9 E Comprehension

Now read the text again and decide whether these statements are true or false. If the statement is false, correct it in the space provided.

During the Soviet times, Russia did not trade with other nations. The value of exports is growing faster than the value of imports. Metals are Russia's largest export. Many of Russia's old trading partners cannot afford its prices any more. Russia no longer trades with communist nations.

Discuss the following with your partner.

-» Russia is the second largest oil producer in the

world. It also produces huge amounts of natural gas. How many other oil or gas producing nations can you name?

H F Listening H)))

Now listen to someone talking about Russia's oil and gas industry. Complete the notes with the correct number.

Russia's gas reserves: (1) cubic metres

Russia's gas output: (2) cubic metres per day Russia's oil reserves: (3) barrels Russia's oil output: (4) barrels

per day

Proportion of European oil and gas bought from Russia: (5) Proposed pipeline to connect Russia with China and South Korea: Length of proposed pipeline: (6) km Cost of proposed pipeline: S (7)

Ml an Qaitfa 11 Cfoioaitt Unit 21 III

u bpeakmg

Discuss these questions with your partner.

How have the economic changes in Russia affected you and youi family? Do you think life in Russia is better or worse than it was five years ago? Are you optimistic about the future?

Plan the Russian economy

W o r k in groups of three or four. W o r k together to make a plan for the economy. Your goal is to achieve steady growth, full employment and low inflation in five years from now! W h e n you have your plan, take turns to present it to the rest of the class. Your plan should include the following.

fiscal and monetary policy

education policy social policy • health care, pensions and

transfer payments industrial policy - for example, what industries you will promote foreign trade policy environmental policy - how you will avoid negative externalities

Use the space below to make your notes.

Notes:

i 12 И 11 w t г ii ' # t c. Ei с ^e'r v J " t 2 '

Я H Writing

Imagine it is 2015.Where will you be? W h a t will you be doing? W h a t will the Russian economy be like? W r i t e an informal letter to a foreign friend who has not visited Russia for many years.

Letter from the future

INTRODUCTION

PARAGRAPH 1

Thank your friend for their last letter and respond to the news they told you.

PARAGRAPH 2

Tell them your latest news: What ;ob are you doing? Where in Russia are you living now? Have you got a family?

PARAGRAPH 3

Describe how the Russian economy has got worse since 2008.

PARAGRAPH 4

Describe how the Russian economy has improved since 2008.

PARAGRAPH 5

Say what your plans are.

Sign off

W r i t e 200-250 words

^

Pronunciation guide

Subsidy s\bo<l:

Expatriate :v i okspaetiieu (n, a>i;i okspa'tii.X'

Enviable 'em iohl

Drastically '(fraestikfi

Shock therapy '[ok (teropi

Hyperinflation hanvnnfleifn

Infrastructure ;ntnv>ir\K; ли )

Elite ertia

C O M E C O N 'knniiknn

Mutual m u:t u,x

Privileged pnvolidjd/

Revision Vocabulary Units 17 to 21

Complete the puzzle with words from units I 7 to 21. Can you find the highlighted phrase?

\

\1

I

r

1

N1)

IT

M

p

Hopefully this will happen to the economy after a recession. The value of imports compared to the value of exports is called the balance of Managed by the government. Something that encourages. When the value of imports is greater than the value of exports, there is a trade

goods are those which are not

absolutely necessary.

A land is a man who rents out property.

People who lend money to companies so that they can grow. A kind of exchange rate mechanism. Goods that are raw materials for industry, or other goods that are not processed.

inflation is very, very high inflation

Now write your own definition for the highlighted phrase.

P

B1 Organise these words and phrases into two groups: those with a positive meaning and words with a negative meaning.

• aid • boom • corruption

• deficit • emancipation • enviable • fortunate • hardship • hyperinflation

• lay off • overheat • plenty • political instability • progress

• recovery • run down • slump • stabilise • struggle • value for money

B2 Now make eight sentences using as many

words as possible from this exercise.

С Complete this letter to a magazine with a suitable word in each gap.The first letter has been given.

Dear Editor.

When I read the article 'ToughTrade'm the

February edition of your magazine I was very disappointed You complained that my country has

put unfair (1) t on imports of products from more (2i d economies such as the

USA and the EU. You are also unhappy that we use 13 > q to restrict the import of some goods. However, without these policies, our country would

(•1) s to survive and the trading i T> \ p we have would suffer.

Your government gives (6) a to many of its industries. This financial help means that your farms and factories can produce goods much more cheaply than ours How can we compete? Also, please don't forget that until my

grandfather's (7) g our country was a (8) с m your empire. We are still paying off the (9) d that you left behind

when we finally won our freedom. Tor these reasons, the trade restrictions that my

government uses are 110) e for our economy. So please - no more complaints!

Moses Samkange

TRANSLATION WORK

T h e soil-nee of e c o n o m i c s studies business, product inn, trade, inflation, u n e m p l o y m e n t and the decisions that w e , g o v e r n m e n t s and c o m p a n i e s take every day.

While m i c r o e c o n o m i c s studies how companies and households run their business, m a c r o e c o n o m i c s looks at the e c o n o m y ot a country as a w h o l e

Economic resources include both material things such as raw materials, housing and others, as well as non-material things, tor example, time.

Every day we make m a n y decisions and each is a trade-off'between different resources

Economists collect data and on the basis of this data they create e c o n o m i c models.

Economic models show relationships b e t w e e n different processes in the e c o n o m y .

A d a m Smith, 'the father of m o d e r n e c o n o m i e s ' , considered that a nation's wealth d e p e n d e d on its ability to produce goods

Economists test theories using empirical evidence. It is e v i d e n c e that can be collected and measured.

This theory deals with factors such as inflation, taxes, salaries and u n e m p l o y m e n t .

( i o v e r n m i n t s . c o m p a n i e s and a c a d e m i e s use

To make a higher prorit the seller has to raise his price and reduce his production costs

In the market e c o n o m y c o m p a n i e s hav e to c o m p e t e with each other for a share of the market.

Today, in our lives and in the e c o n o m y , m o n e y , coins, banknotes and credit cards play a v e r y important role.

In the traditional e c o n o m y p e o p l e hunted and gathered and had no property. Land was shared by the w h o l e tribe. Division of laboui tust appeared here.

A n y e e o n o m i e system has its benefits and drawbacks. T h e biggest drawback of the traditional e c o n o m y is the tact that people c o n s u m e almost e v e r y t h i n g they produce.

T h e market e c o n o m y is not controlled by a government (Competition, which helps to control prices and quality, exists in a free market.

A truly free market e c o n o m y cannot exist as all g o v e r n m e n t s control the e c o n o m y to s o m e extent by setting limits.

In the market e c o n o m y supply and demand d e c i d e e v e r y t h i n g : its direct opposite is the planned e c o n o m y .

in a planned e c o n o m y a government decides w hat is produced, h o w much is produced and h o w and at what price it is sold.

In the world there is no perfect e c o n o m i c

e c o n o m e t r i c s to make correct decisions, find

system

Market e c o n o m i e s have their strengths,

out relationships between variables, etc.

Some variables are considered o v e r a period of time. Such analy sis is called time-series

According to the law of d e m a n d as the price f o r the good rises, the d e m a n d f o r it falls.

Price elasticity, the price/demand relationship, helps to set prices at the correct level in the given market for a particular time.

S o m e other factors apart from p r i c e affect demand, and that causes a shift in the d e m a n d curve.

