Index
abilities, underestimation 424–5 abuse 45, 351
emotional 377 physical 377, 399 sexual 377, 380, 399
acceptability 157 acceptance by others 275–6 accident risk 304 achievement
need for 234–5 overevaluation of 279–80
acquired brain injury 331–48 behavioural experiments 335–45
beliefs about functional abilities 337–42 beliefs about social situations 342–5 beliefs about symptoms 335–7
cognitive models 332–4 distinctive difficulties 345–8 key cognitions 334
active experiments 27 activity
breaks 313 scheduling 210–13
adjustment 326–7
adult learning theories 16, 18–20 adversity, genuine 326
aetiology 143–4, 353 agoraphobia 59, 70–7, 161
behavioural experiments 73–7 coping during catastrophe 75–6 reactions of others 73–5
rescue factors, existence of 76–7 and interpersonal difficulties 399 key cognitions 70–1
safety behaviours 72
and specific phobias 164, 166 aiming too high or too low 43 ambivalence 135
American Psychiatric Association 225 anger management 383–4
animal phobias 165, 167–70
anorexia nervosa 267–8, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282
anosognosis 334
anxiety/anxiety disorder vii, viii, xiii, xix, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 84
anticipatory 161
and avoidance of affect 352 and depression 205
effective behavioural experiments 36 exaggerated consequences 172–3 and health anxiety 82
and insomnia 287, 289, 294 and low self-esteem 413, 415
overestimated consequences 170–1, 174, 177 and psychotic symptoms 245
and specific phobias 162 very high 179
see also generalized anxiety disorder; health anxiety; social anxiety
anxious predictions 164 appearance
altered perception 188–9 and tiredness 297–8
appraisals
distorted at time of trauma 191–7 externality 256
fear-based 193 guilt-based 193–4
of self and the world, altered 185–8, 190–1 shame-based 191–2
unhelpful 185–8 assertiveness 397, 403–5, 419–21
lack of 418–19
assumptions 216–19, 228–9, 234–6 unhelpful 422–8
attention selective 151–2
self-focused 142, 144 training 126 wandering 156–7
attitudes 241
atypical phobias 165, 176–8 authority 397, 406 automatic thoughts 29
negative 417–22 autonomy, need for 235–6
avoidance of affect 179, 200, 257–8, 351–69, 436
behavioural experiments 356–66
affect, reducing confusion about 362–6 feelings, changing thoughts about
having 356–9
feelings expression, changing thoughts about 360–2
cognitive models 352–3 distinctive difficulties 366–8 key cognitions 353–5
and panic disorder 78 avoidance, subtle 136
avoidant personality disorder 77, 125, 142, 157–8, 351
Axis I disorders 135 Axis II disorders 135
454 INDEX
‘bad’ comments from others, responsibility for 109–10
behaviour
old and new 434–5 risky 230–3 unhelpful 35–6
see also safety behaviour; self-injurious behaviour
beliefs 216–19, 228–9, 234–6, 241 and anxiety 84, 96–7 categories 396–7
core 20–30
cost of changing 97 and death 83–4, 93–5
delusional 247–8, 249–52, 262 facilitating 375–6, 379–84
and functional abilities 337–42 fundamental 375, 377–9 grandiose 251–2
and hallucinations 252–5 and health 83–4, 93–5
and illness 83–4, 93–5, 228–9, 237–8 and medication 228–9, 237–8 metacognitive 84, 123–4, 126–9
and need to be responsible 83–4, 87–93 old and new 434–5
overoptimistic 339–42 overpessimistic 337–9
physical illness and disability 310–12 problematic 248
problematic non-psychotic 255–9 and prognosis 228–9, 237–8 realistic 282–3
relevant, development of 123 sensitive 282–3
and sleep 293–5
