Automation

consists of	entire technological processes and systems.
brought about	to a steady rise in the material and cultural well-being of the people.
transfers	radical changes in the technological nature of the relationship between man and machine.
develops	the boundaries between brain work and physical labour.
makes	functions of control to the mechanical device.
contributes	a basis for a harmonious development of the individual.
erases	an important impact on social, economic and political areas.
creates	such integral parts: transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering.

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	accomplishment	виконання
2.	to appear	з’являтися, виникати
3.	assistance	підтримка, допомога
4.	automatic control	автоматичне управління
5.	called for	покликаний, призначений для
6.	to change	змінювати
7.	communication engineering	техніка зв’язку
8.	comprehensive automation	комплексна автоматизація
9.	control engineering	техніка автоматичного управління
10.	to define	визначати, давати визначення
11.	direct effect	безпосередній вплив
12.	to enable	робити можливим
13.	frontier	межа
14.	hydropower plant	гідроелектростанція
15.	to imagine	уявляти, припускати
16.	impact	вплив
17.	intellectual level	інтелектуальний рівень
18.	intervention	втручання
19.	involvement	участь
20.	to lighten	полегшувати, спрощувати
21.	to link up	з’єднувати
22.	principal	головний, основний
23.	relationship	відносини
24.	technological chain	технологічний ланцюг
25.	tremendous number	велика кількість

UNIT 8		AUTOMATIC CONTROL
Task 1.	Imagine that you are the director of a big industrial plant? How does it work? How many people are there? What does the number of people depend on? Present your thoughts in a few words.

Task 2.

Discuss in your group what automatic control is and try to give the definition of it.

Task 3.

Read about Automatic Control in Industry and fill in appropriate headings to each abstract.

1. _____________

Any technical development that enables a machine or instrument to dispense with labour is a step toward automation. Wherever two or more automatic machines are tied together with overriding automatic control to create a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, an automated system is created. The real distribution is between automation that displaces muscle and automation that displaces brain, and it is roughly the same distinction as that between automatic operation and automatic control.

2. _____________

The industrial development of the nineteenth century was a change towards automatic operation. But mechanisation was limited to individual processes, and only in a few trades it was possible to provide automatic links between processes and organised production as a continuous flow. In the twentieth century the idea was widely applied of producing goods in a continuous flow rather than in batches. The control was obtained by a human operator who noted faults and deviations and corrected them either directly or through instruments. Control may be simply mechanical, electrical, electronic or a combination.

3. _____________

The developments in automatic operation while extending their application, were not revolutionary but part of a well-established trend. Those in automatic control have been considerably more drastic, and arose largely from the recent and sudden application of electronic methods of control. Electro-mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic devices also contributed, but the introduction of electronic computers marked the new stage in the development of automatic control. The electronic devices rapidly gained in importance and industrial enterprises widely used them to plan and control the operations of machines. These devices can detect faults in a processed part, communicate the error to the machine and adjust its operation so as to correct the fault. They can integrate the work of industrial machines and the more complex devices can select alternative courses of action according to the instructions fed into them, considerably extending the possibilities of remote control. Now electronic devices greatly reduced the amount of routine brainwork performed at factories. Rapid technological advance reduced the part played by human labour to skilled supervision and maintenance. Electronic computers have shown that man can rely on them for the performance of operations based on formal logic.

4. _____________

Automatic systems take several forms and are based on several different techniques, but in each case the measurement and correction of errors are performed and co-ordinated by electronic devices and the human operator does not take an active part in it.

5. _____________

First of all automatic control was widely established in such industries as chemicals, petroleum, iron and steel, cement, paper, textile, printing, food and others. The overall trend now is toward a total automatic control in industry with the help of new generations of electronic devices with their rapidity, accurateness, reliability, flexibility, and compactness.

The present day stage of automation is based on the revolution in computer technology, in computerisation of the whole national economy.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

знання, технологічний прогрес, виконання, повністю механізоване підприємство, сільське господарство, технологічний ланцюг, всебічний розвиток, виробники та користувачі, незалежне живлення, несправності та відхилення, дистанційне управління, електронні прилади, харчова промисловість, швидкість, надійність, точність, національна економіка.

Task 5.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

principal direction, automatic control, independent branch of science and engineering, accomplishment of a job, to enable, automated enterprises and workshops, to link up, to call for, an important impact on, cultural flowering, overriding automatic control, a self-feeding, a self-initiating and self-checking process, well-established trend, routine brainwork, supervision and maintenance, to rely on, correction of errors, with the help of, computerisation

Task 6.