114 4 4 . > C- Лt '. fc . »• *» о т \ T ' j i i » x у, г УУ r. • < r

but they also have drawbacks. In planned e c o n o m i e s g o v e r n m e n t s can m a k e sure that e v e r y o n e can afford basic c o m m o d i t i e s .

Planned e e o n o n i i e s have problems with supply- as it is difficult to calculate h o w much to p r o d u c e and h o w high a d e m a n d to expect. People have to hoard different goods and shortages of goods b e c o m e c o m m o n .

In m a n y countries p r i v a t e l y - o w n e d businesses exist alongside state-run industries, which need p r o t e c t i o n f r o m free market c o m p e t i t i o n for their d e v e l o p m e n t .

7: юп Work

U Deregulation leads to increased competition

and the influence of market forces.

7 Governments may put limits on free enterprise

by banning trade in various goods, preventing monopolies and protecting consumers and the environment.

Unit 5

] If you have a great deal of money and want

to buy something, you always face a budget constraint.

2 T h e utility of a bundle depends on the utility of

each good and its quantity.

Л Marginal utility is that of consumption of an

additional item of the good.

4 Costs are money spent to manufacture goods or

provide services. For example, rent, interest on loans, cost of electricity and raw materials.

5 Fixed costs change neither in the short term

nor with increases in production.

<i Variable costs change with the size of

production. An example of such costs is the quantity of raw materials needed for production of the goods.

7 An economy of scale is a situation in which

variable costs rise much more slowly than the size of production.

Unit 6

1 Market structure is connected with

competition. It affects the price.

2 A market of perfect competition has a number

of features. There must be many competing companies, supplying one and the same good or providing one and the same service; all customers and companies must have complete information on the market; there must not be any barriers to new companies entering the market.

3 If we speak about a market of perfect

competition, it is important that all companies should have access to technology and resources.

4 In a market of perfect competition there are

many companies, but none of them are able to control prices.

5 In a monopoly7 the market share of one of the

companies is so great that the rest are not able to compete.

(> As a rule, monopolies are not good for

consumers as they are price-makers.

7 Besides natural monopolies, some monopolies

can be created in more aggressive ways by takeovers of other companies.

Unit 7

1 T h e market where employers buy workers1

service for wages is called the labour market.

2 Increased output is the utility which employers

get f r o m their purchase of labour.

3 All markets, including the labour market, obey

the laws of supply and demand.

4 T h e labour demand curve may shift to the right

and to the left. If, for example, the demand increases as a result of increased production, or decreases thanks to any new technology which can replace workers.

3 One of the trade-offs we have to make in our

lives is to find the right balance between work time and leisure time.

6 Natural limits such as sleep and rest bring down

the possible number of working hours. We need some time to switch off f r o m work, which also decreases working time.

7 If the hourly rate increases, people want

to work longer hours. This is called the substitution effect. But the effect also has a limit.

Unit 8

1 T h e factors of production are required to

produce goods. These arc land, labour and capital.

2 Land as a factor of production includes

everything that nature provides and which may be used for production.

3 An educated, skilled and fit workforce is

more productive; that is why education and healthcare play an important role in the economy.

M acmi 11 an Guide со Economici Translation Work IIS

Translation Work

4 Capital includes factories, warehouses,

equipment, tools and computers; everything that is used in the manufacturing process.

5 At present industry is becoming more capital

intensive and less labour intensive.

6 Division of labour and specialization make

the manufacturing process more efficient and productive.

7 Workers perform their operations automatically.

This speeds up the productivity of the labour force and improves the quality of their work.

Unit 9

1 The market price is a reward for the efforts of

the producer.

2 If the price on the market is lower than

expected, the buyer will get a bargain.

3 Surplus measures the utility that the consumer

gains from his purchase, or the profit that the producer makes.

4 The difference between the price that

consumers are prepared to pay and the price that they really pay is called consumer surplus; it is a very important economic concept,

0 Companies make use of many pricing tricks

which help them to increase their profits. Prices ean be set higher or lower than the market price; sometimes companies use price discrimination.

7 Auctions are becoming very popular, for

example, on the Internet. In an auction all participants make bids, and the highest wins.

Unit 10

1 Though many economic laws, formulas,

theories and concepts often seem far r e m o v e d from everyday life, economic policies affect the life of society, families and individuals. Welfare economics considers issues of equity or fairness.

2 Economists examine how income and wealth

are distributed among the population. And equity is realized through taxation.

3 According to those economists who share the

concept of welfare economics, any economic system is unfair.

4 Governments receive revenues f r o m different

sources with taxation as the main one.

5 Through taxation governments achieve different

goals. T h e y decrease the income gap between the rich and the poor, they discourage people from consuming harmful products and they control overall supply and demand.

6 Most taxation revenues go on public goods

which include national defence, street lighting, healthcare, education and others.

7 T h e effects which economic activities have on

people are called externalities. These may be positive or negative. For example, industries can do harm to the environment.

Unit 11

1 Wealth can include valuable belongings, money,

gold, stocks and shares, works of art, land, property and precious jewels.

2 Besides a salary or an unemployment benefit,

there are other sources of income. For example, interest f r o m savings in a bank or rent from property.

3 T h e distribution of wealth in many countries

has remained practically without change for many years. A large share of the wealth is concentrated in the hands of a small group of the population. Inequality is difficult to eradicate.

4 T h e Lorenz curve shows the relationship

between income and population, in other words it represents how income is distributed in the market economy. T h e extent of the inequalities in income distribution can be judged from the curve.

Poverty is a global problem. Though it is mainly- associated with developing countries, to some extent it also exists in developed countries.

When we speak about absolute poverty, we mean the people who live below the poverty line.

7 People on a low income spend all the money

they have on daily necessities. T h e y cannot save.

t I6 МасmiIIan Guide to Eсо nо m iсs Translation Work

Tile (ireat Depression was a devastating collapse tor the A m e r i c a n e c o n o m y the e f f e c t s of which w e r e fell almost in e v e r y country of the world T h e depression changed attitudes to the science of e c o n o m i e s .

A f t e r the depression of the l'MOs, tin most important aims of any government have b e c o m e steady e e o n o m i e growth and control over inflation to avoid serious e c o n o m i c recessions.

Fiscal policy is c o n n e c t e d with the tax system and the budget of the c o u n t r y By this policy the government can influence disposable income, d e m a n d and e c o n o m i c growth.

T h e main tool of monetary policy is interest rates

Aggregate d e m a n d is d e m a n d in the w h o l e e c o n o m y . It includes d e m a n d f r o m consumers, companies, the g o v e r n m e n t and customers abroad.

The value of all the services and products produced by the w h o l e e c o n o m y f o r m s real national product

Thi' growth or falldown trend f o r supply and aggregate supply in the short run is the same, but in the long run aggregate supply growth is not a f f e c t e d by price, but depends on the factors of production available in the e c o n o m y

Before tbe use of money, which is taken for granted by j4.-ople today, the basic system of pay incut was swapping or bartering

T h e first c o m m o d i t y money was metal, salt and other valuable c o m m o d i t i e s . Such m o n e y lacked liquidity, that is the ability to circulate freely , but it stored value.

Fiat m o n e y does not have any intrinsic value, but only represents value.

If you save m o n e y , you may put it in a box under y o u r bed. which is unsafe and unreasonable, or y o u may put it in a bank account. T h e m o n e y in an account earns interest.

T h e main service which any bank provides to its customers is lending money. Banks are the most reliable lenders.

If a client defaults 011 a loan, the bank uses interest to c o v e r the losses Though most clients pay back their loans, interest serves as a form of security.

A banks' clients can make withdrawals at any- time, as any bank keeps s o m e percentage of the savings received f r o m its clients as the reserve.

