- •Introduction
- •12. Source and ecological consequences of
- •150 Kilocalorie per hour (174 w).
- •Ions of one sign, when all the electrons of both signs liberated in a volume of air of
- •Is removed for maintenance and not replaced people are again at risk.
- •Inert gas – fades burning;
- •33. Chemical accident
- •Inflammation.
- •In its destroying force, but also in suddenness of its origin. Mudflow can be of
- •Introduction
Is removed for maintenance and not replaced people are again at risk.
ADMINISTRATION: Administrative solutions can be done by reducing
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW
MEDIUM LOW
LOW
the number of people exposed to the danger and providing training to those people
who are exposed to the hazard.
Example: The dangers of electricity are well known and only trained and
licensed people are allowed to work on electrical equipment. We can appreciate
that the electrician is still at risk, but their training is such that the risks are
reduced to an acceptable level.
Administrative solutions also include danger signs, and written systems of
work such as those for working in confined spaces and lock out procedures.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: Provision of personal
protective equipment should only be considered when all other control methods are
impractical, or to increase control when used with another method higher up in the
Hierarchy of Control.
Example: To remove the possibility of a person dropping something on their
foot in a workshop situation would be impracticable as it would involve securing
every movable object large enough to do damage if it fell on a person's foot. The
practicable solution is to provide every person at risk with safety footwear.
The example of plant risk management worksheet is given in table 3.
Table 3
Plant risk management worksheet
Company: Ben's Snack Shop. Site/location: 5 The Mall, Smithfield.
Date: 02/01/95
Hazard
identification
Heat hazard from
Very likely Minor injury
oven
Electrocution
hazard from meat Unlikely
slicer
Cutting
hazard
from meat slicer
Risk assessment
Risk control
Likelihood Consequence
Risk rating
High
Fatality
High
Likely
Minor injury
Medium
PPE: one should
use gloves
Administrative:
use RCD: test
regularly
PPE:
use
steel
mesh
cutting glove &
Administrative:
safe
work
practices.
Chapter 4: EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
27. KNOWLEDGE OF EMERGENCY
Emergency classification by origin:
- Natural disaster;
- Technical accident;
- Social - political conflicts;
- Military action.
Transport accident, fire, explosion, accident followed by emission of strong
toxic, radioactive and biological hazard, demolition of buildings and equipment are
referred to technical accidents.
All technical accidents are divided into two categories.
Accident is referred to first category in case of:
- 5 fatal accidents or 10 and more injuries;
- emission of strong toxic, radioactive and biological hazard and their
distribution over the sanitary zone of enterprise;
- 10 times and more growing concentration of environment contaminant;
- demolition of buildings, what causes high risk of injury or harm to great
number of workers.
- accidents of second categories characterized by following consequences:
- up to 5 fatal accidents or 4-10 injuries;
- demolition of buildings, what causes high risk of injury or harm to some
workers.
Accident should be immediately reported to site-manager or another officer
that in turn should inform senior manager.
Director should engage accident liquidation plan, apply rescue measures and
medical aid to injured workers and also inform local executive body, civil defense
staff, public prosecutions department and trade union.
Natural disasters can be:
- meteorological (which occur in atmosphere) storm, hurricane, cyclone,
extreme frost, drought;
- topological (which occur on the earth surface) flood, avalanche, snow
avalanche;
- tectonic (underground) earthquake, volcano.
Disasters categories:
first category disasters go over territory of one administrative district with
great economic impact;
second category disasters spread within one administrative district.
The emergency situation appears as result of:
rapid natural processes caused by gravity, earth circulation or temperature
difference;
effect of the external natural factors, which result in aging or corrosion of
materials of constructions, structures and decreasing of physical-mechanical
parameters;
- engineering or manufacturing defects of structures (designer’s error; low
quality of materials; breaking the rules of safety precautions for repairing
and other works);
- influence of technological processes on materials of structures (overloading;
high temperatures, vibration, aggressive medium);
- incompliance with safety standards for construction and technological
processes, which cause kettle explosion, chemical spill etc;
- military activity of all kinds.
Irrespective to the origin and type emergency situation progresses in four
inherent phases.
Emergency scenario:
1. INITIATION – premises future emergency situation through: activating
unfavorable natural processes; accumulating the engineering or
manufacturing defects, multiple technical breakdowns; equipment
malfunctions; its duration can be approximately estimated by means of
regular statistics of failures, breakdowns, «local» failures, observations of
seismic, meteorological, mudflow struggling and other stations;
2. ACTIVATION – usually triggered by human. Statistics testifies that more
than 60 % of accidents arise because of staff errors;
3. CULMINATION – phase releases energy or substance, which affect people
and environment; it frequently engages powerful, toxic or biologically active
components, as chain reaction destroying energy and substance spill;
4. FADING – may last for years to minimize adverse consequences.
29. FIRE SAFETY
History shows that fire was recognised as a threat to great civilisations as
early as 2000 years ago. The Roman Empire devised a system of corps vigilante
whose sole task was to be on watch for the outbreak of fire. The Great Fire of
London in 1666 became the catalyst for the modern day building codes. The fire
broke out in a baker's shop and destroyed half of London. The buildings in London
at that time were not fire separated and so the fire spread easily. Analysis of how
the fire spread led to the creation of the first building regulations.
Fire Separation: the use of wall, that divides a storey or building, to resist the
spread of fire or smoke.
Fire safety provides conditions of a building that eliminate risk of fire or
spreading fire, prevents property damage.
Basic fire safety concepts:
- safe egress (exit) from the building for occupants;
- facilities for fighting fire within buildings;
- prevention of spread of fire to adjoining properties;
- access and egress for fire fighting personnel.
Fire hazards:
- High temperature;
- Radiant heat;
- Smoke as it contains carbon monoxide;
- Degrading visibility.
Fire temperature can reach 700-900 deg С that’s why neighboring rooms or
buildings can be ignited even without contact with fire but through heat radiating.
For a person critical levels of those hazards are:
- temperature +70 deg C,
- radiant heat 1.26 kW/m2;
- carbon monoxide concentration 0.1%;
- visibility in the smoked area 6-12 m.
Fire fighting includes variety of substances, means and facilities.
Fire fighting substances:
water. Advantages: available, cheap, not toxic. Disadvantages: can’t
extinguish light substances, can’t be used to extinguish electric power
facilities;
foam is more effective than water replacing oxygen;
water steam – moisturizes flammable substances and replace oxygen;