and social situations 342–5 and stigma 228–9, 237–8 superstitious 84, 228–9 and symptoms 335–7 therapist interpersonal 408
and thought-action fusion 96–7 and thoughts controllability 103 and tiredness 293–5
unhelpful 290, 293–5
and voices and other hallucinations 248, 252–5
and worry 84, 96–7 belonging, recreation of 380–1 ‘bigger picture’ 386
binge eating disorder 267, 269, 351 biological variation 353
bipolar affective disorders 225–42 behavioural experiments 229–38
beliefs about illness, stigma, prognosis and medication 237–8
beliefs and assumptions 234–6 mania, typical thoughts associated
with 229–33
cognitive models 225–7 distinctive difficulties 238–42 key cognitions 228–9
bipolar disorders xix, 2, 5, 287, 405 see also bipolar affective disorders
bipolar I disorders 225 bipolar II disorders 225 bird phobia 169–70
bladder control, loss of 73–4 blood injury phobia 165, 171–2 body image 276–7 bombardment 366
borderline personality disorder 355, 364 bottom line, re-evaluation of 426–8 bowel movements, regulation of 323–4 brain injury xix, 2
see also acquired brain injury bulimia nervosa 267, 268, 269, 275,
276–7, 278
business, unfinished 365–6
cancer 311
care, treating oneself with 421–2 case complexity 386 catastrophes 118
change 326–7, 387 emotional 429 multi-level 430 partial 53–4
checking behaviour 84
chronic fatigue syndrome 46, 309, 310, 311, 313, 327, 358
chronic pain 311
classical conditioning/learning models 164 claustrophobia 54, 162, 172–3
clinicians’ perspectives 12–13 clock monitoring 300–1 cognitions
fearful 173 levels 29–30
secondary 176, 177–8, 179 target 34
cognitive deficits 221
-experiential self-theory 16 impairment 345
model of emotional disorder 21 model, introduction of 209 processes exploration 146–53 science theories 15
therapy researchers 436–7
therapy see under historical and conceptual underpinnings of behavioural experiments
vulnerability 207 comorbidity 135, 180, 199
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX |
455 |
concentration 135 |
|
and insomnia 287, 298 |
|
|
|
|
confidence building 154–5 |
and interpersonal difficulties 393, 399, 402, |
|||||
confidentiality 50 |
|
404, 406 |
|
|
|
|
confusion, culture-specific 364–5 |
key cognitions 206–7 |
|
|
|
||
consequences |
|
and low self-esteem 413, 415 |
||||
fear of 358 |
|
and panic disorder 64, 73, 77 |
||||
review of 384–6 |
|
and post-traumatic stress disorder 186, 199 |
||||
unclear feared 117 |
|
postnatal 300 |
|
|
|
|
considerations 49–51, 53–4, 56–7 |
and psychotic symptoms 245 |
|||||
contamination 112–13, 157, 220 |
and self-injurious behaviour 381 |
|||||
content 206 |
|
and specific phobias 162, 180 |
||||
versus process 134 |
|
unipolar 205, 227 |
|
|
|
|
control |
|
design of behavioural experiments 25–6 |
||||
loss 106–8 |
|
diabetes 311 |
|
|
|
|
strategies, fear-driven |
260 |
difficulties, denial of 260 |
|
|
|
|
coping |
|
direct observation (modelling) 27–8 |
||||
during catastrophe 75–6 |
disability |
|
|
|
|
|
inability 145 |
|
adaptation 189–90 |
|
|
|
|
secondary cognitions |
177–8 |
see also physical illness and disability |
||||
underestimation 166 |
|
discomfort 366 |
|
|
|
|
core beliefs 20–30 |
|
‘felt sense’ of 362–4 |
|
|
|
|
courage acknowledgement 178 |
discovery experiments 26, 94, 235–6 |
|||||
criteria, inappropriate 115–16 |
distraction 387 |
|
|
|
|
|
criticism |
|
distress 346–7 |
|
|
|
|
dealing with 406 |
|
dizziness 322–3 |
|
|
|
|
expression of 404–5 |
|
exaggeration 66–9 |