Fiscal policy regulates the functioning of the tax system and government spending. Both affect e e o n o m i e grow th

A progressive taxation system operates in many- countries ol the world. T h e m o r e money a person earns the higher the tax he pays.

( l o v e r n m e n t spending can affect e c o n o m i c growth through the so-called multiplier effect

Monetary policy involves making changes to the interest rate and controlling the money circulating in the e c o n o m y

T h e interest rate is usually set by the central bank of a country, which also serves as a lender for c o m m e r c i a l banks.

W h e n buy ing houses many people take out mortgages from c o m m e r c i a l banks If the interest rate increases, the mortgage b e c o m e s m o r e expensive.

If the interest rate is low. c o m p a n i e s invest and expand their business, the national currency v alue falls and national goods and services iK-COIUC c h e a p e r for foreign buyers. Kx|*>rts begin to grow and m o r e m o n e y c o m e s into the economy.

A too rapid grow th rate in the economy- may cause inflation. A steady growth rate is preferred. This is the aim of monetary ami fiscal jvolicies

The interest rate is d e t e r m i n e d by the levels of supply and d e m a n d in the m o n e y market.

mlini en. v» u • 4 • to i . yt op). 1 t r t n | iii.'.' л|>1 « 117

Money supply is the money in circulation, including cash, money in hank accounts, reserves, etc

Events like wars or natural disasters which cannot he controlled by governments may affect the economy in unexpected ways

Demand-side shocks may occur in the countries hea\ily dependent on exports.

Shocks may he both demand side and supply- side. They can cause a knock-on effect on the national economy or other economies.

When supply side shocks occur, the supply ot raw materials or components is disrupted. When some good is in short supply, its price rises, so do manufacturers' variable costs and their prices.

< )ne of the ways to measure the nidation level is the retail priet index, which is calculated for the basket of goods

Cost-push inllation occurs when prices rise without an increase in demand, which is common when producers" variable costs rise sharply.

Among other causes of rising inllation is the growth in the circulating money supply. This is explained by the quantity theory of money

People w ith fixed incomes suffer most of all from rising inflation

rnetnploymcnt can be cyclical or structural. Cyclical unemployment varies with grow th or recession in the economy. Structural unemployment depends 011 the low demand for labour in some industries.

There arc other types of unemployment. For example, frietional unemployment, when people are looking for new jobs, as well as seasonal unemployment, when some industries work seasonally.

The situation in which everyone who wants to work has a j o b is called full employment.

When economic grow th is calculated inllation is taken into account

118 mi i "i G .. > б 9 to fccsomu •• ' • 1 n и о л W©f к

Sharp, sudden e c o n o m i c growth may cause tlu e c o n o m y to overheat. Such growth is called a boom.

Savings, capital grow th and technological progress arc considered essential conditions for e c o n o m i c growth.

Technology advances lead to increased productivity from the same amount of capital and resources.

Long-term economic growth is often followed by a recession. Such a cycle is called the trade or business cycle. It has four stages, boom, slump, recession and recovery

W hen demand for goods and s e n ices is steadily growing, companies have to take 011 more employees, consumers' confidence rises as their incomes also go up

When the slump comes, the economy continues to grow but at slower rates. Inllation starts to rise, confidence falls.

All through world history people and countries have i h - c i i trading w ith each other. I11 the modern world an economy is considered open when it imports and exports goods and services.

Export and import of goods is defined as visible' in contrast to the 'invisible' export and import of services.

The balance of trade is an integral part of Un- balance of payment. If imports exceed exports, a country has a trade deficit, if the situation is the opposite, a country achieves a trade surplus

Almost every country in the world has its national currency. Some countries share a c o m m o n currency, for example, the 13 European I'nion m e m b e r countries.

An exchange rate is the price of a currency. Like any price it is decided by supply and demand in the market.

The rate of exchange is the equilibrium between demand for the currency and its supply.

A change in the exchange rate of the currency always has an impact 011 the country's economy. For example, if the rate of exchange

rises, the country's goods get more expensive and demand for them abroad falls. As a result the country's exports may decrease.

Unit 19

I T h e exchange rate m a y affect the whole

economy: interest rates, balance of payments and economic growth.

' When a currency is free floating the government

does not control its rate of exchange and the currency is priced by the market.

Л W h e n a government wants its national currency

to float with some other currency, for example, the dollar or the euro, it pegs it to that currency.

4 If a government wants to maintain the rate of

its national currency, it has to sell or to buy it or other currencies on the international money market.

5 All countries can have absolute and

comparative advantages. If an e c o n o m y can produce goods at a lower cost than other countries or has resources others do not have then the country has absolute advantage.

6 An economy has comparative advantage

when it can produce something at a lower opportunity cost than other countries.

7 In some cases countries have to restrict

trade with other countries. For example, a government may increase tariffs on imports or impose import quotas.

Unit 20

1 There are several ways to measure how

developed a country is. T h e y are, first of all, life expectancy, education level and real income of the population.

2 In the less developed countries of the world

many people die of hunger or because of poverty and millions of people can neither read nor write.

Л T h e populations of the poorest countries suffer

f r o m natural disasters, serious diseases like AIDS and cholera are also widespread.

4 T h e Russian empire stretched f r o m Poland

in the West to the Pacific Ocean in the East. Russia had the biggest territory, but

Тгг

economically it was far behind the leading world powers.

5 T h e Russian empire preserved a feudal

economic system and subsistence farming; most of the population remained serfs till 1861.

6 Russia's industrial base was poorly developed

and the population was mainly illiterate and unskilled. In the country there were few factories. Mechanical engineering was not developed during this period.

7 T h e emancipation of serfs and increased

foreign investments helped Russian to build up manufacturing industries. The steel industry was rapidly developed, a railway network was constructed, and mining output increased.

Unit 21

1 In Moscow in the 1990s, state-run shops with

few consumer goods were replaced by expensive shopping centres. T h e city has become one of the most expensive cities in the world.

2 At the beginning of the 1990s the Russian

government used a 'shock therapy' approach. Severe fiscal and monetary measures were introduced. Government controls over prices for all consumer goods except for staple goods were lifted.

3 In the period before the crisis, taxes and

interest rates were raised and subsidies to state industries were cut. Events in the banking system caused the money supply to balloon.

4 T h e Soviet Union traded mainly with the

G o m e c o n countries. Primary products and energy resources were traded under full control of foreign trade prices.

5 Russia's foreign trade turnover has been rising

lately with exports growing in value much faster than imports.

6 Russia exports primary products: oil, natural

gas, timber, metals, steel, fish. Oil and gas make up about two-thirds of Russia's exports.

. Most manufacturing industries are

uncompetitive and run-down. That is why it is necessary to invest oil money in infrastructure and capital.

