Учебное пособие 3000222

44‑E@0=0 44B@C40 44=5@07@K2=> 44A2O70=0 44A 44=0C:0<8:44 44D878>;>38O,44 44?@>D5AA8>=0;L=0O 44?0B>;>38O,44 44?A8E>;>38O,44 44M:>=><8:0 448 44>@30=870F8O 44?@>872>4AB20,44 44?@><KH;5==0O 44B>:A8:>;>38O,44 44:><?;5:A=0O 44<5E0=870F8O 448 4402B><0B870F8O 44B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 44?@>F5AA>2 448 44?@>872>4AB20.44

44­@8 44C;CGH5=88 448 44>74>@>2;5=88 44CA;>289 44@01>BK 44B@C40 44206=K<8 44<><5=B0<8,44 44O2;O5BAO 44:><?;5:A=0O 44<5E0=870F8O 448 4402B><0B870F8O 44B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 44?@>F5AA>2,44 44?@8<5=5=85 44=>2KE 44A@54AB2 442KG8A;8B5;L=>9 45B5E=8:8 458 458=D>@<0F8>==KE 45B5E=>;>389 452 45=0CG=KE 458AA;54>20=8OE 458 45=0 45?@>872>4AB25.45

45‑ACI5AB2;5=85 45<5@>?@8OB89 45?> 45A=865=8N 45?@>872>4AB25==>3> 45B@02<0B87<0 458 45?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 45701>;5205<>AB8,45 450 45B0:65 45C;CGH5=85 45CA;>289 45@01>BK 45B@C40 45254CB 45: 45?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 450:B82=>AB8 45B@C4OI8EAO,45 45@>ABC 45?@>872>48B5;L=>AB8 45B@C40 458 45A>:@0I5=85 45?>B5@L 45?@8 45?@>872>4AB25.45 45"0: 45:0: 45>E@0=0 45B@C40 45=081>;55 45?>;=> 45>ACI5AB2;O5BAO 45=0 451075 45=>2>9 45B5E=>;>388 458 45=0CG=>9 45>@30=870F88 45B@C40,45 45B> 45?@8 45@07@01>B:5 458 45?@>5:B8@>20=88 45>1J5:B0 458A?>;L7CNBAO 45=>259H85 45@07@01>B:8.45

45‑E@0=0 45B@C40 45B5A=> 45A2O70=0 45A 457040G0<8 45>E@0=K 45?@8@>4K.45 45‑G8AB:0 45AB>G=KE 452>4 458 45307>2KE 452K1@>A>2 452 452>74CH=K9 4510AA59=,45 45A>E@0=5=85 458 45C;CGH5=85 45A>AB>O=85 45?>G2K,45 451>@L10 45A 45HC<>< 458 45281@0F89,45 4570I8B0 45>B 45M;5:B@>AB0B8G5A:8E 45?>;59 458 45<=>3>5 454@C3>5.45 45A5 45MB8 45<5@>?@8OB8O 45A?>A>1AB2CNB 45>15A?5G5=8N 45=>@<0;L=KE 45CA;>289 45@01>BK 458 45>18B0=8O 45G5;>25:0.45