|
|
|
|
cultural factors 353 |
|
doubts 53, 57, 221 |
|
|
|
|
curiosity 157–8 |
|
legitimate 45 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
dreams 368 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
driving phobia 175–6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
DSM-IV 101 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
DSM-IV-TR xx, 59, 81, 183, 205, 267, 268 |
||||
damage, overestimation of 166, 175–6 |
dual representation theory 16 |
|
|
|||
danger, overgeneralization of 197–9 |
dysfunctional assumptions 29, 310–12 |
|||||
death |
|
Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep Scale 290 |
||||
beliefs about 83–4, 93–5 |
dysthymia 205 |
|
|
|
|
|
cost of 84, 95 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
decentring 429 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
decision making 368 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
declarative memory 17–18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
defectiveness, sense of 261 |
eating disorders vii, 5, 267–83 |
|
|
|||
delusional beliefs 247–8, 249–52, 262 |
anorexia nervosa |
267–8 |
|
|
||
delusions 245 |
|
behavioural experiments 45, 273–81 |
||||
denial 340–2 |
|
eating, weight and shape, overevaluation |
||||
depression xix, 2, 11, 205–22 |
of and their control |
273–7 |
||||
behavioural experiments 207–20 |
interpersonal difficulties |
280–1 |
||||
activity scheduling |
210–13 |
low self-esteem 278–9 |
|
|
||
engagement 209 |
|
mood intolerance 277–8 |
|
|
||
negative thoughts (cognitive triad) 213–16 |
perfectionism |
279–80 |
|
|
||
relapse and recurrence: planning for the |
bulimia nervosa |
268 |
|
|
|
|
future 219–20 |
cognitive models 268–9 |
|
|
|||
vulnerability reduction 216–19 |
distinctive difficulties 281–3 |
|||||
and bipolar affective disorders 225, 226, |
key cognitions 269–73 |
|
|
|
||
227, 234, 237, 238 |
not otherwise specified |
267, 268 |
|
|||
cognitive models 205–6 |
and panic disorder 64 |
|
|
|
||
distinctive difficulties |
220–2 |
eating, overevaluation of |
270–1 |
|||
and eating disorders |
278, 279 |
effective behavioural experiments 21–58 |
||||
and generalized anxiety disorder 121, 135 |
experience 46–51 |
|
|
|
||
and health anxiety 82 |
learning circle 30–2 |
|
|
|
||
456 |
INDEX |
|
|
|
|
|
effective behavioural experiments (continued) |
meaning of having 354 |
|||
|
observation 51–4 |
and reality, contrasting 152–3 |
|||
|
planning 33–46, 57–8 |
flashbacks 376 |
|
||
|
reflection |
55–7 |
fear of |
187–8 |
|
|
typology |
23–30 |
flexibility |
48–9, 129–30 |
|
|
emotions/emotional 35, 351 |
focusing externally 148–9 |
|||
|
behaviour 346 |
frightening symptoms, ascertaining |
|||
|
expression of 326, 425–6 |
causes of 62–4 |
|||
|
neglect 351 |
functional abilities, beliefs about 337–42 |
|||
|
processing 136 |
functioning, managing changes in 313–14 |
|||
|
responses |
434–5 |
future |
|
|
|
state 48 |
|
expectations for 137 |
||
|
empirical evidence 13–15 |
hopelessness about 237 |
|||
|
enduring disorder 241–2 |
negative thoughts about 215–16 |
|||
|
energy conservation 293–4 |
planning for 219–20 |
|||
|
engagement |
209, 259–62, 281–2, 324–5 |
future, certainty about, provision of 97–8 |
||
|
engagement, full, encouragement of 47–8 |
|
|
|
|
|
enmeshment 368 |
|
|
|
|
|
environment 430 |
|
|
|
|
|
see also natural environment |
|
|
|
|
|
evaluation, negative, by others 145 |
general practitioner |
|||
|
experience 353 |
