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ТЕМА № 3. State Power System

ТЕКСТ 1.

The American State Power System

The United States is a constitutional republic. The nation operates as a presidential system also known as a congressional system. The federal government’s power is divided between three branches – the legislative, the executive and the judicial.

The legislative branch – the Congress – is made up of elected representatives from each of the 50 states. It is the only branch of U.S. government that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes, declare war, and put foreign treaties into effect. Members of the House of Representatives are elected to two-year terms. Each member represents a district in his or her home state. In all, there are 435 representatives in the House. Senators are elected to six-year terms. Each state has two senators, regardless of population. There are 100 senators. To become a law, a bill must pass both the House and the Senate. After the bill is introduced in either body, it is studied by one or more committees, amended, voted out of committee, and discussed in the chamber of the House or Senate. If passed by one body, it goes to the other for consideration. Once both bodies have passed the same version of a bill, it goes to the president for approval.

The chief executive of the United States is the president, who together with the vice president is elected to a four-year term. As a result of a constitutional amendment that went into effect in 1951, a president may be elected to only two terms. Other than succeeding a president who dies or is disabled, the vice president's only official duty is presiding over the Senate. The vice president may vote in the Senate only to break a tie. The president's powers are formidable but not unlimited. As the chief formulator of national policy, the president proposes legislation to Congress. The president may veto any bill passed by Congress. The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Within the executive branch, the president has broad powers to issue regulations and directives carrying out the work of the federal government's depa rtments and agencies.

The judicial branch is headed by the U.S. Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. In addition, Congress has established 13 federal courts of appeals and, below them, about 95 federal district courts. The Supreme Court meets in Washington, D.C., and the other federal courts are located in cities throughout the United States. The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices. With minor exceptions, cases come to the Supreme Court on appeal from lower federal or state courts.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1.How many states are there in the USA?

2.Does this country have a constitution?

3.Who is the official head of this country?

4.Is the USA a democratic state? Prove it.

5.What are the main branches of power in America?

2. Сопоставьте английские слова и словосочетания с их русскими эквивалентами.

1.	local authorities	a) отдельный штат
2.	to carry out the work	b) управлять делами
3.	federal system of government	c) апелляционные суды
4.	to collect taxes	d) поправка
5.	to make laws	e) проводить работу
6.	to run affairs	f) главнокомандующий
7.	to go into effect	g) федеральная система
		правления
8.	associate justices	h) вступить в действие
9.	commander-in-chief	i) местные власти
10.	individual state	j) собирать налоги
11.	courts of appeals	k) члены Верховного суда
12.	amendment	l) создавать законы

3. Переведите письменно 1 и 2 абзацы.

ТЕКСТ 2.

The State System of Britain

Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch – Queen Elisabeth II as a head of state. The British Constitution is not set out in a single document. Instead it is made up of a combination of laws and conventions.

The Bill of Rights was the first legal step towards constitutional monarchy. This Bill prevented the monarch from making laws or having an army without Parliament’s approval. Since 1689 the power of parliament has grown, while the power of the monarch has become weaker. The UK is a constitutional monarchy; the head of the state is a king or a queen. In practice, the sovereign reigns, but doesn’t rule. The present sovereign is Queen Elisabeth II. Today the Queen isn’t only head of state, but also an important symbol of national unity. In law the Queen is head of the executive, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the

established Church of England. In fact the Queen is impartial and acts on the advice of her ministers.

The Government is formed by the party with majority support in the Commons. The party in power determines the home and foreign policy of the country. The Queen appoints its leader as Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime Minister appoints about 100 ministers, of whom about 20 are in the Cabinet – the serious group which takes major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible for their own departments. The second largest – party forms the official opposition with its own leader and “shadow cabinet”. The opposition has a duty to challenge government policies and present an alternative program.

1.Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов

исловосочетаний:

1)глава государства;

2)править;

3)национальное единство;

4)беспристрастный;

5)законы и соглашения;

6)одобрение парламента;

7)оспаривать политику правительства;

8)сокращать;

9)бесчисленный.

2.Составьте вопросы к предложениям.

Model: The British Constitution is made up of a combination of laws and conventions. (What)

What is the British Constitution made up of?

1.Between 1066 and 1215 the king ruled alone. (When)

2.In 1264 the first parliament of nobles met together. (When)

3.Parliament invited William and Mary to become Britain’s first

constitutional monarchs. (Who)

4.The Queen acts on the advice of her ministers. (How)

5.Today every man and woman aged 18 has the right to vote. (Who)

3. Переведите письменно абзац 3. Грамматические упражнения.

1.Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму прилагательного.

1.Which is (large): the United States or Canada?

2.What is the name of the (big) port in the United States?

3.Moscow is the (large) city in Russia.

4.The London underground is the (old) in the world.

5.There is a (great) number of cars in Moscow than in any other Russian city.

6.St. Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world.

7.The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England.

8.The island of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland.

9.What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia? 1

10.The English Channel is (wide) than the straits of Gibraltar.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или

Past Simple.

1.At last I (to do) all my homework: now I shall go out.

2.If everybody (to read) this new novel, let's discuss it

3.He (to be) ill last week, but now he (to recover).

4.We already (to solve) the problem.

5.He (to come) a moment ago.

6.I never (to speak) to him.

7.He just (to finish) his work.

8.You (to make) any spelling mistakes in your dictation?

9.It (to be) very cold yesterday.

10.The new court (to begin) working last year.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или

Present Perfect Continuous.

1.I … (lost) my key. Can you help me look for it?

2.Look! Somebody …(break) that window.

3.I … (read) the book you gave me but I … (not/finished) it yet.

4.'Sorry I'm late.' 'That's all right. I …(not/wait) long.

5.Hello! I … (clean) the windows. So far I … (clean) five of them and there are two more to do.

