3. Образование множественного числа составных имен существительных
1) в существительных, которые пишутся в два или три слова через тире, форму множественного числа приобретает главное по смыслу существительное: sister-in-law – sisters-in-law.
2) в существительных, которые пишутся в одно слово, форму множественного числа приобретает последнее существительное: schoolboy – schoolboys.
3) если в составном существительном присутствуют слова man, woman, то оба слова образуют форму множественного числа: woman-doctor – women-doctors.
4) если существительное состоит из двух существительных или существительного и прилагательного, то форму множественного числа приобретает второе слово: frying pan – frying pans; ticket inspector – ticket inspectors.
5) если существительное состоит из существительного и наречия или предлога, то окончание прибавляется к существительному: runner-up – runners-up.
6) если слово состоит из глагола и наречия, то окончание –s ставится в конце слова: breakthrough – breakthroughs.
4. Следующие существительные согласуются с глаголом в единственном числе:
а) названия учебных дисциплин: economics, Mathematics.
b) названия видов спорта: athletics, bowls, gymnastics.
c) названия спортивных игр: billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts.
d) названия некоторых болезней: measles (корь), mumps (свинка), rickets (рахит).
e) такие слова как: means (средство), news, series (серия), works (завод), money, hair, information, advice, progress, knowledge, optics, watch, clock.
5. Следующие существительные согласуются с глаголом во множественном числе
a) clothes, people, police, stairs, surroundings, outskirts, premises, wages, cattle, poultry, politics, goods.
b) парные существительные: bellows (воздуходувные меха), binoculars (бинокль), breeches (бриджи), braces (подтяжки), flannels (фланелевый костюм), glasses, pants, pincers (щипцы), pliers (плоскогубцы), pajamas, scissors (ножницы), spectacles (очки), scales (весы), shorts, suspenders (подтяжки), tights (трико), trousers, tongs (щипцы), tweezers (пинцет).
6. Падеж имен существительных.
Обратите внимание:
1. That old car of Jo’s is unsafe. A novel of Jim Kerr’s has been made into a film. НО: когда говорим об отношениях между людьми, возможен вариант: An uncle of Mark |
2. Со словами, обозначающими время, возможно два варианта: We had two weeks’ holiday in Spain or we had a two-week holiday. |
3. a/the baker’s, a/the butcher’s. |
4. ‘s может употребляться после сокращений или имен владельцев какой-либо собственности: the PM’s secretary, Selfridge’s, Claridge’s |
5. ‘s может употребляться с составными существительными: My sister-in-law’s guitar. The prince of Wale’s plane. Henry and Eight’s wives |
6. of + существительное используется со словами, обозначающими количество – part / piece / slice: a piece of cake, a slice of bread |
The possessive case (the possessive form of a noun)
WHOSE?
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of + noun |
Существительные, образующие множественное число путем изменения корневой гласной, которые не заканчиваются на –s children’s room |
Неодушевленное существительное
the cover of the chip |
Существительные, которые в единственном числе обозначают: a) люди, животные the girl’s name |
Когда мы говорим о процессе или изменениях через некоторое время: the establishment of the committee |
b) организации the government’s decision |
a town of Yoshkar-Ola |
c) город, страна, река, океан, названия стран: the city’s new center |
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d) время, расстояние an hour’s rest five minute’s walk НО: a five – minute walk |
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e) самостоятельные независимые наречия: tomorrow’s meeting, today’s newspaper |
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f) со словами: ship, boat, car, the ship’s crew |
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g) со словами, обозначающими планеты: sun, moon, earth: the sun’s ray, this earth’s life |
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apostrophe ‘s
1. Only where possible, use 's or (') to show possession in these sentences.
1. That's the voice of a man.______ That's a man's voice.
2. I can't see the bottom of the box.___________
3. That's the decision of the committee. __________
4. It's the fault of no one. ____________
5. This is a copy of the poetry of Keats._____________
6. That's the leg of the table.________
7. Where's the key of the car?_________
8. That's the bell of the village church that you can hear. _______
2. In this exercise you have to join two nouns. Sometimes you have to use an apostrophe ('), with or without "s". Sometimes you have to use.....of.
Examples: the door/the room - the door of the room; the mother/Ann - Ann's mother.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. |
the camera/ Tom___________________ the eyes/ the cat____________________ the top/ the page___________________ the daughter/Charles _______________ the newspaper/today _________________ the toys/the children ________________ the name/your wife __________________ the name/this street ____________________ the name/the man I saw you with yesterday _____ the new manager/the company__________ the result/the football match____________ the car/Mike's parents________________ the birthday/my father________________ the new headmaster/the school __________ |
3. Fill in: is or are.
1. Your jeans ...are... hanging in the wardrobe. 2. Where.................my scissors? 3. There.................a lecture on economics today. 4. The shopping.................extremely heavy. 5. Where.................my boxing gloves? 6. This information.................incorrect! 7. Her hair.................beautiful. 8. Your socks.................in the drawer. 9. Her furniture.................very expensive. 10. His accommodation.................luxurious. 11. Evidence ... needed before the trial can continue. |
12. The news.................very exciting. 13. Mumps...a common illness among young children. 14. Where.................my glasses? 15. German.................difficult to learn. 16. Where......the kitchen scales? I want to weigh some flour. 17. Chess.................a popular game. 18. Her work.................very tiring. 19. People.................starving in many countries. 20. Happiness.................the key to her success. |
