Ахмедзянова_английский_язык

3.The designers understood that they were to select such structural materials that would give the most effective results by the most economical means.

4.I was sure the building profession had attracted many young men by the time I entered the Civil Engineering Faculty.

5.The students learnt that most of the building of old times had been based on the column and beam method of construction.

6.He wondered why the first houses in different countries of the world had been made of wood.

7.The committee studied the blueprint and saw that every detail of a house had been carefully planned.

8.We understood that all apartment houses in the city had been built to suit urban conditions.

9.He wrote me that he would soon defend his diploma project.

10.The people believed that a new multistoried building would be used for residential purposes.

11.The plumbers didn’t say whether they would be able to fix the water pipes, baths and sanitary fittings the following week.

12.We didn’t know whether the walls in our new apartment would be painted, papered or whitewashed.

12.2. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в нужной форме, чтобы они выражали:

a) действие, одновременное с действием главного предложения

1. Auguste Perret said the architect ___ (to create) order in the picturesque variety of nature.

2. They wanted to know whether the architects and builders ___ (to try) to make new houses comfortable to live in.

3. The workers asked what tools they ___ (can) use for laying the foundation.

b) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения

1.The students learnt that insulation ___ (to be) very important for building in Northern countries because of cold winter.

2.They didn’t know that ancient Egyptian and Greek builders ___ (to possess) great constructional know-how.

3.The foreman didn’t know if the carpenter ___ (to finish) all the rough woodwork in the house.

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c) будущее действие по отношению к действию главного

предложения

1.The architect promised he ___ (to draw) a separate plan for each individual floor.

2.They let us know that they ___ (to help) us build the new club.

3.The superintendent knew that the young worker ___ (to learn) soon to operate the gantry crane.

4.He said he ___ (to mark) the size of the rooms, the width of the doors and windows, the height of the ceiling on the plan.

13.УСЛОВНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

13.1.Пользуясь рисунком 12, прокомментируйте образование условных предложений I типа

If a man takes road A, he will reach the mountain.

If a man takes road B, he will reach the city.

If a man takes road C, he will reach the sea.

If a man takes road A or road C, he won’t reach the city.

Рис. 12

13.2. Соотнесите фразы a и b таким образом, чтобы получить

условные предложения I типа

Образец: If you drop a brick into a bucket of water, it will sink.

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13.3. Закончите предложения, используя will или won’t и слова burn,

break, float

Образец: If a beam of concrete is struck with a small hammer, it won’t break.

1.If a beam of concrete is struck with a small hammer,

2.If a piece of paper is lit with a match,

3.If a bar of steel is dropped on a stone floor,

4.If you bend a rubber tube,

5.If a pane of glass is dropped on a concrete floor,

6.If a stone falls on a safety helmet,

7.If an ice cube is placed in a glass of water,

13.4. Переведите условные предложения II и III типа

1.If I were a rich man, I would build a big tall house with dozens of rooms.

2.If he were an architect, he would draw a plan of a new house himself.

3.If you decided to build a house of your own, you would have to find a suitable site for it.

4.If they had wanted easy materials to erect, they would have chosen bricks or blocks.

5.If the housebuilder decided to use timber, he would use boards, balks and beams.

6.If you wanted a patio in your garden, you would make the foundation first.

7.If you planned on structural changes or bigger repairs, it would be wise to ask for outside help.

8.If the building industry boomed, every skilled builder would earn a lot of money.

9.If they had used prefabricated units for the exterior walls, the construction work would have proceeded more rapidly.

10.If the walls had been put up in time, the roof construction and the roof trusses would have been raised yesterday.

11.If you had used ready-mixed mortar for bricklaying, you would not have to mix the ingredients in a power mixer.

12.If you needed a small amount of mortar, you could mix it by hand.

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14.ПРИЧАСТИЕ

14.1.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Participle I и Participle II

1.The man living next door to us is an electrician.

2.The man painting the walls is from the construction company.

3.The carpenter talking to the plumber has just finished all the woodwork in the house.

4.People living in warm countries don't always have central heating.

5.The workers building this house used new construction methods.

6.Drawing a plan of a house an architect should keep in mind a lot of details.

7.Building the foundation the workers dug away the topsoil and replaced it with gravel.

8.Putting up the walls a bricklayer often looks at the plan to know where to build in the doors, windows and ventilators.

9.Working at a height bigger than his own one the bricklayer uses a scaffold.

10.Finishing the floor one can choose between different methods: painting, tiling, boarding, carpeting, etc.

11.Houses designed in America often have decorative facades.

12.The fence built by our neighbour was very well made.

13.The kitchen units fitted in the house are white.

