the vowel which is longer in stressed syllables than in unstressed

• Qualitative stress – is achieved through the changes in the quality in the vowels under stress.

English word stress is traditionally described as dynamic. Russian stress is not only dynamic but also has some features of the qualitative and quantitative stress.

• Pitch

• Length

• Loudness

Thus pithc and length are the most important clues for sense perception in Eng. Whereas the vowel are desisive for Russian.

Phonetically there are as many degrees of stress as there are syllables in any word. Phonologically there are only three degrees of word stress:

• Primary stress

• Secondary stress

• Weak stress placed on unstressed syllables

However some linguists (American descriptivists – Henry Blisson) also distinguish tertiary stress – третичное ударние – occurs when a stressed vowel has a full quality. It follows the primary stress not precedes it.

There are two types of word stress – fixed or bound, and free or variable (разноместное).

На последнем – французский, словацкий, чешский

На предпоследнем слоге – польский, суахили, итальянский,