Match the following English words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B:

A	B
1. reliability	a) відхилення
2. supervision	b) виконання
3. accomplishment	c) управління
4. flexibility	d) точність
5. control	e) надійність
6. rapidity	f) контроль
7. deviation	g) швидкість
8. accurateness	h) гнучкість

Task 7.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Автоматизація сприяє розвитку промисловості.

2. Автоматичні прилади контролюють процес виробництва.

3. Прилад з автоматичним управлінням працює швидше та надійніше.

4. Управління може бути різних видів – електронне, механічне або електричне.

5. Пристрій може самостійно перевіряти та виправляти помилки.

6. Слово “автоматизація” з’явилось лише декілька століть тому.

7. Автоматизація стала можливою з розвитком комп’ютерів.

8. Автоматизація промисловості впливає на економіку та політику країни.

Task 8.

Put the construction “to be going to” into correct tense form and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. They _______ visit fully automated factory tomorrow.

2. He ________ improve this electronic device with the help of circuit board.

3. She ________ become a good specialist in the field of engineering.

4. We ________ study technical engineering next month.

Task 9.	Work in pairs. One of you is a foreign student, another is a chief of a metallurgical plant that wants to employ foreign students after graduation.
Task 10.

Words and word combinations to be memorized:
1.	accomplishment	виконання
2.	to appear	з’являтися
3.	comprehensively	всебічно
4.	to detect	виявляти, знаходити
5.	deviation	відхилення
6.	drastic	інтенсивний, різкий
7.	error	помилка
8.	to establish	встановлювати
9.	extension	розповсюдження, подовження
10.	fault	помилка, дефект
11.	flexibility	гнучкість
12.	integrated mechanism	комплексний механізм
13.	labour	труд, робота
14.	to link	з’єднувати
15.	measurement	вимірювання
16.	qualitatively	якісно
17.	rapidity	швидкість
18.	recently	нещодавно, останнім часом
19.	reliability	надійність
20.	to remain	залишатися
21.	remote control	дистанційне управління
22.	to retain	тримати, вміщувати, зберігати
23.	rigging	збірка, монтаж
24.	self-feeding	автоматичне живлення
25.	trend	напрям, тенденція

	UNIT 9	INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE
Task 1.		List all the manufactured goods and agricultural products produced in Ukraine you know. Combine these with the others in your group and present your information in a few words.

Task 2.

Discuss in your group what mineral resources Ukraine has and give a short informative report.

Task 3.	Read the following text and complete the table using information from the text:
		location	products
mineral resources
health spas
ferrous-metals industry
light industry
agriculture
fishing

Ukraine’s present-day economy was developed as an integral part of larger economy of the former Soviet Union. While receiving a smaller share (16% in 1980s) of the USSR’s investment funds and producing a greater proportion of goods with a lower set price, Ukraine was still able to produce a larger share of total output in the industrial (17%) and especially the agricultural (21%) sectors of the Soviet economy. In effect, a centrally directed transfer of wealth from Ukraine amounting to 20% of its national income helped to finance economic development in other parts of the Soviet Union, especially Russia and Kazakhstan.

Ukraine has extremely rich mineral resources in high concentrations and close to each other. Rich iron ore reserves located near Kryvy Rih, Kremenchuk, Bilozerka, Mariupol, and Kerch form the basis of Ukraine’s large iron and steel industry. One of the richest areas of manganese-bearing ores in the world is located near Nikopol. Bituminous and anthracite coal used for coke are mined in the Donetsk Coal Basin (commonly called Donbas).

Energy for thermal power stations is ob­tained using the large reserves of brown coal in the Dnipro basin (north of Kryvy Rih) and the bitumi­nous coal deposits of the Lviv-Volhynian Basin north of Lviv.

The 3 major natural-gas and petroleum producing areas in Ukraine are the Subcarpathian region, the Dnipro-Donets region and the Crimean region. In the 1960s, the extraction of natural gas in Ukraine accounted for one-third of the USSR’s total output. However, both gas and oil productions declined after 1975, which made Ukraine an importer of fuels today.

Ukraine also has important deposits of titanium, bauxite and mercury ores. A large deposit of ozokerite (a natural paraffin wax) is near the city of Boryslav. There are large deposits of potassium salt in Subcarpathia and rock salt in the Donetsk Coal basin. Some phosphorites and natural sulfur are also found in Ukraine.

