Иностранный (английский) язык в сфере юриспруденции (110

ТЕМА № 5. Law Branches Different Branches of Law

If you are a student of law, you must be well aware of the different branches of law. Each of these branches deals with a different aspect of law, and has its own set of specialists and advisors. There are more than 20 of them. The two main branches of law are civil law and criminal law. Civil law is the law relating to the adjustment of legal disputes between individuals. Criminal law concerns a crime committed against public authority or other citizens. There are some distinctions between civil and criminal laws. A civil action is brought by a private, injured party to seek compensation for a harm unlawfully caused by another party, whereas a criminal action is brought by the state to punish a defendant for a deliberate offense against the community. Civil actions are pursued in civil courts and are governed by rules of civil procedure, whereas criminal actions are pursued in criminal courts and are governed by rules of criminal procedure. Civil actions give rise to civil remedies like money damages or injunctions, whereas criminal actions give rise to criminal punishments like imprisonment or the death penalty.

Along with these two main branches that are some more different branches of law. Property law deals with ownership and disputes regarding property ownership. It is important to understand the difference between movable and immovable property here. Movable property is one's personal possessions, while immovable law refers to real estate and land. Property laws deal with the issues regarding immovable property. Labor law deals with the terms and conditions and disputes regarding employment of labor. This is a set of rulings and regulations that govern the relationship and terms between an employer and employee. Though this falls under civil law, it is highly vast and extensive in nature. Environment law is a set of treaties, agreements, rules and statutes that aim to protect the environment. Due to its general nature, environment law does not fall under the criminal law category. This is one of the types of law that are more generic in nature, and require highly specialized lawyers. Administrative law is a body of laws that deals with the activities and governing capacities of the administrative bodies of the Government. Constitutional law is one of the different branches of law that deals with the study and the practice of the principles set forth b y the Constitution. Any violation that disregards Constitutional policies is scrutinized by specialists in this branch of law and governance.

International law is the set of rules binding in relations between states and nations. It differs from national legal systems in that it only concerns nations rather than private citizens.

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1. Прочитайте текст и выполните письменно следующее

1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на причастие I

и II.

1. We see a growing interest to the economic situation of the

USA.

2. Having discussed all the problems the students closed the

meeting.

3.Having been translated by the students before the texts did not

seem difficult.

4.The bill signed by the President becomes a law.

5.The problem being discussed at the conference mus t be

solved.

2.Сгруппируйте предложения с причастными оборотами согласно таблице и переведите их.

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2.The article about the functions of the police being interesting, I used it in my report.

3.The witness saw the criminal trying to steal a bag from the

car.

4.He has the article about the American police translated.

5.The investigator is seen interrogating an offender.

6.The police having many functions, their work is very difficult.

7.They had a new rule explained.

8.The criminal having been caught at the crime scene, the

investigation didn’t last long.

9.The crime was thought investigated.

10.People want the public order being always maintained.

11.They had the pictures of the American police at work shown.

12.The suspect is considered being guilty of a murder.

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ТЕМА № 6. Law Enforcement

The British Police

The British police officer, sometimes called the “bobby” after Sir

Robert Peel, the founder of the police force – is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen and policewomen are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in the streets (“pounding the beat”) or driving in cars (known as “panda cars” because of their distinctive markings). The police have regular meetings with social workers, community readers and health officers. They visit schools and talk to children. In some districts primary schools have “adopted” police officers who take on a school as their special responsibility. They play with the children and talk to them and try to show them that the police are their friends to whom they can go if they are in trouble.

Few people realize that the police in Britain are organized very differently from many other countries. Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled by the central government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by th e central government’s Home Office. Instead, there is a separate police force for each of the 52 areas into which the country is divided. Each has a police authority – a committee of local county counselors and magistrates.

The forces cooperate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a very serious crime. A Chief Constable, who is the most senior police officer of a force, may sometimes ask for the assistance of London’s police force, based at New Scotland Yard known simply as “the Yard”.

In most countries, the police carry guns. The British police generally do not carry firearms, except in Northern Ireland. They are not armed t o avoid street gunfights in which innocent people might get killed. A few policemen are regularly armed, for instance, those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports.

Like in the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 per cent of the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special Constables – members of the public who work for the police voluntarily for a few hours a week.

Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department (CID). Members of CID are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms.

The job of the traffic wardens is to make sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers – it is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.

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1. Определите, соответствуют ли данные предложения

содержанию текста.

