- •Lesson 12
- •1. A special system is being developed so that drivers could see
- •Is useless anyway because we can't colonize other planets; it would be much
- •Exercise 6. Read and smile.
- •In zero-gravity there is no «up» position and the cosmonaut is
- •It is that sort of research that will be necessary if people are
- •Прочитайте текст, выскажите свое мнение о его содержании.
1. A special system is being developed so that drivers could see
after dark. 2. Aircraft designers tend to replace conventional metal
alloys by new composite materials in order that an aircraft structure
should be lighter. 3. Some materials are cooled almost to -273 °C
so that they should become superconductors. 4. Great attention is
paid to ecological problems all over the world so that air in
supercities should be clean. 5. You must put down this formula lest
you should forget it. 6. Metal parts are tested for defects lest they
should fail in operation. 7. Students must work hard lest they
should fail at examinations. 8. All kinds of safety devices for motor
cars are being developed lest accidents should occur. 9. A hypersonic
craft will require complicated cooling measures lest it should
burn.
234
Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности
страдательного залога.
1. International cooperation, especially in the field of space and
science, may be spoken of as a long-standing tradition. 2. The
«night vision» system is being worked at in many design bureaus.
3. The invention of an internal combustion engine was followed by
the appearance of a motor car as we know it today. 4. Any flying vehicle
is acted upon by aerodynamic forces. 5. The improvement of
our working conditions and life is influenced by the achievements
of scientific and technological progress. 6. New developments in
the field of superconductivity are much written about at present.
7. The invention of a steam engine was followed by the first industrial
revolution. 8. The neutron is not influenced by a magnetic
field. 9. The appearance of a jet engine was followed by a tremendous
increase of aircraft speeds. 10. The problems of interplanetary
flight are dealt with in the latest magazine.
Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения с глаголом to involve и его производными
(занимать, быть занятым, вовлекать, связанный с этим).
1. While on their last space flight French cosmonauts were
mostly involved in carrying out scientific experiments. 2. A program
to establish an International Lunar Base may involve many
nations. 3.The struggle for the protection of Lake Baikal has shown
the true position of the organizations involved. 4. To understand
the operation of computers one must understand the principles involved.
СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Упражнение 5. Переведите производные слова согласно образцу:
префикс тиШ- (много-)
multi-room — многоместный, multi-national —
многонациональный
multi-stage rocket, multi-purpose, multi-functional, multi-lateral,
multiplex, multimedia, multi-ton vehicle.
Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.
international station [,inta'naejenl 'steijen], civilization
[,sivilai'zeij9n], orbit ['o:bit], assembly [e'sembli], shuttle ['jAtI],
routine [ru:4i:n], partner ['pa:tn9], multi-national ['mAlti-'naeJenI],
majority [me'dsoriti], astronaut ['aestrenoit], mission ['mijen], official
[e'fijel], object ['obdsikt], visible ['vizibl], module
235
['modju:l], process ['preuses], ambitious [aem'bijes], project
['prodjekt], control [kan'traul], commercial [кэ'тэ:/э1], biotechnology
[,bai9utek'nol9cl5i].
Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.
launch [lo.nf], extension [iks'tenjen], research [ri'se:^], facility
[fe'siliti], crew [kru:], alternately [o:rt8:netli], expectancy
[iks'pektensi], Venus [Viines], awesome ['o:s8m], Canada
['kaenede], Japan [dse'paen], Brazil [bre'zil], European
[juare'piien], behave [bi'heiv], trouble [ЧглЫ], citizen ['sitizn],
dozen ['dAzn], opportunity [,ope4ju:niti], basic ['beisik], риф08е
['рэ:р9$], investigation [in,vesti'geij9n], adventure [9dVenf9],
promote [pr9'm9ut], require [ri'kwai9], billion ['bilj9n], enterprise
['ent9praiz], advertise ['aedv9taiz].
СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ
add V — прибавлять, присоединять
advertise v — рекламировать
attract V — привлекать, притягивать
behave v — вести себя,
работать
broad а — широкий
deliver v — доставлять
enterprise п — предприятие
establish v — учреждать, организовывать
explore V — исследовать, изучать
facility п — сооружение, оборудование
fit V — соединять, подгонять
flight п — полет
follow V — следовать (за)
hence adv — следовательно
implementation п — выполнение,
осуществление
investigation п — исследование
last V — сохраняться, длиться
launch V — запускать
maintain v — обслуживать, содержать
mission п — задача, полет
note V — отмечать
opportunity п — благоприятная
возможность
predict V — предсказывать
promote V — способствовать,
содействовать
properly adv — должным образом,
правильно
space п — пространство, космос
stay V — оставаться, жить
supply V — снабжать, обеспечивать
trouble п — неисправность, повреждение
alternately — поочередно
at least ~ по крайней мере
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Text 12A
Что вам известно о проекте создания Международной космической станции?