45#?@02;5=85 45>E@0=>9 45B@C40 452 45>@30=870F88 45>ACI5AB2;O5B 4555 45@C:>2>48B5;L.45 45µ;O 45>@30=870F88 45@01>BK 45?> 45>E@0=5 45B@C40 45@C:>2>48B5;L 45>@30=870F88 45A>7405B 45A;C61C 45>E@0=K 45B@C40.45 45!;C610 45>E@0=K 45B@C40 45>@30=870F88 45(4540;55 45-45 45!;C610)45 45?>4G8=O5BAO 45=5?>A@54AB25==> 45@C:>2>48B5;N 45>@30=870F88 458;8 45?> 4553> 45?>@CG5=8N 45>4=><C 4587 4553> 4570<5AB8B5;59.45 45!;C61C 45@5:><5=4C5BAO 45>@30=87>2K20BL 452 45D>@<5 45A0<>AB>OB5;L=>3> 45AB@C:BC@=>3> 45?>4@0745;5=8O 45>@30=870F88,45 45A>AB>OI53> 4687 46HB0B0 46A?5F80;8AB>2 46?> 46>E@0=5 46B@C40 462> 463;025 46A 46@C:>2>48B5;5< 46(46=0G0;L=8:><)46 46!;C61K.46 46!;C610 46>ACI5AB2;O5B 46A2>N 4645OB5;L=>ABL 462> 462708<>459AB288 46A 464@C38<8 46?>4@0745;5=8O<8 46>@30=870F88,46 46:><8B5B>< 46(46:><8AA859)46 46?> 46>E@0=5 46B@C40,46 46C?>;=><>G5==K<8 46(464>25@5==K<8)46 46;8F0<8 46?> 46>E@0=5 46B@C40 46?@>D5AA8>=0;L=KE 46A>N7>2 468;8 468=KE 46C?>;=><>G5==KE 46@01>B=8:0<8 46?@54AB028B5;L=KE 46>@30=>2,46 46A;C61>9 46>E@0=K 46B@C40 462KH5AB>OI59 46>@30=870F88 46(46?@8 4655 46=0;8G88)46,46 460 46B0:65 46A 46D545@0;L=K<8 46>@30=0<8 468A?>;=8B5;L=>9 462;0AB8 468 46>@30=>< 468A?>;=8B5;L=>9 462;0AB8 46A>>B25BAB2CNI53> 46AC1J5:B0 46 >AA89A:>9 46$545@0F88 462 46>1;0AB8 46>E@0=K 46B@C40,46 46>@30=0<8 463>AC40@AB25==>3> 46=047>@0 468 46:>=B@>;O 4670 46A>1;N45=85< 46B@51>20=89 46>E@0=K 46B@C40 468 46>@30=0<8 46>1I5AB25==>3> 46:>=B@>;O.46 46 46 01>B=8:8 46!;C61K 462 46A2>59 4645OB5;L=>AB8 46@C:>2>4AB2CNBAO 4670:>=0<8 468 468=K<8 46=>@<0B82=K<8 46?@02>2K<8 460:B0<8 46>1 46>E@0=5 46B@C40 46 >AA89A:>9 46$545@0F88 468 46A>>B25BAB2CNI53> 46AC1J5:B0 46 >AA89A:>9 46$545@0F88,46 46A>3;0H5=8O<8 46(4635=5@0;L=K<,46 46@538>=0;L=K<,46 46>B@0A;52K<)46,46 46:>;;5:B82=K< 464>3>2>@><,46 46A>3;0H5=85< 46?> 46>E@0=5 46B@C40,46 464@C38<8 46;>:0;L=K<8 46=>@<0B82=K<8 46?@02>2K<8 460:B0<8 46>@30=870F88.46

46

46>@>=56A:89 463>AC40@AB25==K9 46B5E=8G5A:89 46C=825@A8B5B

46

46

47#µ 47647847147.47347

47µ0E8= 47µ.47.47,47 47AB0H520 47§.47.47

47 ‑, 47­ ‑§" ‑/ 47!§& 47!‑ 47 47!" ‑ 47 §#)§‑ 47!­‑‑"§,‑‑ 47!" #§" 47 47­‑µ‑"‑§ 47(‑!" ‑"§,‑‑ 47­ ‑‑µ!"

