IV. Give english equivalents:

Государственные законы об образовании; местные органы народного образования; иметь большие полномочия; три ступени образования; директора (в государственной школе); государственная учебная программа; директора ( в частной школе); гуманитарные науки (2); уроки по основам драматического мастерства; искусство ведения домашнего хозяйства; основы естественных наук; детские сады; классы первой ступени начальной школы; общая начальная школа; трое детей из ста; субсидируемые школы; «добровольные» школы; члены правления средней школы; богослужение; получить религиозное образование; получать финансирование от центрального правительства; состоять; лепить из глины; из государственного или муниципального бюджета; сдавать экзамен; классические школы; будущие профессии; отборочные экзамены; единая средняя школы; школа совместного обучения; специализация; были превращены; ручные работы; средние технические школы; быть освобожденным; уволить; пансион, школа – интернат; общий вступительный экзамен; составлять основу; Кларендонская комиссия; памятник древности; бывшие ученики; иметь свободу выбора; отменить независимые школы.

5. Give russian equivalents :

To provide grants; the department of education and science; to maintain overall control; primary education; to set out in detail; the levels of achievement the children should reach; headmistresses; school syllabus; Sciences; Technical Drawing; the system of options; preschool playgrounds; no fees are charged to parents; county schools; religious denominations; to apply for grant-maintained status; direct – grant school; junior schools; pupils are streamed; schooling; to aim; an education suited to their particular abilities; Eleven Plus examination; secondary modern schools; without reference to ability or aptitude; in the upper forms; selection … is usually based on; a general education with a practical bias; streaming; are placed in three streaming; for children of the least academic type; to charge tuition fees; objectionable features; proprietor of a school; public schools; preparatory school; to provide residential accommodation; to form the pinnacle of fee – paying education; a commission of inquiry into education; the dates of their foundation indicate; demand for; outsiders; three applicants for every vacancy; the competition for the scholarships is very severe.

Text 2: Assessment Arrangements, Examinations, Time Tables, Certificates and Rules

Schools in Britain have three terms a year, each with a short midterm break for one week known as “half-terms” and longer holidays at Christmas, Easter and in the summer.

All schools assess children’s progress by their own internal tests at the age of 7, 11, 14 and 16. The system of marking may be out of ten, in grades (A-E), or in percentiles (%), with 100% being the highest, “naught” (0) – the lowest, 50% - the pass.

Besides standard assessment tests, two public examinations are set: GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) exam on completion of the compulsory education (at the age of 16) introduced in 1989 and including English, Maths and Science, and GCE A (Advanced) level or AS (Advanced Supplementary) exams on completion of the two voluntary years (“sixth form”). This exam is designed for those wishing to go on to higher education or professional training. It is taken at the age of 18, and is the main standard for entry to university education. In 1992, a new exam was introduced for pupils who are skills, rather than academically oriented, the GNVQ (General National Vocational Qualification). This examination is taken at three distinct levels: the Foundation which is equal to low-grade passes in four subjects of GCSE; the Intermediate which is equivalent to high-grade passes in four subjects in GCSE; and the Advanced GNVQ, equivalent to two passes at A level and acceptable for university entrance. Those pupils who intend to enter university must take A level exams in French, Physics or History. To go to university pupils need two or three A levels. AS levels are the same standard as A level, but only half the content. E.g., AS level German pupils take the A level German Language exam, but do not take the A level German Literature exam. GNVQ are vocational qualifications. Pupils usually take one GNVQ in Business, Leisure and Tourism, manufacturing, Art and Design. It is quite common to combine two A levels with one AS level, or one A level with one GNVQ.

Those pupils who stay at school after taking their GCSE, to prepare for a vocational course or for work rather than for A level examinations, take the CPVE (Certificate of Pre-Vocational Education) examination.

Scotland has a slightly different system. Children stay in the primary cycle until the age of 12. They take the Scottish Certificate of Education at the age of 16 and, instead of A levels, they take the Scottish Higher Certificate which is more like continental European examinations since it covers a wider area of study than the highly specialised A level courses. Many take their “Highers” aged 17 rather than 18, with some opting to take a further examination later, the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS).

Most pupils in British schools wear a school uniform, which differs from school to school. The favourite colours for school uniforms are blue, grey, black and maroon.

A school must have basic rules and procedures if it is to function effectively. Among the rules the pupils must keep there are some concerning dress, playing ball games, smoking, running in corridors and so on. Pupils who violate various school regulations may be punished in several ways: they may be detained after school hours; they may be reported to the headmaster or named in school assembly. Corporal punishment has recently been banned in state schools; some public schools abolished it in late 1970s, but there are some independent schools where corporal punishment is still allowed.

School usually begins at 8.30 or 8. 40. By 9.00 all pupils must be in class. A lesson lasts for 40 minutes. Classes are over by 3.10 p. m.

EXERCISES