delaying visits to 88–9 |
|||
|
positive 313–14 |
and over-informing 92–3 |
|||
|
experiential |
|
generalization 56 |
|
|
|
learning circle 30 |
generalized anxiety disorder 82, 84, 121–37 |
|||
|
learning model 18–19 |
behavioural experiments 125–34 |
|||
|
experiments |
|
metacognitive beliefs 126–9 |
||
|
invisible 135 |
uncertainty, increasing tolerance of |
|||
|
sequence 146–8 |
|
129–34 |
|
|
|
externality appraisal 256 |
cognitive models 121–3 |
|||
|
|
|
distinctive difficulties 134–7 |
||
|
|
|
key cognitions 123–5 |
||
|
|
|
and post-traumatic stress disorder 199 |
||
|
|
|
relevant beliefs, development of 123 |
||
|
|
|
generic cognitive model of emotional |
||
|
failure, sense of 217–19 |
disorder 246 |
|
||
|
fainting 74–5 |
genetic variation |
353 |
||
|
‘far future’ catastrophes 118 |
goals 157 |
|
||
|
fear |
|
grading 178–9 |
|
|
|
about reliving 200 |
grandiose beliefs |
251–2 |
||
|
of anxiety symptoms 167–8 |
grandiose target cognition 253 |
|||
|
-based appraisal 193 |
guilt-based appraisal 193–4 |
|||
|
extreme 179 |
|
|
|
|
|
facing underlying 131–2 |
|
|
|
|
|
of fear 161, 164 |
|
|
|
|
|
of feeling worse 358–9 |
|
|
|
|
|
of flashbacks 187–8 |
habits, lifelong, changing 360–1 |
|||
|
of harming due to loss of control |
hallucinations 245, 252–5 |
|||
|
(external cause) 107–8 |
harm/harming 113–14 |
|||
|
of harming due to loss of control |
fear of due to loss of control |
|||
|
(internal cause) 106–7 |
(external cause) 107–8 |
|||
|
of missing something important 83, 87–8 |
fear of due to loss of control |
|||
|
feedback 56–7 |
(internal cause) 106–7 |
|||
|
feeling worse, fear of 358–9 |
metaworry about 127 |
|||
|
feelings 351 |
|
overestimation of 166, 168, 170–1 |
||
|
changing thoughts about having 356–9 |
predictions of 171–2 |
|||
|
expression of 354–5, 360–2 |
health anxiety 81–98 |
|||
|
intense 364 |
and avoidance of affect 351 |
|||
|
loss of control of 277–8 |
behavioural experiments 46, 86–97 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX |
457 |
beliefs about effects of anxiety, worry |
injection phobia 165, 171–2 |
||||||
and thought-action fusion 96–7 |
injury, overestimation of 166 |
||||||
beliefs about health, illness and death |
in-session thought disorder 262–3 |
||||||
93–5 |
|
|
insight, poor 339–40 |
|
|
||
beliefs about need to be responsible |
insomnia 287–305 |
|
|
|
|||
87–93 |
|
|
behavioural experiments 292–302 |
||||
cognitive models 81–2 |
|
monitoring 298–301 |
|||||
distinctive difficulties |
97–8 |
|
perception, distorted 297–8 |
||||
key cognitions 82–4 |
|
|
safety behaviours |
301–2 |
|||
and panic disorder 77 |
|
|
unhelpful beliefs about sleep and |
||||
special considerations |
85–6 |
|
tiredness |
293–5 |
|||
and specific phobias 161, 162, 164 |
worry 295–7 |
|
|
|
|||
health, beliefs about 83–4, 93–5 |
cognitive models |
288–90 |
|||||
heart disease 311 |
|
|
definition 287–8 |
|
|
|
|
heart rate, rapid, examining benign cause |
distinctive difficulties 302–4 |
||||||
of 62–4 |
|
|
key cognitions 290–2 |
||||
height phobia 173, 174–5 |
|
intensity 367–8 |
|
|
|
||
help, elicitation of 381–3 |
|
interactive cognitive subsystems model |
|||||
historical and conceptual underpinnings |
16–17, 20 |
|
|
|
|||
of behavioural experiments 1–20 |
interpersonal difficulties xix, 272, 273, 280–1, |
||||||
in cognitive therapy 2–20 |
|
393–409, 436 |
|
|
|
||
evolution and revolution 11–12 |
behavioural experiments 398–406 |
