XII. Составьте письменную аннотацию текста.

Part II

Supplementary texts for reading and translating

Generating an Electric Current

The first method used in producing an electric current was chemical in nature. Credit for its discovery is given to an Italian physician named Aloisio Galvani One day while engaged in dissecting a frog, Galvani noticed the leg muscles contract whenever a nearby electric machine was in operation. Further investigation showed the same twitching effect to be obtained by simply connecting the nerve and muscle of the leg to dissimilar metals. But no such result was obtained if only one metal was used or if non-conductors were employed. There were obviously two possible sources of the phenomenon. Hither the current was set up at the junction of the two metals or it was a property of the animal tissues. Galvani favoured the latter view and in 1791 announced his discovery, attributing the current to what he called "animal electricity". The scientist is known to become so prejudiced in favour of his animal magnetism theory that it was quite impossible for him to view objectively later evidence which definitely contradicted it and finally caused it to be discarded.

Another Italian, Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics in the University of Pavia, established the true source of the electric current. He demonstrated that it could be produced by the action of dissimilar metals without the presence of animal tissue of any sort.

In the course of his experiments in 1800 he developed the first electric battery, a device known as a voltaic pile. Although he tried a number of different materials he found that the best results were obtained when he used silver and zink as the two metals. The pile consisted of a series of small discs of these and of cardboard, the latter having been soaked in a salt solution. Then he piled the discs up one on another in the order silver, zink, cardboard, and so forth, ending with zinc. By connecting wires to the top and bottom discs he was able to get continuous electric currents which were of substantial size.

All the essentials of a modern electric cell or battery were presented in the voltaic pile. Developments since (hat time have been largely directed toward making cells more convenient to use and toward eliminating various undesirable chemical reactions.

Примечания:

credit for its discovery is given - честь его открытия принадлежит

twitching effect - эффект сокращения мышц

animal tissues - живая ткань

Faraday's Discoveries

Michael Faraday, who was born in 1791 and died in 1867, gathered together and set in order all the work of the scientists who had worked on electrical problems before him.

In 1823 he discovered how to make an electrical motor. In 1831 he built the first generator, then called it dynamo. The modern car has both a starling motor and a generator. The starting motor draws electric current from the car battery to start the powerful gasoline engine. The generator is driven by the gasoline engine to recharge the battery and to furnish electrical power for all the electrical conveniences in the car.

Faraday's experiments of August 29, 1831, gave us the principle of the electric transformer, without which the later discoveries of that fateful year could have little real practical application. For to convey the electric current over long distances, say to supply a town, or feed an electric railway, it is necessary to generate it at a very high voltage, or force. By means o( transformers based on Faraday's induction coil discovery, it is simple for a current direct from a power-station of say 132.000 volts to be stepped down for the electric train to 600 volts and for household use to 240 volts. The procedure is quite simple. The current is fed into the transformer across the primary, or input coil, which corresponds to Faraday's right-hand coil on his induction ring. The resultant induced current is taken from the secondary, of output coil, which corresponds to Faraday's left-hand coil. If this secondary coil has more windings of wire than the primary coil, the voltage will be stepped down.

So the two related discoveries of 1831 provided not only the means of making electricity easily and cheaply, on as large a scale as required, without any cumbersome batteries, but also the way of using it in a safe and practical way.

In 1833 Faraday discovered the effects of passing an electric current through certain solutions, lie called this effects the laws of electrolysis. This has made possible the refinement of metals, silver and gold plating, and the manufacture of many chemical products.