Учебное пособие 3000222

25­>A;5 25B>3> 25:0: 25>?@545;5= 25284 258=AB@C<5=B0 2587 252A53> 25<=>65AB20 258=AB@C<5=B0 2540==>3> 252840,25 252K18@05< 258=AB@C<5=B,25 25?>4E>4OI89 25?> 25?0@0<5B@0< 252K1>@0 25: 25@0AA<0B@8205<><C 25?5@5E>4C.25 25µ;O 25MB>3> 2587 25<0AA820 258=AB@C<5=B0 252K18@05< 2570?8A8 25A>>B25BAB2CNI85 25:>4C 25=><5@0 25B01;8FK 258=AB@C<5=B0 25?> 25:;NGC 2570?8A8 25(25?5@2K5 25B@8 25G8A;0 252 25:;NG5 25@02=K 25:>4C 25! 25B01;8FK)25.25 25µ0;55 252K?>;=O5< 250=0;87 25CA;>289 25>?@545;5=8O 25=5>1E>48<>3> 258=AB@C<5=B0 258 25=5?>A@54AB25==> 252 25<0AA825 258=AB@C<5=B0 252K18@05< 25:>4 25=C6=>3> 258=AB@C<5=B0,25 25?>4E>4OI53> 25?> 25@57C;LB0B0< 250=0;870.25 25 2570B5< 25?> 25:>4C 258=AB@C<5=B0 25>?@545;O5< 25>1>7=0G5=85 258=AB@C<5=B0.25 25AO 25?>;CG5==0O 258=D>@<0F8O 25?><5I05BAO 252 25<0AA825 25>?5@0F8>==>9 25:0@BK.25

25­! 252>7<>6=> 258A?>;L7>20BL 25=0 25?@54?@8OB88 25<0H8=>AB@>8B5;L=>3> 25?@>D8;O,25 25>@85=B8@>20==>3> 25=0 25<5;:>A5@89=>5 258 25A5@89=>5 25?@>872>4AB2>,25 250 25B0:65 25B5E=8G5A:8<8 26#0<8 262 26:0G5AB25 26>1CG0NI59 26?@>3@0<<K.26

26

26>@>=56A:89 263>AC40@AB25==K9 26B5E=8G5A:89 26C=825@A8B5B

26

27#µ 27627827127.27327

27

27>;LF>2 27.27!.27,27 27AB0H520 27§.27.27,27 27$54>@:>2 27§.27µ.27

27"‑"&/ 27‑!" #"‑ !‑‑ 27­ ‑§" ‑/ 27!§

27

27­>2KH5=85 27MDD5:B82=>AB8 27<0H8=>AB@>8B5;L=>3> 27?@>872>4AB20 27>15A?5G8205B 2702B><0B870F8O.27 27!>740=85 278 272=54@5=85 272 27?@>872>4AB2> 27=>259H8E 27:>=AB@C:F89 27<0H8=K,27 27<5E0=87<>2 278 27?@8A?>A>1;5=89,27 27>B25G0NI8E 27A>2@5<5==K< 27<8@>2K< 27AB0=40@B0<,27 272>7<>6=K 27?@8 27=0;8G88 272KA>:>?@>872>48B5;L=>3> 2702B><0B878@>20==>3> 278 2702B><0B8G5A:>3> 27>1>@C4>20=8O.27 27

27­@8 27=502B><0B878@>20==>< 27?@>5:B8@>20=88 27@57C;LB0BK 272> 27<=>3>< 27>?@545;ONBAO 278=65=5@=>9 27?>43>B>2:>9 27:>=AB@C:B>@>2,27 278E 27?@>872>4AB25==K< 27>?KB><,27 27?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 278=BC8F859 278 274@C38<8 27D0:B>@0<8.27 272B><0B878@>20==>5 27?@>5:B8@>20=85 27?>72>;O5B 277=0G8B5;L=> 27A>:@0B8BL 27AC1J5:B8287< 27?@8 27?@8=OB88 27@5H5=89,27 27?>2KA8BL 27B>G=>ABL 27@0AG5B>2,27 272K1@0BL 27=08;CGH85 2720@80=BK 274;O 27@50;870F88 27=0 27>A=>25 27AB@>3>3> 27<0B5<0B8G5A:>3> 270=0;870 272A5E 278;8 271>;LH8=AB20 2720@80=B>2 27?@>5:B0 27A 27>F5=:>9 27B5E=8G5A:8E,27 27B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 278 27M:>=><8G5A:8E 27E0@0:B5@8AB8: 27?@>872>4AB20 278 27M:A?;C0B0F88 27?@>5:B8@C5<>3> 27>1J5:B0,27 277=0G8B5;L=> 27?>2KA8BL 27:0G5AB2> 27:>=AB@C:B>@A:>9 274>:C<5=B0F88,27 27ACI5AB25==> 27A>:@0B8BL 27A@>:8 27?@>5:B8@>20=8O 278 27?5@540G8 27:>=AB@C:B>@A:>9 274>:C<5=B0F88 272 27?@>872>4AB2>,27 27MDD5:B82=55 278A?>;L7>20BL 27B5E=>;>38G5A:>5 27>1>@C4>20=85 27A 27?@>3@0<<=K< 28C?@02;5=85<.28 28