1.“Panda cars” is another name for police cars.

2.The Police in Britain do not communicate with the public.

3.The organization of the British police does not differ from any other country.

4.The forces cooperate with each other, especially when serious crimes happen.

5.The British police officers are generally not armed.

6.Chief Superintendent is the highest police rank.

7.Special Constables are not policemen.

8.Traffic wardens have the power to control traffic crimes.

2. Соотнесите звания офицеров полиции Британии с их

4. Переведите письменно абзац 2.

Грамматические упражнения.

1. Соотнесите английские предложения с их русскими

эквивалентами.

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2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая

внимание на формы инфинитива.

1.I’m sorry to have taken so much of your time.

2.He expected to be helped by his friends.

3.It seems to have been raining since we came here.

4.He reported to have finished the interrogation.

5.I’m glad to have been introduced to this famous detective.

6.I didn’t expect to be asked such a question.

7.They are supposed to have been experimenting in this field for about

a year.

8.She is happy to have achieved good results in English.

9.The boy pretended to be sleeping.

10.He will be pleased to get information on that case.

11.We are afraid not to be told the truth.

3. Переведите предложения с инфинитивами на английский

язык.

1.Я рад дать вам эту книгу.

2.Я рад, когда мне дают книги.

3.Я рад, что дал вам книгу.

4.Я рад, что мне дали книгу.

5.Они очень довольны, что наконец-то обезвредили преступников.

6.Нам повезло, что нам предоставили эту секретную

информацию.

7.Он терпеть не может, когда ему лгут.

8.Ему удалось снять отпечатки пальцев на месте преступления.

9.Мы надеемся, что нам помогут в расследовании этого происшествия.

10.Он не ожидал, что его задержат так быстро.

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ТЕМА № 7. Court Trial

U.S. Federal Court System

The federal courts are often called the "guardians of the Constitution". They exist to fairly and impartially interpret and apply the law, resolve disputes and, perhaps most importantly, to protect the rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution. The courts do not "make" the laws. The Constitution delegates making, amending and repealing federal laws to the U.S. Congress.

Composition of the Federal Judiciary The very first bill considered by the U.S. Senate divided the country into 12 judicial districts or "circuits." The court system is further divided into 94 eastern, central and southern "districts" geographically across the country. Within each district, one court of appeals, regional district courts and bankruptcy courts are established.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body of the country. It consists of the Chief Justice and eight associate justices. The Supreme Court hears and decides cases involving important questions about the interpretation and fair application of the Constitution and federal law. Cases typically come to the Supreme Court as appeals to decisions of lower federal and state courts.

Each of the 12 regional circuits has one U.S. court of Appeals that hears appeals to decisions of the district courts located within its circuit and appeals to decisions of federal regulatory agencies. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has nationwide jurisdiction and hears specialized cases like patent and international trade cases.

The 94 district courts, located within the 12 regional circuits, hear practically all cases involving federal civil and criminal laws. Decisions of the district courts are typically appealed to the district's court of appeals.

There are two special courts that have nationwide jurisdiction over special types of cases:

U.S. Court of International Trade hears cases involving U.S. trade with foreign countries and customs issues.

U.S. Court of Federal Claims considers claims for monetary damages made against the U.S. government, federal contract disputes and disputed "takings" or claiming of land by the federal government Federal Judges Under the Constitution, judges of all federal courts are appointed for life by the president of the United States, with the approval of the Senate. Federal judges can be removed from office only through impeachment and conviction by Congress. The Constitution also provides that the pay of federal judges

"shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office."

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1.Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1.Why are the federal courts often called the "guardians of the

Constitution"?

2.What is the highest judicial body of the country?

3.How many justices are there in the Supreme Court?

4.What is the main function of the Supreme Court?

5.What is the jurisdiction of courts of Appeals?

6.What kind of cases do district courts hear?

7.Who appoints the federal judges?

2.Соотнесите типы судов США и их основные функции.

3. Переведите письменно последний абзац текста. Грамматические упражнения.

1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на

герундий.

1.I avoided speaking to them about that matter.

2.She burst out crying.

3.They burst out laughing.

4.She denied having been at home that evening.

5.He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of travelling.

6.Excuse my leaving you at such a moment.

7.Please forgive my interfering.

8.He gave up smoking a few years ago.

9.They went on talking.

10.He keeps insisting on my going to the south.

11.Oh please do stop laughing at him.

12.Do you mind my asking you a difficult question?

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