In many places of the country there are health spas famous for their mineral springs, and in addition, spas near the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov specialise in mud baths.

Ukraine is a highly industrialized country. The industrial heartland of the country is the Donetsk Coal Basin. It is the most densely populated and highly industrialised region of the country and one of the world’s major metallurgical and heavy indus­try complexes. The basin has large iron and steelworks, and plants that produce mining equipment, other types of heavy machinery and a variety of Chemicals.

Ukraine has a major ferrous-metals industry, and it rivals China as the fourth largest steel producer in the world. Another important branch of the economy is mining. Its main products are coal, natural gas and iron ore. The most prominent manufactured goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel locomo­tives, tractors and TV sets. Ukraine also has well-developed chemical and food industries. There are more than 50 plants which produce a wide range of agricultural equipment. Machine-tool and instru­ment-manufacturing industries are also being developed. The growing importance of consumer goods is reflected in the increasing output of cameras, refrigerators, washing machines, etc. Some of the principal products of light industry are textiles, ready-made clothes and shoes.

Ukraine has a well-developed transportation system.

Owing partly to rich soils and a favourable climate, Ukraine’s crop production is highly developed. Its grain and potato output almost rivals that of France, and our country is the world’s largest producer of sugar beets. Ukraine’s livestock sector lags behind the crop sector, but its total output is still consider­ably larger than those of most European countries.

The chernozem (black) soils of the forest-steppe zone are among the world’s more productive farm­lands and are exceptionally good for wheat and sugar beet. Besides wheat, Ukraine produces such grains as barley (mostly for animal feed), buckwheat and rice. Other crops include potatoes, vegetables, me­lons, berries, fruit, nuts and grapes. Ukraine’s most important industrial crop, sugar beet, is concentrated in the forest-steppe zone. Truck farming or market gardening is particularly developed on the outskirts of large cities like Kyiv, Kharkiv, and others.

Cattle and pigs are raised throughout Ukraine, while chicken, geese and turkey are kept for meat and egg production. There are many large-scale broiler and egg-laying farms close to big cities. Bees are kept in all parts of Ukraine for honey and wax.

Though the collective and state farms remain in the country, the declared intent of the Ukrainian government is to bring about a gradual privatization of farming, but it is a difficult and costly process.

The main fishing grounds are the Black Sea estuaries and the Sea of Azov, though the latter is heavily polluted by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All the main rivers are full of fish but they suffer from pollution, too.

Task 4.

Find in the text English equivalents to the following Ukrainian words and word combinations:

невід’ємна частина, фінансувати економічний розвиток, мінеральні ресурси, залізна руда, марганець, вугілля, кокс, нафта, добування природного газу, ртуть, віск, мінеральні джерела, курорт з мінеральними водами, густо заселений регіон, металургійне обладнання, легка промисловість, взуття, цукровий буряк, пшениця, гречка, страждати від забруднення.

Task 5.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

an integral part of larger economy, investment funds, national income, iron ore reserves, the richest areas of manganese-bearing ores, bituminous and anthracite coal, thermal power stations, an importer of fuels, rock salt, health spas famous for their mineral springs, mud baths, industrial heartland of the country, steelworks and plants, mining, agricultural equipment, growing importance, rich soils and a favourable climate, estuaries.

Task 6.

Match the following English words in column A with their Ukrainian equivalents from column B:

A	B
1. potatoes	a) ячмінь
2. barley	b) виноград
3. vegetables	c) горіхи
4. nuts	d) диня
5. buckwheat	e) ягоди
6. me­lons	f) картопля
7. grapes	g) гречка
8. berries	h) овочі

Task 7.

Find the odd word in each line:

1. potato, melon, buckwheat, barley

2. mining, agriculture, fishing, diving

3. coal, sugar beet, natural gas, iron ore.

Task 8.

Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Україна має багаті мінеральні ресурси, розвинені легку та харчову промисловості.

2. В Україні є декілька промислових центрів, які знаходяться поруч один від одного.

3. На сьогодні Україна змушена купувати паливо, хоча раніше вона була країною-експортером.

4. В Україні є декілька курортів з мінеральними джерелами, відомими у всьому світі.

5. В країні розвинені такі галузі промисловості, як текстильна, металургійна, харчова.

6. Україна може конкурувати з багатьма країнами стосовно промисловості чорних металів.

7. Україна виготовляє та експортує обладнання для хімічної, сільськогосподарської та легкої промисловості.