47

47 47=0H8 474=8,47 47?@><KH;5==>ABL 474>AB83;0 47B0:8E 47<0AHB01>2,47 47GB> 478=AB@C<5=B 47AB0;> 47=5>1E>48<> 47873>B02;820BL 47=5?>A@54AB25==> 47=0 47?@54?@8OB88,47 47B0: 47:0: 47A> 472@5<5=5< 478=AB@C<5=BK 4787=0H820NBAO,47 478E 47=5>1E>48<> 47?5@5B0G820BL 478 47=0AB@0820BL,47 47GB>1K 47=5 47640BL 47?>:0 478E 47?@8257CB 478;8 47?>:0 47=0AB@>OB 47=0 474@C38E 47>1J5:B0E,47 47A>740NBAO 47A5:F88 47A1>@:8 478 47=0AB@>9:8 47@56CI53> 472A?><>30B5;L=>3> 478=AB@C<5=B0,47 47?@8G5< 47MB> 47<>3CB 471KBL 47:0: 47A?5F80;L=K5 478=AB@C<5=B0;L=K5 47F5E0,47 47B0: 478 47>1KG=K9 47@01>G89 47C 47AB0=:0.47

4773>B>28BL 478 47A>1@0BL 47@56CI89 478=AB@C<5=B 47 47MB> 47B>;L:> 47?>;45;0,47 47=5>1E>48<> 47=0AB@>8BL 47?> 47=5A:>;L:8< 47?0@0<5B@0<,47 47>48= 478E 47206=59H8E 47?0@0<5B@>2 47-47 47B>G=>ABL.47 47‑48= 4787 47284>2 47=0AB@>9:8 47@56CI53> 478=AB@C<5=B0 47 47 07<5@=0O 47=0AB@>9:0.47 47 47=0H8 474=8 47B0:CN 47=0AB@>9:C 47<>6=> 47>ACI5AB28BL 47A 47?><>ILN 47C?@02;ONI59 47?@>3@0<<K.47

47‑A>15==>AB8 47@07<5@=>9 47=0AB@>9:8 47@56CI53> 478=AB@C<5=B0

47>@@5:F8O 47C?@02;ONI59 47?@>3@0<<K 47 47MB> 47CG5B 47?>3@5H=>AB8 47>1@01>B:8 4745B0;8,47 47:>B>@0O 47<>65B 472>7=8:=CBL:47

47-47 472 47@57C;LB0B5 47>B68<0 47@56CI53> 478=AB@C<5=B0 47?@8 4748=0<8G5A:>9 47=03@C7:5;47

47-47 472 47@57C;LB0B5 47=52>7<>6=>AB8 47?@5420@8B5;L=>9 47CAB0=>2:8 47B>3> 478;8 478=>3> 48@56CI53> 488=AB@C<5=B0 482 48B>G:C 48?;020NI53> 48=C;O 48(48A>2<5I5=85 48B>G:8 48 48@56CI53> 488=AB@C<5=B0 48A 48B>G:>9 48?;020NI53> 48=C;O)48.48

4852>7<>6=>ABL 48?@5420@8B5;L=>9 48CAB0=>2:8 48@56CI53> 488=AB@C<5=B0 482 48B>G:C 48?;020NI53> 48=C;O 48<>65B 482>7=8:=CBL 4870 48AG5B:48

48-48 48>BACBAB28O 48=0 48A:;045 48@56CI53> 488=AB@C<5=B0 48A 4835><5B@8G5A:8<8 48@07<5@0<8,48 487040==K<8 482 48:0@B5 48=0;04:8;48

48-48 48=0;8G8O 48;NDB>2.48

48µ;O 48CG5B0 48=5A>2?045=8O 48B>G:8 48 48@56CI53> 488=AB@C<5=B0 488 48B>G:8 48?;020NI53> 48=C;O 482 48C?@02;ONI59 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48?@>3@0<<5 4870@0=55 48?@>3@0<<8AB>< 48-48 48B5E=>;>3>< 4822>48BAO 48:><0=40,48 48?>72>;ONI0O 48=0AB@>9I8:C 48AB0=:0 482 48A;CG05 48=5>1E>48<>AB8 48225AB8 48:>@@5:F8N 48 48B.485.48 48225AB8 482 48?@>3@0<<C 48@07=8FC 48<564C 487040==K< 488 48459AB28B5;L=K< 48?>;>65=85< 48B>G:8 48 48.48