6.There is a strange smell here … (you/cook) something?

7.My brother is an actor. He … (appear) in several films.

2.	Выберите правильную форму глагола.
1.	I … (take) a shower when you called.
a) was taking		b) took	c) was taken
2.	My brother … (have) never been to Europe until he went there last
year.
a) has		b) had	c) hadn't
3.	Diane … (feel) very sick but she decided to go out anyway.
a) was feeling		b) has been feeling	c) has felt
4.	He … (call) her all night.
a) has called		b) call	c) was calling
5.	I … (want) to go swimming but the water was too cold.


a) have wanted		b) wanted	c) am want
6.	I … (be) able to sleep well for a week now.
a) didn't was		b) was not	c) haven't been
7.	When I first saw her, she … (stand) on the balcony.
a) was standing		b) has stood	c) has been standing
8.	Really? You moved to a new apartment? How long … (live) there?
a) have you been living b) did you live			c) did you living
9.	Every time I see that movie, it … (make) me cry.
a) has made		b) made	c) makes
10. I … (stop) smoking three years ago.
a) have stopped		b) have been stopping c) stopped

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

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ТЕМА № 4. Law Worldwide

The legal systems of the world

The legal systems of the world today are generally based on one of three basic systems: civil law, common law, and religious law – or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations.

Civil law is the most widespread system of law around the world. It is also sometimes known as Continental European law. The central source of law is codification in a constitution or statute passed by legislature. While the concept of codification dates back to the Code of Hammurabi in Babylon 1790 BC, civil law systems mainly derive from the Roman Empire (the Corpus Juris Civilis issued by the Emperor Justinian AD 529). Civil law was also partly influenced by religious laws such as Canon law and Islamic law. Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only legislative enactments are considered legally binding.

Common law and equity are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. Alongside, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions such statutes may overrule judicial decisions. Common law developed in England, influenced by Anglo-Saxon law. Common law was later inherited by the Commonwealth of Nations, and almost every former colony of the British Empire has adopted it (Malta being an exception). The doctrine of precedent by courts is the major difference to codified civil law systems. Common law is currently in practice in Ireland, most of the United Kingdom (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), Australia, New Zealand, India (excluding Goa), Pakistan, South Africa, Canada (excluding Quebec), Hong Kong, the United States (excluding Louisiana) and many other places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law.

Religious law refers to the notion of a religious system or document used as a legal source. The main kinds of religious law are Sharia in Islam, Halakha in Judaism, and canon law in some Christian groups. In some cases these are intended purely as individual moral guidance, whereas in other cases they are intended and may be used as the basis for a country's legal system.

There are also hybrid legal sys tems. The most prominent example of a hybrid legal system is the Indian legal system. India follows a mixture of civil, common law and customary or religious law. Separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus.

1. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста.

1.What are the three basic systems of law?

2.What is the main source of civil law?

3.How can you define common law?

4.Where did common law develop?

5.What is the main difference between civil law and common

law?

6.What are the main kinds of religious law?

7.What countries are the three legal systems in practice?

2. Заполните пропуски подходящим по смыслу словом из

списка:

dates back, is shaped, ollows, derive from, are based, adopted, is used.

1.Civil law systems mainly … the Roman Empire.

2. The former colonies of the British Empire … common law.

3.The legal systems of the world today … on one of three basic

systems.

4.In religious law the notion of a religious system … as a legal

source.

5.India … a mixture of civil, common and religious law.

6.The legal system of each country … by its unique history.

7.The concept of codification … to the Code of Hammurabi in

Babylon.

3.Переведите письменно абзацы 4 и 5.

4.Изучите следующие определения понятия «право» и на их основе сформулируйте свое определение.

Rule made by authority for the proper regulation of a community or society or for correct conduct in life; the whole body of laws considered collectively. (Oxford Student's Dictionary of Current English)

A rule that is supported by the power of government and that controls the behavior of members of a society; the whole set of such rules. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)

Rule of conduct or action, recognized by custom or decreed by formal enactment, considered binding on the members of a nation, community, or group; a system or body of such rules. (Webster’s Dictionary)

Грамматические упражнения.

1. Употребите подчеркнутые глаголы в соответствующей форме Simple Passive:

1.We clean the rooms on Saturdays. – As for our family, the rooms … on Fridays.

2.I finished the report yesterday. - And my report … next week.

3.The police arrested one of the criminals 2 days ago - We hope all the members of the gang … soon.

4.The teacher tested the students of our group last month. – Really? The students of our group … every week.

5.The history conference is being hold now. – I know, that the

language conference … in 3 days.

6. We are translating a text about types of crimes now. – I am sure, this text … by our group at the previous lesson.

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя Present Perfect

Passive:

Model: Are you still translating the article?

No, the article has already been translated.

1.Are you still learning the traffic rules?

2.Are you still studying Theory of State and Law?

3.Is he still typing the letter?

4.Is she still preparing for the seminar?

5.Are they still painting the house?

6.Are they still planting the flowers?

7.Are they still investigating that case?

8.Is he still collecting evidence?

3. Определите в каком из времен страдательного залога употреблены глаголы и переведите предложения на русский язык:

Model: Her new book will be translated into some foreign languages. (Future Simple Passive) – Ее новая книга будет переведена на несколько иностранных языков.

1.My bicycle was stolen in the street yesterday.

2.The machine has been repaired already.

3.The report will have been finished by 4 p.m.

4.New rules are being explained by the teacher now.

5.Several special subjects will be studied next year.

6.How much are you paid?

7.This man is suspected of committing a bank robbery.

8.This crime has been solved very quickly.

9.The criminal is being identified at the moment.

10.The suspect was being interviewed by the investigator, when

the expert arrived.

11.People’s rights are often violated.

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

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