||||||
scientific context 9–11 |
|
assertiveness 403–5 |
|||||
value 12–15 |
|
|
intimacy 401–3 |
|
|
||
value, theoretical perspectives |
power and authority 406 |
||||||
on 15–20 |
|
|
style 405 |
|
|
|
|
hopelessness 219–20, 221, 237 |
|
trust 399–401 |
|
|
|
||
challenging 377–9 |
|
|
cognitive models 394–5 |
||||
and generalized anxiety disorder 135 |
distinctive difficulties 407–8 |
||||||
and self-injurious behaviour |
381 |
key cognitions 395–8 |
|||||
and specific phobias 162 |
|
and panic disorder 77 |
|||||
hypervigilance 164 |
|
|
interpersonal maintaining factors 180 |
||||
hypochondriasis ix-x, 60, 82 |
|
intimacy 396–7, 401–3 |
|||||
hypomania 225 |
|
|
irritable bowel syndrome 309, 310, |
||||
hypothesis-testing experiments |
25–6 |
311, 323 |
|
|
|
||
ideas 56 |
|
|
|
knowledge 56 |
|
|
|
of reference 253 |
|
|
analytical and experiential 434 |
||||
identity, sense of 319–22 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
illness |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
beliefs about 83–4, 93–5, 237–8 |
|
|
|
|
|||
cost of |
84, 95 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
identity |
282 |
|
|
learning circle model |
21, 30–2 |
||
thinking about makes one ill |
97 |
leg tensing 70 |
|
|
|
||
thoughts, assumptions and beliefs |
limits, recognition of |
326 |
|
||||
about 228–9 |
|
|
listening, active 52–3 |
|
|
||
thoughts causing or preventing 84 |
loss of control, fear of |
186–7 |
|||||
image and reality comparisons |
150–1 |
lost, fear of being 76 |
|
|
|||
impulsiveness, ability to control |
229–30 |
low self-esteem xix, 254–7, 271–2, 278–9, |
|||||
in vivo experiments 50–1 |
|
413–30 |
|
|
|
||
incompetence, sense of 424–5 |
|
behavioural experiments 417–28 |
|||||
individual therapists 435–6 |
|
assumptions, unhelpful 422–8 |
|||||
information 399–400 |
|
|
automatic thoughts, negative 417–22 |
||||
gathering 28 |
|
|
cognitive models 413–15 |
||||
integration, new 194–5 |
|
distinctive difficulties 429–30 |
|||||
-processing biases 429 |
|
endurance of 426–7 |
|||||
458 |
INDEX |
|
|
|
|
low self-esteem (continued) |
|
observational experiments 27–8 |
|
|
following recent trauma 427–8 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitive Working |
||
|
and interpersonal difficulties 400, 402 |
Group 102 |
|
|
|
key cognitions 415–17 |
|
obsessive-compulsive disorder 3, 5, 13, |
|
|
and panic disorder 77 |
|
101–18 |
|
|
and specific phobias 162 |
|
behavioural experiments 44, 103–16 |
|
|
|
|
perfectionism 111–12 |
|
|
|
|
responsibility, inflated 109–10 |
|
|
|
|
thought-action fusion 104–8 |
|
|
|
|
thoughts controllability |
110–11 |
|
malingering 373 |
|
threat, overestimation of |
112–14 |
|
mania 225, 226, 227, 228, 229–33, 234, 235, |
uncertainty, intolerance of 114–16 |
||
|
238, 240–1 |
|
cognitive models 102 |
|
|
masochism 373 |
|
definition 101–2 |
|
|
mastery, perceptions of 211–12 |
distinctive difficulties 117–18 |
||
|
medical |
|
and health anxiety 82, 84 |
|
|
assessment seeking 84 |
|
and interpersonal issues 393 |
|
|
condition 345 |
|
key cognitions 102–3 |
|
|
information seeking 83, 90–1 |
and specific phobias 162 |
|
|
|
issues 283 |
|
openness 314–16 |
|
|
medication 136 |
|
others 368 |
|
|
beliefs about 237–8 |
|
reactions of 73–5, 314–16 |
|
|
non-adherence 260 |
|
outcome 56 |
|
|
thoughts, assumptions and beliefs |
failed 347–8 |
|
|
|
about 228–9 |
|
predicted 34 |
|
|
memory 135, 368 |
|
|