Macmillan Guide iо Economics Translation Work 119

Glossary

GLOSSARY

A

absolute a d v a n t a g e /.sebs^luit a d v a m t i d j /

абсолютное преимущество

abundance /a'bAndans/ изобилие

access to smth /aekses/ доступ (к чему-либо)

a c c o m m o d a t i o n /s.kDms'deiJan/ ж и л ь е

to affect /a'fekt/ оказывать влияние ( ч а с т о

негативное)

a f f o r d a b l e /a'foidsbl/ по средствам

a g g r e g a t e /aegrigat/ совокупный

assets /assets/ активы; имущество

A T M /,ei ti: 'em/ (automatic teller machine

/aita'maetik 'tela ma'Ji:n/) банкомат

auction /э:к}п/ аукцион

autarchy /o:ta:ki/ автаркия (экономический

режим страны, предполагающий ее самообеспечение и отсутствие торгового обмена с другими странами)

a v e r a g e /aevarids/ средний

В

baby b o o m g e n e r a t i o n /beibi ,bu:m d3ena,reifn/

поколение, родившееся п о с л е второй мировой войны в период бума рождаемости

balance of p a y m e n t s /baelans av 'pennants/

платежный баланс

to balloon /ba'lu:n/ расти до огромных

размеров

to b a n /Ьаеп/ запретить

to b a n t r a d e /bsen 'treid/ запретить т о р г о в л ю

b a n d /baend/ интервал, диапазон

bank account /Ьзецк a,kaunt/ банковский счет

b a r g a i n /ba:gin/ сделка; выгодное

приобретение

b a r r i e r /Ьэепэ(г)/ барьер

b a r t e r i n g /ba:terii]/ (тж. barter) бартер,

товарообмен

basket of g o o d s /,ba:skit av 'godz/ корзина

товаров

to be at risk /,bi: at 'risk/ рисковать

to be in short supply /,bi: in Jo:t sa'plai/ б ы т ь

в н е б о л ь ш о м , ограниченном количестве (о товаре)

to be p e g g e d against smth /,bi: p e g d a'genst

,SAm0ir]/ б ы т ь привязанным к ч е м у - л и б о (iо валюте)

b e n e f i t /benifit/ 1. преимущество 2. выгода,

прибыль

Black T u e s d a y /.blaek 'tju;zdei/ черный вторник

b o o m /Ьшт/ б у м

t o b o r r o w m o n e y /Ьогэо ' т л т / брать в долг

b o r r o w i n g /Ьогэшц/ заём

b o t t o m line /botam 'lain/ практический

р е з у л ь т а т , итог

b u d g e t constraints /'Lwl-yt kan,streints/

ограничения денежных средств; б ю д ж е т н ы е ограничения

b u n d l e /iMndl/ набор; корзина ( т о в а р о в )

I 20 И а с m 111 а n Guide to Economics G I о $ -s а г у

Glossary

business c y c l e /biznas saikl/ экономический C O M E C O N /kDmikDn/ (Council f o r

цикл, цикл деловой активности Mutual Economic Assistance or A i d )

С о в е т экономической взаимопомощи

t o b u y smth on c r e d i t /,bai

,sam6ii]

on 'kredit/

(социалистических

стран

Европы),

СЭВ

покупать ч т о - л и б о в кредит

commodity /ks'mddsti/ товар

(преимущественно биржевой или сырьевой)

С

to calculate /kaelkjuleit/ рассчитывать; делать

вычисления

capacity /ka'paesati/ м о щ н о с т ь

capital g o o d s /ksepitl gudz/ инвестиционные

товары; капитальные блага

capital-intensive /.kaepitl in'tensiv/

капиталоемкий

cash /kaeJV наличные деньги

cash till /kaej ,til/ касса (e магазине, банке)

C h a n c e l l o r o f the E x c h e q u e r / ф г ш э 1 э ( г ) a v

5i iks'tjeko(r)/ канцлер казначейства ( м и н и с т р финансов Великобритании)

to c h a r g e a p r i c e /,tja:d3 э 'prais/ взымать цену

to c h a r g e f o r s e r v i c e /tja:d3 f o : 's3:vis/ брать

плату за у с л у г у

to c h a r g e interest on loans /tjaids intrast Dn

,bonz/ начислять проценты на кредиты

chart /tja:t/ график

c h e q u e b o o k /ijekbok/ чековая книжка

to collect a tax /ko,lekt э taeks/ собирать налог

to collect data /ksjekt deits/ собирать данные

colony /kDhni/ колония

c o m m o d i t y m o n e y /kairmdati , т л ш / товарные

деньги

c o m p a r a t i v e a d v a n t a g e s /ksm.paeranv

sd'vaintidjiz/ сравнительные преимущества

to c o m p e t e /ksm'piit/ конкурировать

c o m p e t i t i o n /.knmpa'tij'n/ конкуренция

concept /konsept/ понятие; концепция

c o n s e q u e n c e /konsrkwans/ последствие

constant return to scale /konstant ri,t3:n

ts skeil/ постоянный возврат к масштабу; постоянный э ф ф е к т масштаба производства

c o n s u m e r choice /kansjuimalr) 'tjois/ выбор

потребителя

c o n s u m e r g o o d s /kon'sjuim3(r) gudz/

потребительские товары

c o n s u m p t i o n /ksn'sAmpJn/ потребление

to c o n t r a c t /kan'trsekt/1. уменьшаться (в

размере, объеме) 2. заключать контракт

c o n t r o l o v e r p r i c e /kantraul .auva 'prais/

к о н т р о л ь над ценой

c o n v e n i e n c e /ksn'viaiions/ благоприятная

возможность, благоприятное положение

c o n v e y e r belt /kan'veio .belt/ (тж. c o n v e y e r )

конвейер

c o p p e r / к о р э / медь

Macmillan Guide to Economics G!o$$ary 121

cost /knst/ (обычно ми. ч.) стоимость,

издержки (расходы фирмы на производство

d a m a g e to the e n v i r o n m e n t /.daemids ir> di:

товаров ты услуг в течение определенного

m vair?nmont/ у щ е р б о к р у ж а ю щ е й среде периода времени)

d a t u m /deitorn/ (ми. ч. data) данное; данная

to cost a f o r t u n e /knst о fo:tJu:n/ с т о и т ь целое

состояние

cost of living /.knst av liviq/ уровень жизни

cost-push inflation /knst p o j i n f l e i f n /

инфляция издержек (инфляция, вызываемая уменьшением совокупного пред. южения в результате роста издержек производства: сопровождает!, я сокращением реального объема производства и Увеличением безработицы)

counterfeit /kaontofit/ поддельный. фальшивый

to c o v e r loss / k w o f r ) Ins/ покрывать убытки

c o w r y /kauri/ каури (раковина, заменяющая

деньги в некоторых частях Азии и Африки)

to crash /kraeJV (of a market) р у х н у т ь (о рынке)

credit c a r d /kredit ko:d/ кредитная карта

c r o o k /krok/ мошенник

cross-sectional analysis . krns sekjnnl otwebsfs/

структурный анализ

c r u d e oil /kru;d ,м1/ (сырая) нефть

culprit /кд1рнt/ причина (чего-либо плохого)

currency /k.\iv>nsi/ валюта

c u r v e /кз:\7 кривая

custom /kAstom/ обычай

customer /k.\stoira(r)/ покупатель, клиент

cyclical unemployment /saiklikl A i n m p b i i m n l /

циклическая безработица

величина

d e b t /dot/ долг

to default on a loan /difr>:lt on о bun/

отказаться вернуть крелит

d e f l a t i o n /di:fleifn/ дефляция

(снижение общего уровня цен, процесс противопо. южный инф.гяцин)

d e g r e e /dt tjri:/ степень

d e m a n d /di'maaid/' спрос

d e m a n d - p u l l inflation /dimuind pol in'fleifn/

инфляция спроса (инфляция. вызываемая увеличением совокупного спроса)

deposit /di ро/tt/ вклад

to deposit /di pozit/делать вклад

d e r e g u l a t i o n /di;regju leijn/

разгосударствление; уменьшение вмешательства государства в экономику; дерегулирование

designer store /drzamo sin:/ магазин

дизайнерской одежды, м е б е л и и пр.

