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Edited by:

Fedor Dmitriev International referee

Mihail Grigoriev International referee, honorary FIBA referee

Ildar Latypov PhD, Head of Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture and Sports of Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism (Kazan)

Computer edited by: Stanislav Morozov

Copyright. All rights reserved.

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Nowadays there are a lot of young referees in practice of sport officiating who come to officiating without basic knowledge of the game and sport. The system of referee’s preparation in basketball, especially young referees, is developed not so dynamically, systematically as basketball itself.

Today’s education and selection of young referees in basketball occurs during tournaments, referee’s clinics and camps where the different levels of the preparedness of beginning referees from different regions are obvious. From this we can make conclusion about developing united program of referees’ preparation which would include education of both parts: beginning and experienced referees from all regional federations. The program would contribute to involving experienced referees into professional realization as teachers of young referees.

Introduction of the united program of referees’ preparation contains also social task and increases interest to referees’ activities and job. Even if not every one of them will become top referee, nevertheless it will increase overall interest to the basketball in the whole country.

The task of the program:

- Creation of general idea about the professional activity of basketball referee; -Formation of system of knowledge, skills and officiating practices for the beginning referees;

-Motivation of experienced referees who is finishing the officiating career to work with young referees as teachers;

-Expansion (extension) of referee’s number in regions;

-System of improvement of referee’s preparations;

-Improvement of the quality of officiating;

-Basketball popularization in regions.

Referees preparation program assumes systematic operation. The four years course of training for beginning referees is proposed. It is possible to conduct the course as facultative in Institutes of High Education, Colleges of physical culture and also in regional federations (schools of young referees) and also in sport schools. Education starts approximately in August (September) before the beginning of the season.

Program includes theoretical and practical parts: study of rules, interpretations, two and three man mechanics of officiating, method of cooperation of referees on the court and with table officials, psychological preparation, practical officiating of the games of different level with video discussions (analysis). It is necessary also that beginning referees would have basic knowledge of basketball. Theoretical and practical trainings (lessons) are carried out once a week.

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The program includes following parts: “Theoretical preparation of basketball referees”, “Physical preparation of referees”, “Psychology of basketball officiating”, “Practical preparation”, “Theoretical and physical tests”, “Homework”. Teaching material includes: lectures, seminars and practical training

(lessons).

Practical part of young referee’s preparation consists of: study of gestures and signals, physical training, practical preparation. Theoretical part is held in the classroom and practical training - on the court.

Analysis of literary and scientific work with referees showed us the low level of physical and psychological preparedness of the beginning referees. Psychophysical preparations together with the professional preparation are important part of the success of basketball referees.

The knowledge of the basic psychology helps beginning referees more correctly determine the content of playing moments (situations). The quality of officiating rises if referee has ability to rapidly receive and operate with, and evaluate changing visual information, rapidly and adequately react to actions. To activate homework of beginning referees and feedback with instructors and teachers proposals include different questions and tasks.

To select referees for different courses all students fill in one form. The form includes all necessary information for the primary selection: age, place of stay, height and weight, presence of sport practice.

One of the versions of beginning referees education is a remote education. It means - education and control of referee activity throw the Internet and program of Skype. So it is necessary to create the referee’s Internet page.

On the internet site one must create the training course which includes materials about officiating, rules, interpretation of the rules, recommendation regarding physical and psychological self-study, organization of the referee activity.

Every student is considered as one passed education successfully after passing theoretical examination and physical tests.

Program of young referees’ preparation concludes each year theoretical and physical examination and practical officiating of training and official games.

Main stages of preparation

Referees preparation includes following important elements of preparation:

-The preliminary selection of beginning referees;

-Study of the rules and interpretations;

-Knowledge of the basic technical and tactical methods of the game;

-Knowledge of referees official gestures and signals;

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-Mastery of practical experience of officiating;

-Pregame conversation;

-Analyses of officiating after the game;

-Professional officiating of competitions.

Each part from the stages has specific duration and professional directivity. All stages must be passed fully in order to obtain the main goal.

First year of education - formation of groups and training exercises according to the program:

- Theoretical and practical training, officiating of games;

-Practical officiating of children's competitions;

-The rules and physical tests.

Second year of education – program correction of referees training:

-Additional selection of new young referees;

-Theoretical and practical training according to the program;

-Games officiating;

-Practical officiating of youth competitions;

-Examinations: the rules and physical preparation tests.

Third year of education - improvement of the system of training of referees:

-Completion of the formation of groups;

-Theoretical and practical training according to the program;

-Games officiating;

-Practical officiating youth competitions;

-The rules and physical preparation tests.

Fourth year of education - completion of the program of training of referees:

-Theoretical and practical training according to the program;

-Games officiating;

-Practical officiating of the championship of youth teams;

-Testing the level of the preparedness of beginning referees (examination);

-Recommendation for officiating higher level competitions.

Criteria and methods of the selection of the beginning referees

Questions of selection for any form of activity were always urgent. It is not exception for the selection of referees in basketball. It will be better if the beginning referee has specific game skills, knowledge of the rules, has a basic physical culture education and tendency/wish to self education.

If we look in more detail at the selection of young referees and their professional fitness it is possible to say that young people with unstable nervous

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system are slowly analyzing game situations, they don’t want to analyze their own mistakes, and they have only few chances for high results in officiating of basketball. Results of scientific researches and sport practice highlight several selection stages of young referees in sport games:

Primary selection is made amongst young people, i.e., from those who only began to be occupied in basketball and who combine such occupations with officiating of children's competitions. The development of individual abilities is the task of primary selection.

Secondary selection is conducted from the number of athletes or students who have prerequisites and desire to be occupied officiating competitions in basketball. The development of potential young people for the sport officiating is the task of second selection.

The purposes of the third period of selection are connected with formation of the professional habits of officiating and their improvement in the course of referees practice.

Very important role in selection and preparation of referees play abilities and skills to operationally assume correct solution during the game. Therefore the absence of referee’s practice adversely affects the maintenance of optimal referee’s form. Only with the presence of qualified referee practice, referee has a possibility for improvement and further growth.

The analysis of literature and practical experience shows that professional selection of referees in basketball depends on individual mental characteristics of young people. Therefore setting and formulation of purposes and tasks for the beginning referees, composition of job schedule and the serial operation right from the very beginning of education are priority for the training center of referees’ preparation. Practical officiating is necessary for the formation of referee especially under control of instructor or teacher.

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Table 1 Approximate distribution of preparation components for young basketball referees

during and by their years of education

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Table 3

Approximate hours’ distribution during the young referees’ preparation month by month

(2nd year of education)

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Table 4

Approximate hours’ distribution during the young referees’ preparation month by month

(3rd year of education)

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