8. Сільськогосподарський сектор вирощує гречку, буряк, ячмінь, ягоди, фрукти, овочі та горіхи.

Task 9.

Fill in the blanks with the words given below:

a) business, b) mineral, c) deposits, d) steel, e) space,

f) industry, g) energy, h) coal, i) rich, j) locomotives

Ukraine is relatively 1) _______ in natural resources, particularly mineral 2) _______. Although oil reserves in the country are largely exhausted, it has other important 3) _______ sources, such as 4) _______, natural gas, hydroelectricity and nuclear fuel raw materials.

Ukraine has a major ferrous metal 5) _______, producing cast iron, steel and pipes. As of 2005, Ukraine was the world’s seventh largest 6) _______ producer. Another important branch is country’s chemical industry producing coke, 7) _______ fertilizers and sulfuric acid. Manufactured goods include metallurgical equipment, diesel 8) _______, tractors, automobiles, The country possesses a massive high-tech industrial base, including much of the former USSR’s electronics, arms industry and 9) _______ program. However, these fields are state-owned and underdeveloped in terms of 10) _______ management.

Task 10.

Make up a report: Economy and Industry of Ukraine. Don’t forget to mention such aspects as:

- mineral resources

- health spas

- Ukraine is a highly industrialized country

- agricultural sector

- present-day economy.

Memorize the following words and word combinations:
1.	to account	нараховувати
2.	barley	ячмінь
3.	buckwheat	гречка
4.	chemical and food industries	хімічна та харчова промисловості
5.	coal	вугілля
6.	close to	близько до
7.	to decline	зменшуватись, падати
8.	estuary	лиман, естуарій
9.	extraction	добування
10.	ferrous metals	чорні метали
11.	grain	зернові
12.	machine-tool industry	виробництво станків
13.	integral part	невід’ємна частина
14.	iron ore	залізна руда
15.	me­lon	диня
16.	to mine	видобувати, розробляти рудник
17.	mineral resources	мінеральні ресурси
18.	mineral spring	мінеральні джерела
19.	mud baths	грязьові ванни
20.	to rival	конкурувати
21.	soil	ґрунт, земля
22.	spa	мінеральне джерело, курорт з мінеральними водами
23.	sugar beet	цукровий буряк
24.	thermal power station	теплова електростанція
25.	wheat	пшениця

UNIT 10

INDUSTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN

Task 1.

Write some facts about Great Britain. Combine these with the others in your group and present your information in a few words.

Task 2.

Read about Industry of Great Britain and fill in the appropriate headings to each paragraph.

The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to become highly industrialised. Eleven people work in mining, manufacturing and building for every one in agriculture. The United Kingdom is one of the world’s largest exporters of manufactured goods per head of population and the range of its industrial manufactures reflects its position as one of the most important workshops of the world. England is one of the most powerful capitalist countries in Europe. It has highly developed industries. There is a lot of industrial cities here, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Cardiff, Sheffield and many others. London is one of the biggest commercial centres of the world.

Coal is the main source for the development of British industry. The biggest coal and iron mines are in the north-east of England, near the industrial centres of Newcastle and Sunderland; in Lancashire and Yorkshire in the west and central England; in Scotland, near Glasgow, in Wales near Cardiff, the capital of Wales, and near the port of Bristol. The biggest centres of iron and steel industries are situated in the neighbourhood of coal basins. They are Middlesbrough, Newcastle, Cardiff, Glasgow, and Sheffield. The most ancient centres of English iron and steel industry are Birmingham and Sheffield. Iron smelting based on local ore deposits has been practised here since ancient times. In the period of England industrialization Birmingham and Sheffield played the leading role in the creation of England's heavy industry. Sheffield has specialised in producing high-quality steel and articles of steel: heavy armaments, wheels of railway cars, looms, knives, fine instruments. Producing 80% of Britain’s crude steel, British Steel is the fourth biggest steel company in the Western world. Just under half of the total output is exported.

Each of the big towns became the centre of various industries. Especially great is the variety of industries in Birmingham, people call it “the city of 1500 trades”. One can find any type of production here, from steel smelting to manufacturing the most delicate articles. Rifles, various machinery, railway cars, motor cars, electrical equipment, scientific instruments and many other things are produced in Birmingham in great quantities. Alongside with the most modern large plants a great number of old small enterprises are to be found in this town. Birmingham is Britain’s "second city". The district around Birmingham is a land of factories and mines.