14.Finlandia House designed by Alvar Aalto, has a marble facade.

15.The house sold last week was built in the 1950s.

16.The flat had a fairly good-sized kitchen with an electric three-plate cooker already installed.

17.Don't use broken wires or bent nails.

18.The houses built many years ago are not as convenient as the modern ones.

19.What is the number of apartment houses built in the past few years?

14.2. Переведите фразы и предложения, обращая внимание на сложные формы причастий

a)Образец: having put up a new bridge – возведя новый мост

having built a new school, having assembled a few houses, having erected a temple, having decorated the building, having improved the layout of the apartment, having installed window frames, having plastered the walls and

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the ceiling, having restored many old buildings, having finished the insulation and ventilation work, having tiled the walls in the bathroom

b)Образец: the structure being put up - сооружение, которое возводят (возводили)

the school being built, the house being assembled, the temple being erected, the city being planned, the industrial building being constructed, the cathedral being designed, the church being restored

c)Образец: Being built of wood the house was not fire-resistant. – Так как дом был построен (будучи построенным) из дерева, он не был огнеупорным.

1.Being made of boards the summer cottage must be painted and repainted about every 5 years.

2.Being made of metal the walls of the factory were not corrosionresistant.

3.Being reconstructed not long ago the apartment house was in an excellent condition.

4.Being assembled of prefabricated blocks the building looked quite different from the wooden houses located nearby.

5.Being built with a flat roof the house was damaged by water that gradually went inside and caused mould there.

6.Being constructed with the use of new techniques modern residential buildings have better facilities.

d) Образец: Having been renovated the house became more beautiful and comfortable. – После того как дом отремонтировали, он стал более красивым и удобным.

1.Having been repainted the exterior walls looked much better.

2.Having been supplied with heating the floor in the bathroom became warmer and more pleasant to stand on.

3.Having been covered with asphalt the roof became waterproof.

4.Having been cured during a required amount of time concrete became hard, strong, durable and fire-resistant.

5.Having been treated with special substances the metal walls became corrosion-resistant.

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14.3. Переведите предложения, содержащие the Absolute Participle Construction

1.The dwelling house having been built, the construction team started work at another construction site.

2.A site for the construction having been chosen, the work started in time.

3.The site is walled, the highest walls being to the north.

4.The house was of one story only, all the rooms being grouped around the living-room.

5.The post-and-lintel construction being widely used in Egyptian architecture, the arcuated system received no attention.

6.The Greeks having developed the three orders, the Romans adopted them and added two others.

7.Originally Greek domestic architecture used mud, stone being reserved for sacred and public buildings.

8.The fortress walls, churches, cathedrals, bridges being built of white stone, the buildings created Moscow’s architectural image of a city of white stone.

9.No essential results having been obtained, they had to perform some more experiments with new structural materials.

10.A new type of gantry crane having been tested, the builders put it into operation.

11.The building being erected on piles, damp could not destroy its foundation.

12.The footings having been put in place and the walls having been erected, the subfloor has to be cast.

15.ГЕРУНДИЙ

15.1.Прочитайте и переведите текст

How to pour a pavement

If you want a pavement or a patio in your garden, first you have to make the foundation. Then you can pour the pavement. Here is how you do it.

When the forms are set, you are ready for the concrete. The following guide will take you through the basic steps of pouring, spreading, striking, finishing and curing a concrete pavement.

1. Start pouring the concrete from one end of the form while the helper uses a shovel to spread it. Tamp the concrete into all corners.

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2.Use a screed board to smooth the concrete. Move the screed slowly across the form using zigzag motion. A helper can shovel extra concrete into any hollows.

3.Before and after floating you must edge the concrete. Begin with running a trowel between the concrete and the form. Follow up with an edger.

4.After screeding and edging use a darby or wood float. Floating smooths down high spots and fills small hollows. In smaller areas use the darby. Keep the tool flat but don't let it dig in.

5.After the water sheen has disappeared from the concrete, but before the surface has become really stiff, give it a final floating with a wood float. If you want a smoother surface, wait a few minutes and repeat the operation, this time with more pressure.

6.Slabs need to be moist-cured to keep their surfaces from drying too fast. Cure your concrete by keeping it wet. You can cover the slab with plastic sheeting. If no covering material is available, you'll need to keep the surface damp by hand-sprinkling. Curing should last at least 3 days or even longer in cold weather.

Посмотрите на рисунки. Проанализируйте использование герундия

Here are three types of chisel.

a)Chisel A is used for cutting soft materials, such as wood, and chisel В is used for cutting metal. Chisel С is for cutting away old plaster and brickwork.

b)Screwdriver A is for tightening and loosening screws on electrical equipment. В is for loosening very small screws and С is for loosening ordinary screws.

c)Hammer A is for hammering in nails and also for pulling nails out of wood. В is for breaking rocks and concrete.