Как осуществляется проект на данный момент? Прочитайте текст, проверьте
ваши ответы, переведите.
The International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS), the most complex and
expensive structure that has ever been launched and built in space,
is expected to be a permanent off-planet extension^ of human civilization.
When completed, it will be a multi-room hotel and research
facility orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes. By that time,
resupply and assembly flight by shuttles or rockets will have become
routine.
The Russians and Americans are partners in this international
enterprise. The three-person multi-national crews will be alternately
composed of two Americans and one Russian followed by a
Russian majority. Later a six or seven-person crew will occupy the
station. Some astronauts may stay on the ISS up to 187 days, but
there are no plans yet for longer missions. The official life expectancy
of the station itself is 10 years, but it should last much longer.
Five times the size of the Russian space station Mir, the ISS
will be one of the biggest objects in the night sky, looking like a
supersize Lego set^, almost as long as a football field. Only the
Moon and Venus will be bigger and more visible.
The fifth-generation station's complexity is as awesome^ as its
size. Built by a partnership of 16 nations, the ISS will consist of 36
modules and hundreds of individual elements that come from all
over the world. The station involves the most technologically advanced
nations — Russia, the United States, Canada, Japan,
Brazil, and 11 European nations. There will be many interconnected
parts from so many countries that it would be impossible to
predict how they would interact.
Hence, it is very important that all of these elements made by
different suppliers should fit together properly and work exactly as
planned. But even if all the parts fitted perfectly, the assembly process
itself in orbit would be risky. The space station is flown while it
is being constructed and each new building block added might
change the way the station behaves in flight, which could result in
serious trouble.
The ISS may be the world's most ambitious engineering project
in history, but it could not have been realized without previous extensive
experience in operating the Russian Mir space station. Mir
237
was a great achievement. Russia learned how to build and maintain
complex structures in space. Mir also gave citizens of more than a
dozen countries their first opportunity to explore space. It should
be noted that Mir has proved to be the perfect training ground for
the ISS. For more than a decade, at least two humans were always
in low Earth orbit. That is why it was planned that Russia would
supply and deliver 12 modules for the future station, each being a
key module among its 36 ones. They are: the basic power module,
the control, the life support, the service modules and others.
What is the puфose of the ISS? It is a political program as well
as a science program. This program is no longer only about conducting
scientific investigations in the absence of gravity, or about
learning how to build a massive project weighing 400 tons in orbit,
or about establishing the base for a future trip to Mars. The ISS is
more than merely the next great adventure of the space age. It is
also about promoting international cooperation and creating thousands
of peacetime jobs for highly skilled workers and engineers.
The implementation of the broad international program would
require more than $40 billion. Some space experts would like to attract
commercial users such as, e.g., biotechnology companies in
order that the cost of the station should be lowered. And some specialists
have even suggested that the station be used for advertising
and Hollywood filmmaking.
Notes to the Text
1. off-planet extension — внепланетное продолжение
2. Lego set — конструктор Л его
3. is awesome — поражает, внушает благоговение, трепет
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ
Упражнение 8. Определите различные функции глагола should, переведите.
1. It should be said that the importance of Mars studies is acknowledged
by all. 2. Reliability of every vehicle should be paid
great attention to during the production process. 3. It is required
that an airplane should be well balanced dynamically. 4. Should
there be even a small deviation (отклонение) in the velocity, the
space vehicle would pass the planet. 5. K.E. Tsiolkovsky suggested
that man-made rockets for the future space flights should use
liquid-propellant engines. 6. We were told that we should take part
in the discussion. 7. One should not forget that electricity is the
most important source of energy at present.
238
Упражнение 9. Определите различные функции глагола would, переведите.
1. Halley predicted that the comet would appear at regular intervals
of 75 years. 2. If you were on the first manned space station
your task would be to study the stars and planets including Earth.
3. Some materials cooled to proper temperature would conduct
electricity practically without any resistance. 4. In the future it may
be possible to build a dirigible with a metal hull that would carry
hundreds of passengers round the world. 5. In 1883 Tsiolkovsky
wrote that rocket would be the only means able to reach outer
space. 6. Popov would make his experiments with radio although
the government was not interested in the work. 7. We tried to start
the car, but it would not go. 8. We know that a body in motion
would continue to travel in a straight line unless some force were
applied. 9. Without gravity we would not be able to walk in an upright
position. 10. Non-equatorial regions of Mars would be difficult
and expensive to reach and explore.