designing /dt zamtiy констру ирование

discount /diskaont/ скидка

to d i s c o u r a g e sinb f r o m d o i n g smth /disk.\rid^

sAin\v\n from du:iq SAmBiq/ не давать кому- л и б о делать что л и б о

dis-econoiny of scale /disfknnomi r>\ skeil/

процесс, обратный ж о н о м и и на масштабе

122 м * ••• » Cod* tэ FtoncTiti Glossa-y

disposable i n c o m e /di,spauzabl ' т к л ш / доход,

к о т о р ы м располагает лицо п о с л е у п л а т ы налогов, взносов в систему страхования и других вычетов

to distribute /di'stribju:t/ распределять

distribution /,drstri'bju:Jn/ распределение

division of l a b o u r /di,vi3n av 'leiba(r)/

разделение труда

d i v o r c e r a t e /di'vo:s reit/ уровень разводов

domestic c o n s u m p t i o n /da,mestik kan'SAinpJn/

внутреннее потребление

domestic e c o n o m y /da.mestik I'konami/

внутренняя экономика

d r a w b a c k Д1гэ:Ьэек/ недостаток

d r o u g h t /draut/ засуха

E

earnings /з:шцг/ заработанные деньги; доходы

e c o n o m i c thinking /i;ka,nDmik Giqkii]/

экономическое м ы ш л е н и е

e c o n o m y of scale /i,kDnami av 'skeil/ экономия

на масштабе; э ф ф е к т масштаба производства

e f f e c t /ifekt/ влияние; воздействие

e m a n c i p a t i o n of serfs /i.msensi p e i j n av

S3;fs/ освобождение крепостных; отмена крепостного права

e m b a r g o /гт'Ьа:дэи/ эмбарго, запрет

e m p i r i c a l /impirikl/ эмпирический, опытный,

основанный на опыте

e m p l o y e r /rmplois(r)/ работодатель

Glossary

to e n c o u r a g e s m b to do smth /in,kAnd3

,SAmwAn to 'du: ,SAm9ii]/ поощрять кого-либо делать ч т о - л и б о

end p r o d u c t /end prodAkt/ (тж-.final product)

конечный продукт

to e n j o y a m o n o p o l y ДпДз.и а ma'nopali/

обладать монополией

to e n j o y surplus /in.djoi 's3:plas/ получать

избыток

to enter the m a r k e t /,enta(r) da 'ma:kit/

выходить на рынок

e n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p /,onti'apra'n3:(r)fip/

предпринимательство

e q u i l i b r i u m p o i n t /iikwi'libriam .point/точка равновесия

e q u i p m e n t /I'kwipmant/ оборудование

equity /ekwati/ справедливость

to e r a d i c a t e /i raedikeit/ искоренять

essential /i'senj'1/ существенный, очень важный

estate A'steit/ поместье, имение

e u r o z o n e /juarau ,zaon/ еврозона, зона евро

(входит 13 стран-членов Европейского Союза)

e x c e p t i o n to the l a w /ik,sepfn ta 6a 'b:/

и с к л ю ч е н и е из закона

to e x c h a n g e /iks'tjeind3/ обменивать

e x c h a n g e rate /iks'tjemdj reit/ обменный или

валютный курс

e x c h a n g e rate m e c h a n i s m /iks.tjeindj reit

'mekamz(a)m/ валютный механизм, механизм обменных курсов

Macmillan Guide to Economics G!o$$ary 123

to expand business /ik,spaend 'biznos/ расширять бизнес

to expand production /ik,spaend pra'dAkJn/

расширять производство

expatriate /eks'paetrieit/ эмигрант; беженец;

экспатриант (человек, добровольно или принудительно покинувший родину)

expenditure /ik'spenditj3(r)/ расходы

(особенно государственные)', затраты, издержки

to exploit advantages /ik,spbit 9d'va:ntid3iz/

использовать преимущества

extent /ik'stent/ степень; объем

externalities /,ekst3:'nsel3tiz/ экстерналии,

внешние эффекты (последствия производственной и потребительской деятельности экономических субъектов, косвенно отражающиеся на рынке)

extreme poverty /ik'striim pDvsti/ крайняя

бедность

F

factors of production /fusktoz sv pra'dAkJn/

(land, labour and capital) факторы производства (земля, труд и капитал)

fake /feik/ подделка

fiat money /fi:aet ,mAni/ бумажные деньги (не

обеспеченные золотом)

fiscal policy /,fiskl 'polssi/ налогово-бюджетная

политика

fixed costs /,fikst 'kosts/ постоянные издержки (затраты фирмы, величина которых не меняется при изменении объемов выпуска фирмы)

fixed exchange rate /fikst iks'tjeinds reit/

фиксированный валютный курс

fixed income /fikst 'шклш/ постоянный доход

f o r e i g n exchange m a r k e t /'form iks tjemds

'ma:kit/ валютный рынок

t o f o r g e m o n e y /fo:dj т л т / подделывать

деньги

F o r e x /fDriks/ (сокр. от foreign exchange; тж.

F X ) валюта

f r e e enterprise /,fri: 'entspraiz/ свободное

предпринимательство

f r e e floating mechanism /fri: ,fl3otii]

' т е Ь ш г ( э ) ш / механизм свободного плавания валюты

f r e e schooling /,frii 'skuiliq/ бесплатное

школьное образование

freelance /friila:ns/ внештатный; независимый

frictional unemployment /.frikjsnl

Anim'pbimsnt/ фрикционная безработица (безработица, связанная с добровольной сменой рабочими места работы и периодами временного увольнения)

G

to gain /gein/ приобретать

G D P per capita /,d3i: di: ,pi: рэг kaeprta/ В В П

на душу населения

to go bankrupt /дэи 'baeqkrApt/ обанкротиться

124 M a c m i l l a n Guide to Economics Glossary

to go on strike /,дэи on 'straik/ о б ъ я в л я т ь

забастовку

g o o d s /gudz/ товары

G r e a t Depression /,greit di'prejn/ Великая

депрессия

G r o s s D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t /greus da.mestik

'prodAkt/ ( G D P ) валовый внутренний продукт (ВВП)

G r o s s N a t i o n a l P r o d u c t /graus .naejanl

prodAkt/ ( G N P ) валовый национальный продукт (ВНП)

н

to h a m p e r d e v e l o p m e n t /haempo di'vebpmsnt/

препятствовать развитию

h a r d s h i p /ha:djip/ трудности, лишения,

невзгоды

h a r d w o r k i n g /,ha:d'w3:kii)/ прилежный

health bill /hel8 bil/ счет за медицинские

услуги

healthcare /Ье1е,кеэ/ здравоохранение

heating fuel /hi:tiq fjuisl/ т о п л и в о

high street bank /hai ,stri:t ,Ьаецк/ банк,

отделения к о т о р о г о находятся на центральных улицах большинства городов страны

high tech industries /hai ,tek indsstriz/

высокотехнологичные отрасли

to hold v a l u e /.hoold vaelju:/ сохранять

стоимость

h o r i z o n t a l axis /hori,zontl 'aeksis/

горизонтальная ось

Glossary

h o r i z o n t a l t a k e o v e r /hori,ZDntl 'teikouvo(r)/

горизонтальное поглощение

household /haushauld/ домашнее хозяйство

household b u d g e t /haushauld bAdjit/

семейный бюджет

housing /haoziq/ ж и л ь е ; ж и л и щ н о е

строительство

h y p e r i n f l a t i o n /haiparinTleiJn/ гиперинфляция

I

i m p e r f e c t c o m p e t i t i o n / i m ^ i f i k t kompa'tifn/

несовершенная конкуренция (рынок, где существует определенная власть над ценой со стороны одного или нескольких производителей)