|
|
metacognitive |
|
|
|
|
beliefs 84, 123–4, 126–9 |
|
|
|
|
theory 16, 17–18 |
|
|
|
|
metaworries 126–9 |
|
pain |
|
|
military trauma, overgeneralization of |
overestimation 166 |
|
|
|
following 198–9 |
|
phobia 165 |
|
|
mind reading 157, 250–1 |
|
tolerance 379–80 |
|
|
mistakes, meaning of 417–18 |
panic disorder viii-ix, 2, 5, 11, 13, 59–78 |
||
|
modelling 171–2 |
|
behavioural experiments 25–6, 46, 62–70 |
|
|
monitoring 298–301 |
|
consequences of symptoms when safety |
|
|
mood intolerance 271, 277–8 |
behaviours not carried out 64–6 |
||
|
morale building 47 |
|
frightening symptoms, ascertaining |
|
|
moth phobia 167–8 |
|
causes of 62–4 |
|
|
motivation 281–2 |
|
safety behaviours and symptoms |
|
|
movement, avoidance of 322–3 |
worsening 70 |
|
|
|
multi-impulsive behaviours 389 |
symptoms deliberately exaggerated 66–9 |
||
|
multiple session therapy 178 |
cognitive models 59 |
|
|
|
Munchausen’s syndrome 373 |
and health anxiety 82 |
|
|
|
|
|
and interpersonal difficulties 393, 395 |
|
|
|
|
key cognitions 60 |
|
|
|
|
and post-traumatic stress disorder 199 |
|
|
|
|
safety behaviours 60 |
|
|
napping 301–2 |
|
special considerations 61–2 |
|
|
natural environment phobias 165, 170–1 |
and specific phobias 161, 164 |
||
|
needle phobia 171–2 |
|
treatment 61 |
|
|
negative |
|
triggers for panic attacks 60 |
|
|
self-evaluations 256 |
|
parasuicide 373 |
|
|
thinking, environmental reinforcement |
pathetic, assumptions about being 362 |
||
|
of 221 |
|
people 39 |
|
|
thoughts (cognitive triad) |
213–16 |
perception, distorted 297–8 |
|
|
‘no lose’ experiments 41 |
|
perfectionism 103, 111–12, 216–17, 272, 273, |
|
|
noise phobia 161, 176, 177 |
|
279–80, 422–4 |
|
|
normality, establishment of |
116 |
persecutory target cognition |
253 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
INDEX |
459 |
personal information disclosure 399–400 |
safety behaviours, helpfulness of 196–9 |
||||||
personal science 433–4 |
|
unhelpful appraisals of symptoms 185–8 |
|||||
personality disorders |
5, 393, 413, 436 |
|
cognitive models 183–4 |
||||
see also avoidant personality disorder; |
|
distinctive difficulties 199–201 |
|||||
borderline personality disorders |
|
and interpersonal difficulties 399 |
|||||
PETS model 30 |
|
|
key cognitions 184–5 |
||||
phobias 3 |
|
|
and specific phobias 162 |
||||
see also social phobia; specific phobias |
power 397, 406 |
|
|
||||
physical |
|
|
predictions 44 |
|
|
|
|
appearance 321–2 |
|
|
anxious 417–19 |
|
|
||
health issues xix, 46, 78 |
|
coming true |
54 |
|
|
||
see also physical illness and disability |
|
preoccupation |
83–4, 87–93 |
||||
physical illness and disability 309–27 |
|
preparation, insufficient 387 |
|||||
behavioural experiments 312–24 |
|
presentation changing 240 |
|||||
functioning, managing changes in |
|
problematic non-psychotic beliefs 255–9 |
|||||
313–14 |
|
|
problems |
|
|
|
|
identity, sense of |
319–22 |
|
insoluble, worry about 136 |
||||
others’ reactions |
314–16 |
|
pre-existing |
199–200 |
|||
safety behaviours 322–4 |
|
schema-driven 388 |
|
|
|||
symptoms, meaning of 316–19 |
|
procedural memory 17–18 |
|||||
cognitive models 309–10 |
|
process 206–7 |
|
|
|
||
distinctive difficulties 324–7 |
|
issues 135 |
|
|
|
||
key cognitions 310–12 |
|
versus content 134 |
|
|
|||
physiological |
|
|
processing |
|
|
|
|
arousal 164 |
|
|
biases 54 |
|
|
|
|
responses 35 |
|
|
emotional 136 |
|
|
||