Упражнение 10. Найдите предложения, где should является модальным
глаголом и где глаголы would, could и might выражают сослагательное наклонение.
1. It is essential that international cooperation should be as productive
as possible. 2. Research and technology should provide the
basis for a better life. 3. Military uses of a space station could complicate
international cooperation since there are several neutral
countries among the participants. 4. It is desirable that international
space cooperation should give significant economic advantage
for the countries involved. 5. NASA agreed that Canada would
develop a remote manipulation system for the space Shuttle. 6. It
should be pointed out that Japan space programmes are based on
close government-industry cooperation. 7. The craft to be
launched would essentially be used as a service module for space
stations. 8. Typical missions of a new system might include the assembly
of space structures. 9. Exploring Phobos would be a difficult
problem because of its small gravity field. If an astronaut threw a
stone right ahead, it would orbit the entire moon and hit him in the
back of the head. 10. Such a vehicle could be operational by the beginning
of the next century. 11. One should know that the broader
the basis for utilizing a space station is, the better the prospects for
economic efficiency of developing it are. 12. After the Challenger
tragedy the military experts insisted that a new Shuttle should be
built. 13. It was reported that the appearance of photon computers
could be expected.
239
Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на особенности
страдательного залога.
1. In mechanics the study of kinematics is followed by the study
of dynamics. 2. A gas may be looked upon as the vapour of a liquid
with a very low boiling point or very great vapour pressure. 3. Lead
is very slightly acted upon by the oxygen of the air. 4. The works of
Tsiolkovsky were followed by a number of very important works in
the field of astronautics. 5. The production of special metallurgical
alloys is seldom influenced by gravity. 6. This article describes
design characteristics which are followed by the description of the
results of the experiments. This description is followed by a discussion
of nontechnical aspects of the lunar programme proposed.
Упражнение 12, Переведите предложения с глаголом to resw//с различными
предлогами.
1. It is well known that automation results in higher labour productivity.
2. The first manned space flight has resulted from the
great achievements in Russian science. 3. This experiment resulted
in the discovery of several new properties of the composite material,
4. A release of atomic energy results from a very complex process.
5. World War II resulted in the victory of the USSR, the US
and Great Britain. 6. Such experiments usually result in obtaining
new information. 7. The motion of an electron results from a force
acting upon it. 8. The growing intensity of air traffic has resulted in
the automation of its control. 9. Newton's famous work «Principia»
resulted from 40 years of experimental work.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ
Упражнение 13. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова.
gravity, peaceful, permanent, consequence, subatomic, dominant,
relative, relativity, flexible, apparently, celebrity, novelty,
connection, complicate, desirable, significant, utilize, pressure, famous,
involvement, significance, weightlessness, eaten, recorder,
supression, useless, dense, density, depth, damage, shorten.
Упражнение 14. Образуйте существительные от слов.
appear, explore, prepare, prior, important, implement, transit,
propose, create, lighten, encode, structural, useful, discuss, grow,
store, differ, electronic.
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Упражнение 15. Найдите:
а) синонимы
spacecraft, to call, artificial, significance, area, man-made,
satellite, purpose, complicated, importance, space vehicle, explorer,
aim, to guide, to offer, researcher, investigation, to incorporate,
sophisticated, to propose, to determine, exploration, to
define, to gather, to control, to collect, to name, to include, district,
moon;
б) антонимы
special, upper, unmanned, natural, last, manned, unequal,
conventional, distant, first, lower, civil, equal, inefficient, military,
near, efficient, artificial.
Упражнение 16. Переведите предложения с глаголом to involve и его производными.
1. NASA began looking for the way to involve other countries
in its post-Apollo space programme. 2. International involvement in
the space programme raises a number of questions. 3. The international
programme has involved Russia, Canada, Japan and some developing
countries, as well as both individual European countries
and various European space organizations. 4. There exists a clear
trend towards increased international involvement in those uses of
space which could be economically beneficial. 5. The aim of the
experiment involving dogs, monkeys and other animals aboard
Kosmos satellite was to study the way zero gravitation affects the
living organisms. 6. An efficient radiator is capable of warming a
large room, the process involved is called convection. 7. Work with
computers and other sophisticated electronic devices involves two
different types of construction: hardware and software.
Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на функции
слова only.
1. You are the only person who could help us in solving this
problem. 2. The International Academy of Astronautics including
nearly one thousand scientists and engineers from 50 countries is
the only organization which can plan technical efforts on an international
scale. 3. Only through cooperation on a world-wide scale
could space technology be improved. 4. Effective communication
across national borders appeared to be the only way for space science
to develop successfully.