in bulk /in 'Ьл1к/ оптом, в б о л ь ш о м количестве

incentive /in'sentiv/ стимул

i n c o m e e f f e c t / т к л ш r'fekt/ э ф ф е к т дохода

(воздействие, которое изменение цены товара оказывает на реальный доход потребителя и соответственно на количество товара, которое потребитель готов купить)

i n c o m e tax / т к л ш taeks/ подоходный налог

i n d i f f e r e n c e c u r v e /in'difrans кз;у/ кривая

безразличия (кривая, показывающая различные комбинации двух продуктов, имеющих одинаковое потребительское значение, или полезность, для потребителя)

industrialised nations /indAstriolaizd neijnz/

промышленно развитые страны

inelastic /ini'laestik/ неэластичный

inequality /ini.kwDbtj/ неравенство

Macmillan Guide to Economics G!o$$ary 125

Glossary;

infrastructure /mfrastrAktj3(r)/

инфраструктура

inherent /in'bra rant/ присущий, свойственный

interest on loan /intrast Dn ,1эип/ процент по

кредиту

interest rate / intrast reit/ процентная ставка

intrinsic /in'trinsik/ присущий, свойственный

'invisible hand' /in,vizabl 'haend/ «невидимая

рука» (рынка)

iron and steel industries /аюп эп sti:l

.indAStriz/ чугунная и сталелитейная отрасли

iron /аюп/ железо; чугун

К

knock-on effect /nDkDii ifekt/ (тж. knockon

и knock o n ) эффект домино

L

labour /leibo(r)/ труд

labour-intensive /Jeibar in'tensiv/ трудоемкий

landlord /laend,b:d/ помещик

law of diminishing returns /b: sv di.mmifiq

ri't3:nz/ закон убывающей отдачи (принцип, согласно которому дополнительное использование переменного ресурса при неизменном количестве постоянного ресурса с определенного момента ведет к сокращению предельной отдачи или предельного продукта)

to lay o f f /lei 'of/ увольнять

legal monopoly /,li:gl тэ'гшрэП/ монополия,

созданная юридическим путем

to lend m o n e y /lend 'm,\ni/ ссужать деньги,

давать в долг

lender /lenda(r)/ кредитор

life expectancy /laif ik,spektansi/

продолжительность жизни

liquidity /li'kwidati/ ликвидность

long run /Ini] глп/ длительный, долгосрочный

luxuries /Ukjariz/ предметы роскоши

м

machinery /тэ'/кпэп/ оборудование

macroeconomics /maskrso^ka'nomiks/

макроэкономика

to m a k e ( b o t h ) ends meet /,meik (,Ьэи0) endz

'mi:t/ сводить концы с концами

to m a k e a bid /,meik э 'bid/ предлагать цену

(на аукционе)

to make a profit /,meik э 'profit/ получать

прибыль

manual w o r k /maenjual ,w3:k/ физический труд

to manufacture goods /maenju.faektja 'gudz/

производить товары

m a n u f a c t u r e d i m p o r t s /maenju.faektfsd impo:

ts/ импорт промышленных товаров/готовых изделий

marginal costs /maidjinl 'kosts/ предельные

издержки (прирост общих издержек фирмы от производства одной дополнительной единицы продукции)

1

1Macmillan Guide to Economics Glossary

m a r g i n a l utility /,ma:d3inl jui'tibti/ предельная

полезность (дополнительная полезность, получаемая человеком от потребления одной дополнительной единицы данного блага за единицу времени)

m a r k e t e c o n o m y /,ma:kit I'kDnami/ рыночная

экономика (.экономическая система, основанная на частной собственности

и использовании механизма спроса и предложения для решения основных

экономических вопросов)

to m a r k e t g o o d s /ma:kit 'gudz/ продавать

товары

m a r k e t a b l e w e a l t h /maikitabl 'we!0/ блага,

реализуемые через рынок

m a r k - u p p r i c e /,та:клр 'prais/ цена с

надбавкой к издержкам производства

mass p r o d u c t i o n /mass pra'dAkJn/ массовое

производство

m a t u r e industry /mo'tjuar 'indsstri/

сложившаяся, развитая отрасль

to meet d e m a n d /mi:t di'ma:nd/ удовлетворять

спрос

mental w o r k /,mentl 'W3:k/ умственный труд

measure / т е з э / показатель

m e r c h a n t / т з д / э ш / купец

m i c r o e c o n o m i c s /,maiki'3uli:kslnDmiks/

микроэкономика

m i n e r / т а т э ( г ) / шахтер

Glossary

m i x e d e c o n o m y /mikst I'kDnsmi/ смешанная

экономика (экономическая система, основанная на различных формах собственности, хозяйственное развитие которой регулируется рынком, традициями и централизованными решениями)

m i x e d p u b l i c goods /mikst .pAblik 'gudz/

смешанные общественные блага

m o n e y m a r k e t / т д ш ma:kit/ денежный рынок,

валютный рынок

m o n o p s o n y /mo'nopsani/ монопсония

(рынок, на котором действует лишь один покупатель товара, услуги или ресурса)

m o r t g a g e /mcxgids/ ипотека, закладная;

ипотечный кредит

m u l t i p l i e r /тл1и, plaia/ мультипликатор

(коэффициент, показывающий отношение равновесного реального объема производства к изменению объема инвестиций или к изменению любого компонента совокупных расходов)

m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c t /.nultiplaiar t'fekt/ эффект

мультипликатора

N

national d e f e n c e /naej'anl di'fens/ национальная

оборона

national i n c o m e /nsefsnl ' ш к л т /

национальный доход

national output /naejanl 'autpot/ общий о б ъ е м

продукции, произведенной в данной стране, совокупный продукт

natural disaster /.naetjral di'zaiste(r)/ стихийное

бедствие

МасmiIIаn Guide to Economics Glossary t 27

net investment /.net in'vestmont/ чистые инвестиции

net r e v e n u e /net 'revajiju:/ чистый доход

n e t w o r k /netw3:k/ сеть; система

n u m b e r c r u n c h i n g / п л т Ь э ,kr\ntjii]/ с л о ж н ы е

математические расчеты

О

to obey l a w /э.Ьег 'b:/ подчиняться закону

oligopoly /.Dli'gDpali/ о л и г о п о л и я

(относительно небольшое количество производителей однородной продукции при

частичном контроле над ценами)

open e c o n o m y /.эорэп ikonami/ открытая

экономика

open m a r k e t o p e r a t i o n s /эорэп ,mo:kit

Dpa'reijnz/ операции на открытом рынке

o p p o r t u n i t y costs /opa'tjuinati kDst/ издержки

упущенных возможностей

o r d e r /o:da( г)/ заказ

output /aotpot/ о б ъ е м выпуска, вьшуск

(продукции)

to o v e r h e a t /,auva'hi:t/ перегревать(ся)

o v e r h e a t i n g /.auva'hiitii]/ перегрев

to owe /эи/ быть д о л ж н ы м

o w n e r s h i p /aona(r)Jip/ собственность, право

собственности

Р

to p a c k a g e /puekids/ упаковывать

panel data analysis /.paenl .deita a'naelasis/

анализ панельных данных (анализ показателей по определенному

фиксированному количеству участников экономической деятельности, производимый

в течение нескольких периодов времени)

p a r t - t i m e e m p l o y e e /,pa:t taim im'pbii:/

работник, работающий неполный рабочий день

p a y /pei/ оплата; зарплата

to p a y b a c k /pei 'baek/ возвращать деньги

(долг, кредит)

to p a y o f f a d e b t /pei ,of э det/ покрывать

долг; рассчитываться по долгу

p a y rise /pei ,raiz/ повышение зарплаты

peasant /peznt/ крестьянин

p e g g i n g /редщ/ привязка валютного курса

к другой валюте (или корзине валют)

to penalise /pi:nalaiz/ наказывать; штрафовать

pension scheme /penjn ski:m/ пенсионная

схема

p e r f e c t c o m p e t i t i o n /,p3:fikt .kompa'tifn/

совершенная конкуренция (рынок, на котором действует неограниченное количество независимых друг от друга производителей, выпускающих однородную продукцию при отсутствии неценовой конкуренции и барьеров для вхождения на рынок новых фирм)

p l a n n e d e c o n o m y /plasnd I'konami/ (тж.