Hammer С is for breaking bricks.

Рис. 13

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15.3. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках в форме Indefinite Active Gerund. Переведите предложения

1.___ (to place) concrete in winter is not very complicated.

2.Even in winter you can achieve a proper strength gain in concrete, if you succeed in ___ (to keep) the material warm and moist.

3.Before ___ (to cool), the concrete must be kept warm for several days.

4.By ___ (to move) walls, ___ (to install) new pipes or electric cables you can cause disasters if you don’t know what you are doing.

5.It is extremely important to prevent damage by ___ (to protect) the house against damp.

6.The fact that ___ (to work) outdoors is generally more difficult and often less pleasant than ___ (to work) indoors makes people neglect repairs outside the house.

7.You should, however, make a routine of ___ (to inspect) the outside of your house every spring.

8.The urban development is in ___ (to keep) with the development master plans.

9.___ (to flood) the interior with light was characteristic of the 18th century architecture.

10.The job of the engineer is ___ (to make) things, or if you like, ___ (to impose) an idea or form on material.

11.The house needs ___ (to repair).

12.The planning authorities insisted on ___ (to retain) some of the many trees.

13.That was the most efficient method of ___ (to move) the structure.

14.Architects sharpen their skills by ___ (to participate) in competitions.

15.4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные формы герундия

1.The facade is unusual in having round towers.

2.From the 17th to the 19th centuries domes were an area for experimenting with new methods of construction.

3.One of the ways of enhancing the beauty of architecture is by determining the quantity and quality of the architectural elements and their combinations.

4.A base is distinguished from a foundation or footing in being visible rather than buried.

5.Before being cured concrete is poured, spread and finished.

6.The engineers insisted on the building being reconstructed.

7.This project passed through many stages before being realized.

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8.The young workmen were against being sent to a far construction site.

9.Nobody knew the reason for their having changed the master plan so suddenly.

10.The foreman was informed of the numerous cracks having appeared in the walls of a new house.

11.The Pantheon is unique among the buildings of Imperial Rome in having survived intact.

12.He was given an award for having drawn the most unordinary plan of a new cathedral.

13.Everybody knew of his having been appointed a chief engineer.

14.We are sure of the structural woodwork having been done by the carpenter.

15.The painter doesn’t have any idea of the walls having been repainted more than once.

16.They heard of the ridgepole, the highest part of the roof having been raised.

16.ИНФИНИТИВ

16.1.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив в форме Indefinite Active

1.То build is to provide shelter.

2.То build correctly is the essence of architecture.

3.It is important to realize this project.

4.The architects meet to discuss common problems.

5.It is not necessary to invent a new architecture every Monday morning. (Mies)

6.It is not always easy to blend the architecture of previous centuries with modern work.

7.The architects promised to prepare the plan of a new residential area in time.

8.Art Nouveau was an early attempt to break away from eclecticism.

9.Bernini brilliantly used sculpture to dramatize the climaxes of his composition.

10.Brunelleschi's Palazzo Rucellai was one of the first to display classical orders.

11.In Renaissance buildings rustication is used chiefly in the basement storey to give an appearance of strength.

12.Artificial ponds or canals were used to ornament Ancient Roman buildings.

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13.Egyptian architects manipulated light and shade to give variety to surfaces.

14.The window was extended to become the window wall.

15.To increase the height of the interior, a second arcade was superimposed on the first.

16.2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные формы инфинитива

1.The last buildings to be constructed in St. Petersburg before the Napoleonic invasions were the Admiralty buildings.

2.Brick was the first building material to be made by man.

3.The engineers discussed the project of a tunnel to be built through the mountain.

4.The architects are working at a plan of the theatre to be constructed next year.

5.The city planners have chosen the design of the bridge to be put up over the river.

6.He wanted to be shown up-to-date machinery that was used in erecting high-rise buildings.

7.The students had a great desire to be taught the basics of masonry and tiling.

8.The exterior of the house seems to be changing.

9.The young builders were happy to be working together with the skilled bricklayers.

10.They were lucky to have built a house before the prices on building materials went up.

11.The electricians were sorry to have left the electric wires uninstalled into the walls.

16.3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на Complex Object

1.The foreman wanted the workmen to finish making the foundation by the lunchtime.

2.The superintendant expected the structure to be put up in time.

3.The company doesn’t consider him to be a good architect.

4.Everybody believed the architecture of ancient Greece to have influenced many architectural styles in the following epochs.

5.We suppose the concrete to become ready for the use in about twentyeight days.

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