241
Упражнение 18. Найдите глаголы-сказуемые в страдательном залоге, переведите.
Dolly Madison was born in South Carolina while her parents
were visiting there. She was soon taken to Virginia where she was
educated. She was taught by her Quaker parents to say «thee» and
«thou» for «you». Dolly was married to John Payne who died a
short time afterwards from yellow fever. Several years later she was
married to James Madison, a brilliant lawyer. When Thomas Jefferson
was elected President of the US, James Madison became
Secretary of State. Mr. Jefferson was a widower, so Dolly was often
invited to preside at the White House. When James Madison was
elected president, Mrs. Madison was the hostess of the White
House on all occasions. People from everywhere were impressed
with her sincerity and her love for humanity.
Упражнение 19. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.
beaten, steal, carrying out, learnt, ate, slept, fly.
Упражнение 20. Прочитайте и переведите текст без словаря.
Exploration experts suggest that the tiny moon Phobos should
be used as a perfect place for gas refilling station. Some scientists
think Phobos rocks to contain crystalline ice. If one heats them, it
will be possible to produce water. The latter could be divided into
hydrogen and oxygen which are necessary components for rocket
propulsion. Such a fuel supply would greatly reduce the amount of
weight that must be delivered from the Earth for manned missions
to Mars. Thus, it might be possible for spacecrafts to leave the
Earth for Mars carrying no return fuel. To get home, they should
simply fill up at Phobos.
CONVERSATION
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1. What is the ISS? (the most complex and expensive structure
in space and research facility orbiting the Earth) 2. What will it
look like when completed? (a supersize Lego set, almost as long as
a football field) 3. What is its size compared with Russian-built Mir
space station? (five times the Mir station size) 4. What modules is it
expected to consist of? (36 modules) 5. How many countries are involved
in the project? (16 countries) 6. What methodology is being
242
used to build the ISS? (the same methodology as for Mir but on a
larger scale) 7. What is the purpose of the ISS? (to promote international
cooperation and create peacetime jobs for highly skilled
workers and engineers)
Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.
1. The Russians and Americans
are equal partners
2. It is suggested that
3. It is very important
4. The multi-national crew
will occupy
5. Space experts expect
6. The cost of the station is
likely
7. The ISS is more
1. to be more than $40 billion.
2. that all individual elements coming
from different suppliers all over the
world should fit together properly.
3. Russia deliver 12 key modules for
the station.
4. the official life of the station to be
10 years.
5. the station and stay on it up to
187 days.
6. than merely the next great adventure
of the space age: it is a political
program as well as a science program.
7. in the implementation of this massive
engineering project weighing
400 tons.
Exercise 3. Read and learn.
Satellites
Peter: Hello, Ann. How did you happen to come to California?
Ann,: Hello, Peter. How are you? My father got a job here. It is so
exciting to meet you here. I've not seen you since you graduated
from the University.
P.: I'm working on a newspaper. I cover the space research problems.
Now I study the application of space satellites for scientific
puфoses.
A.: I think that the best application of satellites is for military purposes.
P.: You are absolutely wrong. The most promising field of аррИ-
cation of satellites is the scientific one.
A.: Oh, Yes, I know satellites look down on everything: the
clouds, forests and oceans, the winds, ice on the sea. But
don't forget spy (шпион) satellites.
243
p.: Spy and weather satellites gather data for forecasting. The
Japanese have a satellite studying the ocean; European and
Russian satellites produce radar images of the ground; an
American satellite is studying the upper atmosphere.
A.: It seems to me that the era of satellites has passed. You see,
the Japanese have already delayed the launch of their earth
observing mission.
P.: Yes, they did, because of cost. The most effective way to
gather data is not always with a big satellite.
A.: Have you met my elder brother Mike?
P.: Of course, I have. We played in the same football team at the
college, though he is about three years older than me.
A.: He is five years older than you. He takes part in the research
programme at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. They
are developing now a small cheap satellite. It would carry
three simple instruments to measure clouds, water vapour and
surface temperature.
P.: Oh, really. I think, that such researches make sense, and help
develop a single Global Chmate Observing System.
A.: Such a system could change the world or at least see the world
changing.
Exercise 4. Comment on the following statement.
Space exploration ought to be abandoned (откладываться) until
more important problems of mankind have been solved.
One point of view : Space exploration is very expensive; food production is far
more important than Mars studies or Moon walks; it is immoral to spend huge sums of
money on space exploration while millions of people suffer hunger (голод); space exploration