command e c o n o m y ) плановая экономика (экономическая система, в которой

128 M t e m l l l a n Guide со Economics Glossary

Glossary

материальные ресурсы являются price elasticity /prais iilae'stissti/ эластичность

государственной экономическая осуществляется

собственностью,

деятельность общества

посредством

цены

price maker /prais ,meik3(r)/ компания,

централизованного

планирования)

устанавливающая цены на рынке

political corruption /рэ,1шк1 кэглр/п/

коррупция в политике

political insecurity /pa.litikl .insi'kjusrati/

политическая нестабильность

political unrest /pslitikl An'rest/ политические

беспорядки

poverty /pDvsti/ бедность

p o v e r t y line /povati lain/ черта бедности

' p o v e r t y t r a p ' /pDvsti .traep/ «ловушка

нищеты» (ситуация, при которой повышение доходов семьи с низкими доходами, влечет за собой либо утрату госльгот, либо повышение налогообложения, которое «съедает» повышение доходов)

p o w e r /раиэ(г)/ 1. держава 2. право, власть

precious j e w e l /.prejas 'с1зи:з1/ драгоценный

камень

precious metal /prejbs 'metl/ драгоценный

металл

to predict /pri'dikt/ предсказывать

predictable /pn'diktsbl/ предсказуемый

premises /premisiz/ помещения

price discrimination /prais di,sknmi'neijn/

ценовая дискриминация (практика установления разных цен на различные единицы одного и того же товара для одного или разных покупателей в условиях несовершенной конкуренции)

price point /prais .point/1. точка цены (на

графике) 2. ценовой ориентир, ценовая точка (уровень цен, принятый в качестве

ориентира при совершении каких-либо операций)

price taker /prais ,teika(r)/ соглашающийся

с ценой

p r i m a r y goods /рганпэп gudz/ сырьевые

товары

p r i m a r y industries /praimsri ,mdastriz/

добывающие отрасли

printing business /prmtn] .biznas/

типографский бизнес

private sector /praivat 'sekta(r)/ частный

сектор

production costs /prs'cUkJn kDsts/ издержки

производства

production line /pra'dAkJn ,lain/

производственная линия

productivity /pnxLvk'tivsti/ (тж. labour pro-

ductivity) производительность (труда)

profit /profit/ прибыль

progressive tax /pra,gresiv 'taeks/

прогрессивный налог

to p r o v i d e services /prpvaid 's3:visiz/

предоставлять у с л у г и

public goods /рлЬЬк godz/ общественные

блага

public spending /рлЫьк 'spendiq/ госрасходы

Macmillan Guide to Economics G!o$$ary 129

publishing company /pAbhj nj ,клтрэш/ издательство

pull (in demand) /,pol (in di'ma:nd)/

увеличение ( с п р о с а )

purchase /p3:tjas/ покупка

pure monopoly /pjua(r) птэ'порэЬ/ чистая

монополия

pure public goods /pjua(r) .pAblik ,gudz/

чистые общественные блага

to put tariffs on smth /put 'taerifs Dn ,SAm9iij/

налагать тарифы на что-либо

Q

quota /kwsuta/ квота

R

to ration goods /raejn gudz/ распределять

товары (no карточкам при дефиците)

r a w materials /,го: ma'tiarialz/ сырье

recent study /,ri:snt sUdi/ недавнее

исследование

recession /n'sejn/ рецессия, сильный спад,

кризис

recovery /п'клуэп/ оживление

relationship /ri'leifnjip/ взаимосвязь,

взаимоотношения

relative /retativ/ относительный

repayment /ripeimant/ платеж (no кредиту),

погашение (займа, долга)

replacement investment /ri'pleismsnt investment/ капиталовложения, направляемые на возмещение

research /ri's3:tj/ исследование

to restrict trade /ri,strikt 'treid/ ограничивать

торговлю

retail price index /,ri:teil prais ,indeks/ индекс

розничных цен

retailer /ri:teil3(r)/ розничная фирма,

розничный торговец

return /п'сзтп/ оборот; доход

revenue /Tevsnjui/ доход

r e w a r d /n'woid/ вознаграждение

roller-coaster ride of b o o m and depres-

sion /,гэи1э ,koust3 ,raid av ,bum эп di'prejn/ головокружительная череда подъемов и спадов

to run a business /глп э 'biznas/ руководить

бизнесом

S

safety net /seifti ,net/ система стабильного

функционирования финансовой системы; сетка безопасности (система обеспечения экономической безопасности; в социальной области - это поддержание государством неимущих слоев, в финансовой сфере -

обеспечение функционирования банковской системы)

sales /seilz/ объем продаж

saver /seiva(r)/ вкладчик

I 30 М а с m I f I а Г) G u i d e to Economics Glossary

Glossary

savings account /seivnjz э,каиги/ stagflation /staeg'fleijn/ стагфляция

сберегательный счет (экономический застой при одновременной

инфляции)

savings /seivirjz/ сбережения

scale /skeil/ масштаб

scarcity /skeasati/ нехватка, дефицит

seasonal unemployment /,si:zenl Amm'pbimant/

сезонная безработица (связана с отсутствием/

ненадобностью какого-либо вида деятельности в определенное время года)

securities /si'kjuaratiz/ ценные бумаги

security /si'kjuarati/ 1. гарантированность 2.

гарантия, залог 3. защита, охрана

serf /s3:f/ крепостной

to set prices /set praisiz/ устанавливать цены

share /[еэ/ доля {напр. рынка)', акция

shelter /Jelte(r)/ кров

shift in demand /Jift in di'mcmd/ изменение

в спросе

ship building /Jip ,bildii]/ судостроение

shipyard /Jipjaid/ судоверфь

shock therapy /Jbk ,6erapi/ шоковая терапия

short run /Jo:t ,глп/ краткосрочный

shortage /Jbitidy дефицит

to shrink /Jriqk/ сокращаться

skilled /skild/ квалифицированный

slump /sLvmp/ спад

social security benefit /saujl si,kju9rati 'benafit/

пособие социального страхования

stall o w n e r /sto:l ,эопэ(г)/ владелец торгового места на рынке

stalls /sto:lz/ прилавки (на рынке); палатки

staple goods /steipl ,gudz/ основные продукты

питания; товары первой необходимости

state m o n o p o l y /steit тэ'порэП/

государственная монополия

state run industries /steit глп indastriz/

государственные отрасли

state run shop /steit ,глп Jbp/ государственный

магазин

state sector /steit 'sekta(r)/ государственный

сектор

to steer /stis(r)/ управлять

sterling /st3:liq/ (полн. pound sterling) фунт

стерлингов (валюта Великобритании)

stock exchange /stok iks^Jeindy фондовая

биржа

stock m a r k e t /stok ma:kit/ фондовый рынок

stocks /stDks/ запасы; ценные бумаги

storage /stoinds/ хранение

structural unemployment /strAktJaral

Anim'pbimsnt/ структурная безработица (безработица среди рабочих некоторых профессий при наличии спроса на рабочих других профессий)

subsistence (level) /sab'sistans ,levl/

прожиточный минимум

М а с m i 11 a n Guide to Economics Glossary 13!

