Чучкина Инноватион течнологиес 2011

- er (n.) = researcher, teacher, computer, wonder.

4. Practise the pronunciation of the following words from Reading 1 A.

Nanoscience ['nænou'saiəns], nanotechnology ['nænoutek'noləd3i], refer [ri'fə:], reference ['ref(ə)rəns], molecule ['molikju:l], molecular [mə'lekjulə], design [di'zain], device [di'vais], control [kən' troul], dwarf [dwo:f], blood [blΛd], approximately [ə'proksimətli], atom['ætəm], atomic [ə 'tomik], biochemist [baio 'kemist], engineering [,end3i'niəriŋ ], physics ['fiziks], physicist ['fizisist], machine [mə '∫i:n], foreshadowing [fo:'∫ædəuiŋ], consequence ['konsikwens], research[ri'sə:t∫], researcher [ri'sə:t∫ə], precisely [pri'saisli], miniaturization [,minit∫ərai 'zei∫n], industry['indəstri], technique[tek'ni:k], lithography[li'θogrəfi], effect[i'fekt], influence ['influəns], function ['fΛŋk∫n], muscle[mΛsl].

5. Words to learn.

Read the new words and the sentences with them. Pay attention to their meaning.

1.a means n. – средство, средства; to mean (meant) − означать, иметь в виду;

mean (adj.) = average – средний; by means of – посредством;

by no means – ни коим образом.

We are to define what is meant by nanoscience and nanotechnology.

2.precise, accurate, exact – точный

Mechanical engineering has been getting more precise.

3.realize = understand – понимать

He quickly realized that molecular machines could control the

5.objective, aim, purpose, goal = цель

The major research objectives are the design, modeling and fabrica-

tion of molecular machines.

6. due to, owing to, on account of, because of, thanks to – из-за,

вследствие, благодаря. Nanotechnologies are to exploit these effects to create devices with novel functions due to their size.

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III. Reading 1A

Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies. Their History

1. Before reading the text answer the questions

What is nanoscience?

What is meant by nanotechnology?

Upon reading the text check your answers.

The first term of reference of this study is to define what is meant by nanoscience and nanotechnology.

Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nanotechnologies are the design, characterisation, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale.

The prefix ‘nano’ is derived from the Greek word for dwarf. One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter, 10−9 m. A human hair is approximately 80,000nm wide, and a red blood cell approximately 7 000 nm wide. Figure 2−1 shows the nanometer in context. Atoms are below a nanometer in size, whereas many molecules, including some proteins, range from a nanometer upwards.

The history of nanotechnology and its foundations have merged over many decades of research in many different fields. Computer circuits have been getting smaller. Chemicals have been getting more complex. Biochemists have learned more about how to study and control the molecular basis of organisms. Mechanical engineering has been getting more precise.

In 1959, the great physicist Richard Feynman suggested that it should be possible to build machines small enough to manufacture objects with atomic precision. His talk, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom,” is widely considered to be the foreshadowing of nanotechnology. Among other things, he predicted that information could be stored with amazing density.

In the late 1970’s Eric Drexler began to invent what would become molecular manufacturing. He quickly realized that molecular machines could control the chemical manufacture of complex products, including additional manufacturing systems – which would be a very powerful

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technology. Drexler published scientific papers beginning in 1981. In 1986 he introduced the term “nanotechnology” in his book Engines of Creation to describe this approach to manufacturing and some of its consequences.

The term ‘nanotechnology’ was not used until 1974, when Norio Taniguchi, a researcher at the University of Tokyo, Japan, used it to refer to the ability to engineer materials precisely at the nanometer level. The primary driving force for miniaturization at that time came from the electronics industry, which aimed to develop tools to create smaller (and therefore faster and more complex) electronic devices on silicon chips. Indeed, at IBM in the USA a technique called electron beam lithography was used to create nanostructures and devices as small as 40 – 70 nm in the early 1970.

In 1992 Drexler published Nanosystems, a technical work outlining a way to manufacture extremely high – performance machines out of molecular carbon lattice (“diamondoid”). MNT, Molecular Nanotechnology, represents the state of the art in advances in biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, computer science and mathematics. The major research objectives in MNT are the design, modeling and fabrication of molecular machines and molecular devices.