4. Write the plural of the following nouns.
1 nanny ...nannies 2 father-in-law ............... 3 headache ................ 4 dictionary ................. 5 pincushion ............... 6 phone ................ 7 hoof ............... 8 radio ............... 9 train robbery ................. 10 painkiller .............. |
11 bush .......... 21 ferryboat …………… 12 pen-friend .......... 22 watch…………… 13 video ............ 23 medium……………… 14 pillowcase ........... 24 bay……………….. 15 violin .......... 25 flamingo……… 16 wife .......... 26 taxi-driver……… 17 volcano ............ 27 potato……………… 18 mouse .......... 28 safe…………………… 19 godfather ...... 29 onlooker…… 20 wish ...... 30 walking-stick……… |
5. Give the plural of the following nouns.
Toe, city, hero, piano, calf, cliff, proof, chief, stitch, bath, belief, life, shelf, berry, valley, roof, pen, window, wall, week, clock, ship, library, watch, dress, country, glass, day, party, play, bus, leaf, life, colony, fox, half, mass, eye, language, place, key, thief, ray, bush, mouth, journey;
foot, boot, ox, fox, man, woman, month, mouse, child, ship, goose, deer, cheese, sheep;
crisis, phenomenon, datum, nucleus, basis, apparatus, criterion, series, analysis, formula;
room-mate, fellow-worker, court-material, man-of-war, boy-messenger, onlooker, passer- by, sister-in-law, postman, son-in-law, fisherman, schoolgirl, text-book, pocket-knife, statesman, editor-in-chief.
6. Change the number of the noun in italic type where possible and make all other necessary changes.
I.1. The boy drove many sheep in the direction of the village. 2. I was presented with a dozen handkerchiefs. 3. The boy must have too teeth pulled out. 4. The hunter got a prize for killing the wolfs that had caused much damage to the village flock. 5. The child was bitterly crying over the broken toy. 6. He showed me a photo of his country house. 7. The scout brought some valuable information. 8. I bought a pair of nylon gloves. 9. I saw a mouse in the kitchen. 10. The ox drove a cart of hay. 11. A very strange phenomenon was observed by astronomers yesterday. 12. Her hair was soft and curly.
II.1. Put the box on the shelf. 2. I have hurt my foot. 3. This is an English dictionary. 4. Where is the knife? 5. This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leaf fell from the tree. 7. This story is very long. 8. The speech was very interesting. 9. He left the key on the table. 10. Where is the brush? 11. I like his new play. 12. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 13. The wife of the sailor stood on the shore. 14. The cargo of the steamer consists of various raw materials.
III.1. Women and children sat on the shore. 2. The keys to the boxes were lost. 3. The wolves have been shot. 4. The mice were caught. 5. These factories produce furniture. 6. The cargoes will be discharged to-morrow.
7. Supply the missing words.
1. The goods you ordered have arrived. 2. Where ___ the scissors? - ___ are in the first drawer on the left. 3. How much ____ a good pair of trousers cost these days? 4. How much did you pay for ____ trousers? - ____, were very expensive! 5. If your clothes dirty, please put them in the laundry basket. 6. My jeans ______ faded much even though I keep washing _____. 7. All their belongings ______ been destroyed in a fire. 8. My earnings (not) ______ high but at least they _____ fix, regular. 9. These shorts _____ fit me at all!
8. Fill in the plural as in the example:
I wonder who decides what sort of 1) ...animals... (animal) are kept in 2)...(zoo)? You expect to see a lot of 3)...(monkey), 4)...(rhino), and 5) ... (lion), but you rarely see 6)...(ox), 7)... (sheep), 8)...(deer) or 9)...(goose), probably because these can be seen commonly enough in the wild. Each day large 10)...(delivery) of food arrive for the 11)...(beast) to eat. Not expensive items like 12)...(salmon) or 13)...(trout), but ordinary things like 14)...(potato) and 15)... (tomato) - although the 16)...(panda) like 17)...(bamboo). The whole family, 18)... (man), 19)...(woman) and 20)…(child) can take 21)...(photo) or make 22)...(video) of them eating with their 23)...(paw) and 24)...(tooth), since animals do not use 25)...(knife) and 26)...(fork) to eat.
9. Use 's or s' only where possible with these nouns.
a delay of an hour/an__ hour's delay.
a journey of two days__
the shade of the tree__
the book of the film___
the inside of the box__
the price of success___
work of seven years___
the surface of the earth an absence of a year__
10. What could we use in place of the words in brackets?
1. Your mother has gone to (the shop owned by the hairdresser)_____ the hairdresser's
2. I'll meet you at (the shop owned by the chemist)________________
3. I'm going to spend the night at (the house owned by my aunt)______
4. I bought this at (the department store owned by Marks and Spencer)
11. Rewrite these sentences using 's, s', or just an apostrophe (').
1. This bicycle is for a child. This is a child's bicycle
2. This pen belongs to the teacher ____________
3. He described the career of the actress___________
4. That's a job for a stewardess________
5. These toys belong to the children____
6. This is a club for women___________
7. It's a school for girls______________
8. This is the lounge for residents _
9. This umbrella belongs to James
10. That hat belongs to Doris______