Part II
Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words. Find their translation:
victim ['viktim], experience [ik'spiəriəns], fullness ['fulnəs], heartburn ['ha:tbə:n], indigestion [ιindi'ʤesʧən], vague ['veig], enzyme ['enzaim], prompt ['prɔmpt], percutaneous [ιpɜ:kju'teiniəs]
підшкірний, печія, нетравлення шлунка, відчувати, швидкий, невиразний, ензим, жертва, відчуття наповненості
Exercise 2. Join the words from the two columns and translate the gained word-combinations:
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chest |
malaise |
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shortness of |
infarction |
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life |
complications |
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long-term |
failure |
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squeezing |
breath |
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heart |
threatening |
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general |
pain |
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myocardial |
sensation |
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text:
Myocardial infarction
Symptoms
Although chest pain or pressure is the most common symptom of a MI, heart attack victims may experience a variety of symptoms including: fullness and squeezing sensation of the chest; shortness of breath; nausea, vomiting; sweating; heartburn and indigestion; arm pain; general malaise.
Even though the symptoms of a MI at times can be vague and mild, it is important to remember that heart attacks producing no symptoms or only mild symptoms can be just as serious and life-threatening as heart attacks that cause severe chest pain.
Complications
Complications may occur immediately or may need time to develop. Acute complications may include heart failure if the damaged heart is no longer able to adequately pump blood around the body; aneurysm or rupture of the myocardium; arrhythmias. Longer-term complications include heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and the increased risk of a second MI.
Diagnosing
When there is severe chest pain, a heart attack must be suspected in the first turn. A problem arises, when the symptoms do not include chest pain. Then a heart attack may not be suspected, and the appropriate tests may not be performed. ECG will immediately show all the abnormalities in the heart activity during the acute phase.
In patients with vague symptoms of MI, the diagnosis can be made only hours later through blood tests since the latter usually reveal a number of cardiac enzymes (special proteins that are released into the blood by dying heart muscle) that help confirm the diagnosis and show amount of the dead heart muscle.
Treatment
The most important factor in treating a heart attack is prompt medical attention. Such medications as antiplatelet, anticoagulant, clot dissolving drugs, aspirin, nitroglycerin may be administered. Percutaneous coronary intervention is recommended as well.
Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What are all possible symptoms of IM?
2. Are the symptoms always clear?
3. May complications appear after the heart attack?
4. What types of complications may MI lead to?
5. Is it difficult to make a diagnosis of MI?
6. What must be done when the symptoms of MI are vague?
7. What is the most important thing in diagnosing and treating a heart attack?
8. What may the medical treatment of a MI include?
Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word-combinations:
Сильний грудний біль, найпоширеніший симптом, відчуття стискання, задишка, нудота та блювання, печія та нетравлення шлунку, загальне нездужання, неясні та загрозливі для життя симптоми, гострі та довго тривалі ускладнення, серцева недостатність, підтверджувати діагноз, швидка медична допомога.
Exercise 6. What symptom is described?
1) difficulty in breathing;
2)process of eliminating fluid through the pores of the skin;
3) burning sensation beneath the breastbone caused by irritation of the esophagus;
4) feeling of unease or a mild sickness;
5) difficulty in digesting food, accompanied by abdominal pain, belching, etc.;
6) pressure in the chest;
7) abnormal sound heard through a stethoscope over the region of the heart;
8)any variation from the normal rhythm in the heartbeat.
Exercise 7. What do these medical terms mean?
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1 |
dyspepsia |
a) |
gases |
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2 |
thrombus |
b) |
vomiting |
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3 |
flatulence |
c) |
shortness of breath |
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4 |
emesis |
d) |
loss of appetite |
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5 |
palpitation |
e) |
nausea |
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6 |
retching |
f) |
accelerated heartbeat |
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7 |
dyspnea |
g) |
indigestion |
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8 |
anorexia |
h) |
clot |
Exercise 8. Define the meaning of each type of physical examination, then form the verbs from the given nouns:
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1. |
inspection |
a) |
listening with a stethoscope |
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2. |
palpation |
b) |
looking |
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3. |
percussion |
c) |
feeling with the hands |
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4. |
auscultation |
d) |
tapping with a finger |
Now form the verbs from the given above nouns to define the physical activity of the doctor and memorize them:
e.g. examination – to examine
Exercise 9. Fill in the table “Myocardial Infarction”
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1 |
Definition |
|
|
2 |
Causes |
|
|
3 |
Symptoms |
|
|
4 |
Complications |
|
|
5 |
Examinations: - physical - blood tests |
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6 |
Treatment |
|
Exercise 10. Re-write sentences opening the brackets:
Last year the patient Green, aged 65, (to admit) to the hospital with acute chest pain. He (to experience) shortness of breath and pain that (to radiate) to the left arm. The doctor immediately (to suspect) a heart attack and (to make) the patient (to take) an ECG. The diagnosis (to confirm) by the abnormal reading of the ECG. The blood analyses (to reveal) a number of cardiac enzymes. The cardiologist (to administer) his patient an adequate treatment. To relieve pain he (to give) nitroglycerin. Fortunately, the patient (not to have) any complications, because the doctor’s help (to be) prompt and thorough. Very soon patient Green’s condition (to improve).
Exercise 11. Explain the following terms:
myocardial infarction
myocardium
chest pain
arrhythmia
TEST
1. What is meant by the term myocardial infarction?
a) a heart failure b) a heart attack c) brain aneurism d) all variants are correct
2. During the myocardial infarction the heart muscle …
a) recovers b) doesn’t change c) dies d) nothing occurs with it
3. The heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by …
a) a blood clot b) an aneurism c) a cholesterol plaque d)
4. Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart muscle of …
a) carbon dioxide b) water c) oxygen d) oxygen and blood
5. Injury to the heart muscle causes …
a) vomiting b) chest pain c) fever d) headache
6. The dead heart muscle is eventually replaced by … tissue
a) new smooth b) striated c) new epithelial d) scar
7. The high rate of heart attacks is most frequently associated with …
a) gastric ulcers b) depression c) physical exertion and stress d) smoking
8. Any acute infection, e.g. pneumonia, can also … a myocardial infarction.
a) trigger b) prevent c) avoid d) escape
9. Family history of … diseases are of great importance in myocardial infarction.
a) nerve b) venereal c) heart d) endocrine
10. Heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking greatly … to IM.
a) contribute b) deprive c) prevent d) serve
11. The symptoms in MI are always …
a) vague b) clear c) unnoticed d) sometimes vague, sometimes clear
12. Heart attacks producing no symptoms can be …
a) life-threatening b) safe c) secure d) mild
13. Acute complications may include …
a) atherosclerosis b) heart failure c) angina pectoris d) headache
14. In MI the … is done in the first turn.
a) blood analysis b) X-ray c) ECG d) urine analysis
15. The blood tests usually reveal a number of …
a) leukocytes b) protein c) cardiac enzymes d) pus corpuscles
16. Enzymes are released into the blood by the …
a) dying heart muscle b) lungs c) liver d) endocrine glands
17. … plays the most important role in diagnosing and treating a heart attack.
a) medications b) prompt medical attention c) chemotherapy d) surgery
18. Medical treatment for heart attacks may include …
a) vasoconstrictors b) antibiotics c) antiplatelets d) anti-inflammatory drugs
19. … intervention is recommended as well.
a) percutaneous b) intramuscular c) intravenous d) no
20. MI … leads to death.
a) never b) always c) sometimes d) if not treated in time