Nanoscience is concerned with understanding these effects and their influence on the properties of material. Nanotechnologies are to exploit these effects to create structures, devices and systems with novel properties and functions due to their size.

In some senses, nanoscience and nanotechnologies are not new. Many chemicals and chemical processes have nanoscale features – for example, chemists have been making polymers, large molecules made up of tiny nanoscalar subunits, for many decades. Nanotechnologies have been used to create the tiny features of computer chips for the past 20 years. The natural world also contains many examples of nanoscale structures, from milk (a nanoscale colloid) to sophisticated nanosized and nanostructured proteins that control range of biological activities, such as flexing muscles, releasing energy and repairing cells. Nanoparticles occur naturally, and have been created for thousands of years as the products of combustion and food cooking.

(Compiled and adapted from “The Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering”, History of Nanotechnology)

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2.Read the text a second time and find English equivalents for the following Russian phrases.

Термин, с которого нужно начать; миниатюрный; эритроциты; в среде (в окружающей обстановке); и ее основы; как полагают, является; производство на молекулярном уровне; он быстро понял; свой подход; движущая сила; исходила из; на кремниевых чипах; пыталась понять эти эффекты и влияние; применить эти эффекты; с новыми свойствами; из-за их размеров; в некотором смысле; состоящие из …; коллоидный раствор; белки; гибкость мускулатуры; высвобождение энергии; восстановление клеток; продукты сгорания.

3.Look through the passage again and say:

1.What is the origin of the prefix "nano"?

2.What is shown in Fig.2.1?

IV. Class Exercises

1. Study the use of 'enough' and 'rather' and translate the following word combinations:

Enough − a quantifier

a.When there is a large enough amount of something that you need. Enough is usually used before noun: enough money/space/work for … /to do something.

There wasn't enough food. If I have enough time, I come and see you. b.

Adjective + enough (adv)

Enough comes after the adjective.

Small enough, good enough, big enough, interesting enough, warm enough, old enough, strong enough.

Rather (adv.) + adjective rather than – а не,

скорее…, чем …

Rather is used especially about the words that are bad or unsuitable.

Rather small, rather big, rather hot, rather good, rather warm, rather strong.

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Bob seems rather unhappy today.

The assumption will be studied theoretically rather than in practice.

V.Reading 1-B

I.Before reading the text answer the question

What is the principle of operation of nanogenerator?

Upon reading the text check your answer.

Self-Powered Nanotech

by Zhong Lin Wang

The idea of converting mechanical energy into electrical came to my mind around August 2005, when we were measuring the electromechanical coupled properties of the wires.

The idea came first, but we needed experimental support.

To be useful in practical applications, our nanogenerator needs to contain an array of nanowires, all of them continuously generating electricity that can be collected and delivered to a device. *And the energy to be converted into electricity has to come in the form of a wave or vibration from the environment so the nanogenerator can operate independently and wirelessly. We have developed a novel design that addresses these requirements.

The next challenge was to increase the power of the nanogenerator.* Three objectives have to be achieved: eliminate the use of the AFM (Atomic ForceMicroscope), make many nanowires generate electricity simultaneously and continuously, and excite the nanowires in an indirect wave, such as an ultrasonic wave. I came out with a new design using a ridged electrode to replace the AFM tips. The signal was rather small.

By the end of the year we realized that the nanogenerator could at last be reported to the scientific community.

Our experimental setup provided the first demonstration of continuous direct current produced by a piezoelectric nanogenerator. It consists of an array of parallel zink oxide nanowires and a platinum-coated silicon electrode with a ridged surface in place of the microscope’s tip. *Coating the electrode with platinum both enhances its conductivity and causes it to act like a diode that allows current to flow in only one direc-

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tion, from metal to semiconductor. The electrode is placed above the nanowire array at a controlled distance and can be moved laterally so that it bends the nanowires from side to side. Thanks to its surface ridges, the electrode acts like an array of aligned microscope tips.

(From Scientific American, January, 2009.)