Glossary

subsistence f a r m i n g /ssb'sistens ,fa:miq/ (тж.

subsistence agriculture) натуральное сельское хозяйство; примитивное сельское хозяйство

substitute /sAbstitju:t/ товар-аналог; заменитель

substitution effect /sAbsti'tjuiJn i,fekt/ эффект

замещения

to suffer a devastating collapse /sAfor

э .devgsteitir] ka'laeps/ претерпевать разрушительный крах

suicide rate /sunsaid ,reit/ уровень

самоубийств

supermarket checkout /,su:p8ma:kit tfekaot/

касса в магазине самообслуживания

supplier /ss'plaisfr)/ поставщик

supply and demand pattern /sa.plai эп

di'ma:nd ,paet3n/ модель взаимодействия спроса и предложения

to supply smb with smth /ss'plai wi0/

снабжать кого-либо чем-либо

supply /sa'plai/ предложение

supply-side shock /ss.plar said 'Jok/ потрясение,

вызванное со стороны предложения

surplus /s3:pbs/ избыток, излишек

survey /S3:vei/ обзор, исследование

sustained economic growth /so.steind пкздшпнк

'дгэиб/ устойчивый экономический рост

to swap /swop/ менять, обменивать(ся)

т

to take into account /teik mtu: a'kaunt/

принимать во внимание

132 M a c m i l l a n Guide to Economics Glossary

to take on staff /,teik Dn 'stent/ брать на работу

персонал

takeover /teik9uva(r)/ поглощение одной

компанией другой компании

target /ta:git/ цель, целевой ориентир

tax payer /tasks рега(г)/ налогоплательщик

taxation /taek'seijn/ налогообложение

t e m p o r a r y /temprari/ временный

tied aid /taid eid/ обусловленная помощь

(помощь, связанная с выполнением каких- либо условий помогающей стороны)

t i m b e r /timba(r)/ древесина

time lag /taim laeg/ временной лаг, задержка

во времени между событием и следствием

time-series analysis /,taim ,siari:z a'nadasis/

анализ временных рядов

tool /tuil/ инструмент

trade balance /treid banians/ торговый баланс

trade cycle /treid saikl/ промышленный цикл

trade deficit /treid ^efisit/ дефицит торгового

баланса

trade surplus /treid 's3:plas/ положительное

сальдо торгового баланса

t r a d e - o f f /treid of/ обмен; компромисс;

уступка

trader /'treida(r)/ трейдер; торговец; биржевой

спекулянт

trading partnership /,treidiq 'pa:tnajip/

сотрудничество в области торговли

transaction /traen'zaekj'n/ сделка, деловая

операция

to transfer money /traens,f3: ' т л т / переводить

деньги

transfer payments /trsensf3:(r) .pennants/

трансфертные платежи (выплаты населению по программам социального страхования, а также выплата процентов владельцам государственных обязательств)

transport cost /tricnspDit ,kost/ издержки на

транспортировку

transport department /,trsenspo;t di'pa:tmant/

министерство транспорта

trend /trend/ тенденция

tribal /traibl/ племенной

tribe /traib/ племя

turnover лз:п,эоуэ(г)/ оборот

U

unemployment benefit / л ш т р Ь п п э т 'benafrt/

пособие по безработице

unfair /лn'fea(r)/ несправедливый

unit of account /juinit av a'kaunt/ расчетная

денежная единица

unjust A\n'd3Ast/ несправедливый

utility /ju:'tibti/ полезность

V

value /vselju:/ стоимость, ценность

value added tax /.vaelju: aedid taeks/

(сокращенно V A T ) - налог на добавленную стоимость {НДС)

GJossary

v a r i a b l e /veariabl/ переменная (величина)

variable costs /.veariabl 'kDSts/ переменные

издержки (издержки, общая величина которых возрастает или уменьшается, когда возрастает или уменьшается объем выпуска фирмы)

vertical axis /,v3itikl aeksis/ вертикальная ось

vertical takeover /,v3:tikl 'teikaova(r)/

вертикальное поглощение

W

w a g e rate /weid3 reit/ ставка зарплаты

warehouse /weahaus/ склад

w a t e r m a r k /wa:ta,ma:k/ водяной знак

wealthy /welBi/ богатый, состоятельный

to w e i g h t /weit/ перен. придавать значимость,

вес

w e l f a r e economics /.welfear iika'nomiks/

экономика благосостояния

w e l f a r e /welfeafr)/ благосостояние

wholesaler /hauiseib(r)/ оптовая фирма,

оптовый торговец

to w i n a share of the m a r k e t /,win a Jea av Оэ

'ma:kit/ получить долю рынка

w i t h d r a w a l /wi6dro:al/ изъятие вклада (из

банка)

w o r k f o r c e /w3:kfo:s/ рабочая сила

w o r k i n g age /w3:kiq ,eids/ трудоспособный

возраст

M а с m f H a n Guide to Economics Glossary 133

Macmillan Guide to Economics Audio CD

1 Copyright Information

Unit 1

2 С Listening (p5)

3 F Listening (p7) 4 Pronunciation Guide (p8)

Unit 2 5 С Listening (p 10) 6 F Listening (pi 2) 7 Pronunciation Guide (pl3)

Unit 3 8 С Listening (pi5) 9 F Listening (pi7) 10 Pronunciation Guide (p 18)

Unit 4 11 С Listening (p20) 12 F Listening (p22) 13 Pronunciation Guide (p23)

Unit 5 14 С Listening (p26) 15 F Listening (p28) 16 Pronunciation Guide (p29)

Unit6 17 С Listening (p31) 18 F Listening (p33) 19 Pronunciation Guide (p34)

Unit 7 20 С Listening (p36) 21 F Listening (p38) 22 Pronunciation Guide (p39)

Unit 8 23 С Listening (p41) 24 F Listenmg (p43) 25 Pronunciation Guide (p44)

Unit 9 26 С Listening (p47) 27 F Listenmg (p49) 28 Pronunciation Guide (p50)

Unit 10 29 С Listening (p52) 30 F Listenmg (p54) 31 Pronunciation Guide (p55)

Unit 11 32 С Listening (p57) 33 F Listenmg (p59) 34 Pronunciation Guide (p60)

Unit 12 35 С Listenmg (p62) 36 F Listenmg (p64) 37 Pronunciation Guide (p65)

Unit 13 38 С Listening (p68) 39 F Listening (p70) 40 Pronunciation Guide (p71)

Unit 14 41 С Listening (p73) 42 F Listening (p75) 43 Pronunciation Guide (p76)

Unit 15 44 G Listenmg (p78) 45 F Listening (p80) 46 Pronunciation Guide (p8i)

Unit 16 47 С Listening (p83) 48 F Listening (p85) 49 Pronunciation Guide (p86)

Unit 17 50 С Listenmg (p90) 61 F Listenmg (p92) 52 Pronunciation Guide (p92)

Unit 18 53 С Listening (p94) 54 F Listening (p96) 55 Pronunciation Guide (p97)

Unit 19 56 С Listenmg (p99) 57 FListening (pi01) 58 Pronunciation Guide (pl02)

Unit 20 59 С Listening (pi04) 60 FListening (pi06) 61 Pronunciation Guide (pl07)

Unit 21 62 С Listenmg (pl09) 63 FListening ( p i l l ) 64 Pronunciation Guide (pi 12)