physiology 386 |
|
|
professional science 433–4 |
||||
pitfalls 49–51, 53–4, 56–7 |
|
prognosis, thoughts, assumptions and beliefs |
|||||
planning 57–8 |
|
|
about 228–9, 237–8 |
||||
planning: designing behavioural |
|
progress monitoring 49 |
|||||
experiments 33–46 |
|
psychological disorders |
1, 5 |
|
|||
advance warning 40 |
|
psychotic symptoms xix, 2, 5, 245–63 |
|||||
alternative perspectives development |
34–5 |
behavioural experiments 44, 45, 249–59 |
|||||
considerations and pitfalls 42–6 |
|
beliefs about voices and other |
|||||
emotions and physiological responses |
35 |
hallucinations |
252–5 |
||||
impact assessment |
41–2 |
|
delusional beliefs 249–52 |
||||
‘no lose’ experiments 41 |
|
problematic non-psychotic beliefs 255–9 |
|||||
people and resources 39 |
|
cognitive models 245–7 |
|||||
preparing for problems 40–1 |
|
distinctive difficulties 259–63 |
|||||
purpose of experiment 34 |
|
key cognitions 247–8 |
|||||
recording 42 |
|
|
purposes of behavioural experiments 23–5 |
||||
target cognitions and predicted |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
outcomes 34 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
time and place for experiment 38–9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
type of experiment, selection of 37 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
unhelpful behaviour 35–6 |
|
rape, overgeneralization of danger |
|||||
when to plan and when not to 39–40 |
|
following 197–8 |
|
|
|||
pleasant activities, engaging in 230–3 |
|
reality |
|
|
|
|
|
pleasure 423–4 |
|
|
and feelings, contrasting 152–3 |
||||
perceptions 211–12 |
|
and image comparisons 150–1 |
|||||
post-surgery 311 |
|
|
reassurance seeking 136 |
||||
post-traumatic stress disorder x, 2, 5, 13, |
recollections, intrusive |
376 |
|
||||
183–201 |
|
|
recording 52 |
|
|
|
|
and avoidance of affect 353 |
|
recurrence 219–20 |
|
|
|||
behavioural experiments 40, 185–99 |
|
reflection |
55–7 |
|
|
||
re-evaluating altered appraisals of self |
rejection |
157 |
|
|
|
||
and the world 188–91 |
|
anticipated 361–2 |
|
|
|||
re-evaluating distorted appraisals at time |
relapse 219–20, 388 |
|
|
||||
of trauma 191–7 |
|
relationship difficulties |
45–6 |
||||
460 INDEX
reliving, fears about 200 reminders 48
report, reluctance to 117 rescue factors
existence 76–7 underestimation 166
reservations 44–5, 53, 57 resources 39 responsibility
for ‘bad’ comments from others 109–10 inflated 103, 109–10
testing 109
responsible, belief about need to be 83–4, 87–93
retreat without honour 49–50
road traffic accident, overgeneralization of danger of following 198
rushing 56
S-REF theory 30
safety behaviours 53, 143 dropping 149–50, 405 helpfulness 196–9 increasing symptoms 91–2 insomnia 291–2, 301–2
physical illness and disability 322–4 role 174–5
specific phobias 164 subtle 179–80
and symptoms worsening 70 wind phobia 170–1
safety seeking 144–5
scientific context of behavioural experiments 9–11
secondary cognitions 167 self
assertive defence 419–21 negative thoughts about 213–14
self-acceptance 276, 421–2 self-advocacy 343–5 self-criticism, countering 419–2 self-image, biases in 145
self-injurious behaviour xix, 373–90, 423, 436 behavioural experiments 377–86
beliefs, facilitation of 379–84 beliefs, fundamental 377–9 reactions to self-injury 384–6
distinctive difficulties 386–9 key cognitions 374–6 understanding of 374
self-mutilation 373 self-reliance building 133–4 self-stimulation 373 self-worth, negative 278–9 sensations 357