One of the leading industries of Great Britain is the textile industry. Britain produces a lot of wool, and the woollen industry is centred in Yorkshire. The main centres of cotton and woollen industry are Leeds, Bradford and Manchester which export their products to many countries. Britain imports cotton from America and other countries through the port of Liverpool, and cotton industry is at home in Lancashire, mainly Manchester, and also in Glasgow and Belfast. Textile machines are also made in all these and other towns. Plants producing textile machinery not only satisfy the needs in British industry but also export great quantities of machinery to the other countries

The ship-building industry is of great importance for Britain. For centuries Britain has been the leading shipbuilder in the world. The ship-building industry is centred in London, Glasgow, Newcastle, near Liverpool and in Belfast.

Coal-mining, metallurgy, textile, shipbuilding are the oldest branches of industry. The new industries are the chemical, electro-technical, automobile, aviation and electronics. The new industries have developed hand in hand with science and technology and are equipped to meet present technical demands. Big cities and towns such as London, Glasgow, Manchester, Liverpool, Newcastle, Sheffield and Birmingham have enterprises of nearly all branches of industry, old and new.

Britain’s chemical industry is the third largest in Western Europe, and it exports nearly 50% of production, making it Britain’s single largest export earner. The most rapid growth in recent years has been in pharmaceutical, pesticides and cosmetics. Britain also has highly developed mechanical engineering and metal goods industries, electrical, electronic and instrument engineering industries, shipbuilding and marine engineering industries, textile, clothing and footwear industries, construction, service and tourism industries.

In some sectors of the economy, a small number of large companies are responsible for a sizable percentage of total production, especially in vehicle, aerospace and transport equipment industries.

There are approximately 250 British industrial companies, each has an annual turnover of more than 500 MLB pounds. British Petroleum (BP) is the 11th largest industrial grouping in the world, and the second largest in Europe. Five British firms are among the leading 25 European Community companies. The largest manufacturing concerns are BAT Industries (tobacco, food products, etc.), Imperial Chemical Industries, Grand Metropolitan (food, drink, etc.), British Aerospace, Unilever (chemicals), Ford, General Electric Company, British Steel, and some others.

Britain is the world’s ninth largest oil producer and the fifth largest gas producer. Developing North Sea oil and gas it has created huge support industry offering equipment and services to oil and gas companies at home and abroad. The two leading UK oil companies are BP and Shell.

London, Liverpool and Glasgow are the biggest English ports. The products of Britain economy, for example, automobiles, textile, machinery, electronic equipment and many others, are exported to many countries of the world. Liverpool is the principal port of Western England. It stands on the river Mersey. It is the first in Great Britain in exports and it comes second after London in imports. Imports passing through Liverpool consist of cotton, wool, non-ferrous metals and oil export consists of fabrics textile machinery, electrical equipment and chemicals. International trade plays a vital role in Britain's economy. Exports of goods and services make up around 25% of national output.

English agriculture is also a highly developed industry. The greater part of the land here is used for sheep- and dairy farming. Vegetables are grown in all parts of the country. The chief grain crops are wheat and barley. British agriculture is famous for its efficiency and productivity. It employs about 2.1% of the workforce, and Britain is self-sufficient in 58% of all types of food and animal feed. Britain is a major exporter of agricultural machinery and agrochemicals. But because of lack of cultivated lands, it cannot supply the country with sufficient food products. Great Britain has to import grain, meat, fruits and other foodstuffs. Today Britain imports about 42% of its food. Two-thirds of agricultural land is owner-occupied. The fishing industry provides 59% of British fish supplies and employs nearly 17,000 full-time fishermen.

Task 3.

Find in the text equivalents to the following words and expressions:

гірничо-видобувна, текстильна, хімічна, фармацевтична, харчова, важка, вугільна, легка, авіаційна, газова, нафтова, рибна, швейна промисловості, приладобудування, автомобілебудування, обслуговування, туристичний бізнес, металургія, суднобудування.

Task 4.

Translate the following words into Ukrainian and memorise them into Ukrainian:

produce – producer, product, products, production, productivity;

manufacture – to manufacture, manufacturing, manufacturing cost, manufacturer, manufactured goods.

Task 5.

Memorise the following words:

company, firm, group (grouping), concern,

enterprise, plant, factory, works, workshop, shop, mine, mill,

the principal port, a large company, the leading companies, a commercial centre.

Task 6.

Find the odd word in each line:

articles, goods, products, trades;

wool, steel, cotton, textile;

production, manufacture, output, fabrication;

steel, metal, iron, rifle;

port, district, area, region;

to make, to do, to have, to produce.