2. Read the passage a second time and find the information dealing with the structure of a piezoelectric nanogenerator.

VI. Reading 1C

I. Read the passage. Use the dictionary if necessary to look up the new words but note that it is not essential to understand every word.

Nanotechnology

1. Nanotechnology is science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules. Its manipulation and use of materials and devices are so tiny that nothing can be built any smaller. Nanomaterials are typically between 1 and 100 nanometres (nm) in size – with 1 nm being equivalent to one billionth of a meter (10-9 m). How small is that? Some ways to think about just how small a nanometer is:

• A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometer thick.

• Blond hair is probably 15,000 to 50,000 nanometers in diameter, but black hair is likely to be between 50,000 and 180,000 nanometers.

• There are 25,400,000 nanometers in an inch.

• A nanometer is a millionth of a millimeter.

2. This is the scale at which the basic functions of the biological world operate – and materials of the size display unusual physical and chemical properties. These profoundly different properties are due to an increase in surface area compared to volume as particles get smaller – and also the grip of weird quantum effects at the atomic scale.

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3.Engineering at the nanoscale is no simple feat (подвиг), and scientists have to come up with completely different solutions to build from the "bottom-up" rather than using traditional "top-down" manufacturing techniques. Some nanomaterials, such as nanowires and other simple devices have been shown to assemble themselves given the right conditions, and other experiments at larger scales are striving to demonstrate the principles of self-assembly. Micro-electronic devices might be persuaded to grow from the ground up, rather like trees.

4.In the short term, the greatest advances through nanotechnology will come in the form of novel medical devices and processes, new catalysts for industry and smaller components for computers. In medicine, for example, we are already seeing research on: new ways to deliver drugs with contact lenses; the directing of drugs to tumours with tiny 'smart bombs'; gold 'nano-bullets' that seek and destroy tumours; diagnosing diseases such as Alzheimer's, monitoring health and fighting sickness with tiny probes; and growing new organs from scratch.

2.Answer these questions about the word combinations used in the

text.

a. In the first paragraph why is – th used with billion?

b. In the second paragraph which verbs are used with noun properties?

c. In the third paragraph which phrases are used with 'rather'?

d. In the fourth paragraph which expression is used with the verb grow?

3.What do these expressions used in the passage mean?

1.advance (para 4)

2.from scratch (para 4)

3.in the short term (para 4)

4.Translate the following extract from English into Russian.

Quantum dots

Nanoparticles of semiconductors (quantum dots) were theorized in the 1970s and initially created in the early 1980s. If semiconductor par-

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ticles are made small enough, quantum effects come into play, which limit the energies at which electrons and holes (the absence of an electron) can exist in the particles. As energy is related to wavelength (or colour), this means that the optical properties of the particle can be finely tuned depending on its size. Thus, particles can be made to emit or absorb specific wavelengths (colours) of light, merely by controlling their size.

Recent advances in chemistry have resulted in the preparation of monolayer–protected, high–quality, monodispersed, crystalline quantum dots as small as 2 nm in diameter, which can be conveniently treated and processed as a typical chemical reagent [ ri:’eid3ənt].

5. Give a free translation of the following extract.

60 лет назад стала развиваться микроэлектроника, начали создаваться интегральные схемы, компьютеры. Используя кремний, мы создали принципиально новую микроэлектронику. Элементарная ячейка белка содержит десятки или даже сотни тысяч атомов, а кремний – всего лишь восемь атомов. Сначала была цель изучить человека и копировать его в виде модели (биологический компьютер), а сегодня цель – воспроизведение живой природы. Речь идет о нанореволюции. ("Инженер-физик" Март 2008 г.)

VII. Brain Benders

Here is a problem to help your mind.

Boy Genius.

Carl Frederich Gauss (1777−1855), the German mathematician, was a child prodigy (одаренный ребенок). He told the following story about himself. His elementary school teacher assigned this problem. Find the sum of all the whole numbers from 1 to 100. The teacher thought the chore [ko:] would keep everyone busy writing out "1 +2 + 3 + ..." but Gauss solved the problem in seconds, in his head. What is the answer and how did he find it?

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