normality 84, 93–4
session frequency 220–1 shame-based appraisal 191–2 shape 273–7
overevaluation of 270–1 shutdown 367 single-session therapy 178
situational phobias 165, 172–6 situations, unfamiliar 77 sleep 290, 293–5, 304
apnea 287
social anxiety 141–58
behavioural experiments 146–56 cognitive processes exploration 146–53 social danger, re-evaluation of 153–6
cognitive models 142–4 distinctive difficulties 156–8 key cognitions 144–5
social danger perceived 143, 145 re-evaluation 153–6
social isolation 258–9, 261 social phobia x, 2, 11, 13
and avoidance of affect 351
effective behavioural experiments 31–2 and generalized anxiety disorder 121 and interpersonal difficulties 393, 402 and panic disorder 64, 77
and specific phobias 161, 164, 166 social presentation 342–3
social situations, beliefs about 342–5 solitude 158
SPAARS model 16 specific phobias 161–80
behavioural experiments 167–78 animal phobias 167–70 atypical phobias 176–8
blood injury/injection/pain phobias 171–2
natural environment phobias 170–1 situational phobias 172–6
cognitive models 162–4 distinctive difficulties 178–80 key cognitions 164–7
spider phobia 17, 164 standards lowering 422–3 stigma 255–7
thoughts, assumptions and beliefs about 228–9, 237–8
substance misuse 136, 287 substitution 388
suicidal thoughts 221 suicide 374
attempted 373 superstitious beliefs 84 survey 28
experiment 234–5, 237–8 symptoms
alternative explanations 94 beliefs about 335–7
|
|
INDEX |
461 |
benign explanation for 318–19 |
two-day treatment, intensive 169–70 |
||
consequences of when safety behaviours |
typology of behavioural experiments 23–30 |
||
not carried out 64–6 |
cognition levels 29–30 |
||
definition 316–19 |
design of 25–6 |
||
deliberately exaggerated 66–9 |
purposes of 23–5 |
||
focusing 89–90 |
settings and resources 30 |
||
frightening 62–4 |
types of 27–8 |
||
management 335–6 |
|
|
|
monitoring 298–300 |
|
|
|
normality 84, 93–4 |
|
|
|
normalizing 316–18 |
|
|
|
origin 336–7 |
uncertainty |
|
|
see also psychotic symptoms |
intolerance of 103, 114–16, 124–5, |
||
|
129–34 |
||
|
living with 130–1 |
||
|
uncontrollability 256 |
||
therapeutic relationship 50–1, 85, 282 |
|
|
|
therapist |
|
|
|
as collaborative ally 435 |
|
|
|
contamination 220 |
Val Salvia manoeuvre 68 |
||
reservations 45 |
violence 351 |
||
therapy specificity 407 |
voices, beliefs about 248, 252–5 |
||
thought/thoughts 228–9 |
vomit phobia 28, 177–8 |
||
-action fusion 96–7, 102–3, 104–8 |
vulnerability |
402–3 |
|
broadcast 253 |
increased |
84 |
|
causing events to happen 105–6 |
reduction 216–19 |
||
controllability 103, 110–11 |
-stress models 226, 246 |
||
disorder, in-session 262–3 |
|
|
|
fear-driven 260 |
|
|
|
insertion 249–50 |
|
|
|
leading to action 104–5 |
|
|
|
negative automatic 310 |
weakness, sign of 425–6 |
||
worrying, control of 96–7 |
weekly activity schedule 210–11 |
||
threat, overestimation of 103, 112–14 |
weight 273–7 |
||
tiredness 290, 293–5, 297–8, 304 |
overevaluation 270–1 |
||
transdiagnostic model 269 |
wind phobia 170–1 |
||
trauma 427–8 |
withdrawal 258–9 |
||
consequences, appraisal of 184 |
wobbliness 64–6 |
||
site, return to 195–6 |
word for word 430 |
||
treatment 282 |
World Health Organisation 205 |
||
difficulty 429 |
world, negative thoughts about 214–15 |
||
trust 396, 399–401 |
worry 83–4, 87–93, 96–7, 134, 136, 291, |
||
building 200–1 |
295–7, 368 |
||