Task 7.

Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

total production, national output, annual turnover, workforce, main source, development, manufactured goods, highly developed industry, iron smelting, deposit, high-quality steel, heavy armaments, wheels, railway cars, looms, fine instruments, crude steel, rifles, various machinery, motor cars, electrical equipment, quantity, district, wool, cotton, textile machines, metal goods, fishermen, at home and abroad, non-ferrous metals, fabrics, sizable, vehicle, electronics, the most rapid growth, food products, per head of population.

Task 8.

Translate the words in italics into English using the following words: to satisfy the needs, to meet demands, to supply with, to provide, to play a vital role, to make up, to be situated, to be produced.

1. The biggest centres of iron and steel industries розташовані in the neighbourhood of coal basins.

2. Textile machines випускаються in Manchester, Glasgow and Belfast and other towns.

3. Plants producing textile machinery not only задовольняють потреби in British industry but also export great quantities of machinery to the other countries.

4. The new industries have developed hand in hand with science and technology and відповідають present technical вимогам.

5. Exports of goods and services складає around 25% of national output.

6. International trade відіграє важливу роль in Britain's economy.

7. The fishing industry забезпечує 59% of British fish supplies.

Task 9.

Fill in the gaps with the necessary words:

1. The ____ is the country which sells their products to other countries.

2. The ____ is the country which doesn’t produce enough goods and have to buy them abroad.

3. Any industrial unit which makes some products is called a ____ .

4. The person who works in the fish industry is a ____ .

Task 10.

Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Prove your thoughts.

1. In Britain more people are engaged in manufacturing than in service.

2. Britain exports cotton to America and other countries through the port of Liverpool.

3. Britain is one of the major steel exporters in the world.

4. The oldest branches of industry, such as coal-mining, metallurgy, textile, shipbuilding are more highly developed in Great Britain than the new ones.

5. Britain not only satisfies its own need in energy but can also export it to other countries.

6. Britain is self-sufficient in food products and does not have to import much.

7. All the farmland in Britain is privatized.

Task 11.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can we speak about Great Britain as a highly developed country?

2. What is the main source for the development of Great Britain?

3. Where are the biggest centres of iron and steel industries situated?

4. What are the most ancient centres of English iron and steel industry?

5. For how long iron smelting based on local ore deposits has been practised here?

6. What articles of steel are produced in Sheffield?

7. Do you know the name of the biggest British steel company?

8. Can we consider each of the big towns of Great Britain as a centre of various industries?

9. What city is called “the city of 1500 trades”? What is produced in the city?

10. Why is Birmingham the Britain’s “second city”?

11. What can you say about the textile industry of Great Britain?

12. Does Great Britain produce textile machinery for export?

13. Is Great Britain the leading shipbuilder in the world?

14. What new industries have been developed in UK?

15. Why Britain’s chemical industry is the largest export earner in Britain?

16. Name some of the biggest British companies and firms. What annual turnover do they have?

17. Does UK produce oil and gas?

18. What is the principal port of Great Britain?

19. How is agriculture developed in Britain?

Task 12.

Tell about the agriculture in Great Britain using the following words:

sheep- and dairy farming, vegetables, wheat and barley, efficiency and productivity, self-sufficient, food and animal feed, agrochemicals, lack of cultivated lands, to import grain, meat, fruits and other foodstuffs, owner-occupied, fishing industry.

Task 13.

Write a brief report about exports and imports of Great Britain.

		Memorize the following words and word combinations:
1.	ancient		стародавній
2.	armament		озброєння
3.	chemicals		хімікати
4.	coal and iron mines		вугільні та залізні шахти
5.	crude steel		необроблена сталь
6.	dairy farming		молочне сільське господарство
7.	demand		попит
8.	electrical equipment		електричне обладнання
9.	knife		ніж
10.	loom		ткацький станок
11.	manufactured goods		промислові товари
12.	mining		гірнича промисловість
13.	neighbourhood		сусідство
14.	ore		руда
15.	pharmaceutical		фармацевтичний
16.	railway car		залізничний вагон
17.	to reflect		відбивати, відображати
18.	self-sufficient		самостійний, самодостатній
19.	ship-building industry		суднобудування
20.	textile industry		текстильна промисловість
21.	trade		ремесло, професія
22.	vehicle		транспортний засіб
23.	wheel		колесо
24.	wool		вовна
25.	workshop		майстерня, цех