28K?CA:05<0O 282 28=0AB>OI55 282@5<O 28?@>4C:F8O 28 28E0@0:B5@87C5BAO 28?>2KH5==>9 28:>=AB@C:B82=>9 28A;>6=>ABLN,28 281>;LH8< 28G8A;>< 28>@838=0;L=KE 28 288 28C=8:0;L=KE 28:>=AB@C:B>@A:8E 28@5H5=89,28 28@50;870F8O 28:>B>@KE 28A>?@>2>6405BAO 282KA>:8<8 28B@51>20=8O<8 28: 28:0G5AB2C,28 28=0456=>AB8 288 28@5AC@AC 288745;89.28 28­>2KH5=85 28:>=AB@C:B82=>9 28A;>6=>AB8,28 28:0G5AB20 288745;89,28 281KAB@>5 288E 28>1=>2;5=85 28=01;N405BAO 28?>2A5<5AB=> 282> 282A5E 28<0H8=>AB@>8B5;L=KE 28>1;0ABOE;28 28157 28MB>3> 28=52>7<>6=> 28C4>2;5B2>@OBL 28@0ABCI85 28?>B@51=>AB8 288 28?>AB>O==> 2887<5=ONI89AO 28A?@>A 28@K=:0.28

28­@8 28@01>B5 281K; 28?@>254Q= 28A8AB5<=K9 280=0;87 28?@54<5B=>9 28>1;0AB8.28 280 28MB0?5 28A8AB5<=>3> 280=0;870 281K;> 28?@>2545=> 28>?8A0=85 28=07=0G5=8O 288 28CA;>289 28?@8<5=5=8O 28A25@;0,28 28>?@545;5=K 28>A=>2=K5 28:>=AB@C:B82=K5 28M;5<5=BK,28 28>?@545;5=K 28F5;8 288 287040G8 28?@>5:B8@>20=8O,28 28?>AB@>5=0 28AB@C:BC@=>-28DC=:F8>=0;L=0O 28<>45;L 28?@>3@0<<=>3> 28:><?;5:A0.28

28µ;O 284>AB865=8O 28=03;O4=>AB8 28:>=AB@C:B>@A:8E 28@0AG5B>2 282 28?@>F5AA5 28?@>5:B8@>20=8O 28A25@;0 28>A=>2=>9 28F5;LN 2802B><0B878@>20==>3> 28?@>5:B8@>20=8O 28AB0;> 28?>AB@>5=85 28G5@B560 288A:><>9 28A25@;0 282 28>4=>< 2887 284>ABC?=KE 283@0D8G5A:8E 28@540:B>@>2,28 282 28G0AB=>AB8 28><?0A 28828+28.28

28 28:0G5AB25 28!#µ 284;O 28?@>3@0<<=>9 28@50;870F88 28?@54?>GB5=85 281K;> 28>B40=> 28?@8;>65=8N 28M28S28 28S28Q28L28 28S28e28r28v28e28r28,28 28?@>O282H53> 28A51O 28:0: 282KA>:> 28=0456=>5 288 28AB018;L=>5 28?@>3@0<<=>5 28A@54AB2> 282 28?5@8>4 29>B;04:8 298 29B5AB8@>20=8O 29?@>3@0<<=>3> 29:><?;5:A0.29 29A?>;L7>20=85 29107K 2940==KE 29?>72>;O5B 2925AB8 291>;55 29<0AHB01=CN 29@01>BC 29?> 29?@>5:B8@>20=8N 29A25@;0 292 29:>=AB@C:B>@A:8E 29>B45;0E.29 29 29?@>F5AA5 29@50;870F88 29?@>3@0<<=>3> 29:><?;5:A0 29@07@01>B0=> 29<0B5<0B8G5A:>5,29 29;8=328AB8G5A:>5,29 29?@>3@0<<=>5,29 298=D>@<0F8>==>5,29 29B5E=8G5A:>5,29 29<5B>48G5A:>5 298 29>@30=870F8>==>5 29>15A?5G5=8O.29

29>45;8 29?><>30NB 294>18BLAO 29;CGH53> 29?>=8<0=8O 29A>740205<>9 29A8AB5<K,29 29GB> 2970G0ABCN 29?@82>48B 29: 2955 29C?@>I5=8N 298 292>7<>6=>AB8 29?>2B>@=>3> 298A?>;L7>20=8O.29

2906=K< 29O2;O5BAO,29 29B0:65,29 298 292>AB@51>20==>ABL 2940==>9 29A8AB5<K 29=0 29?@54?@8OB8OE.29 29!>2@5<5==0O 29M:>=><8:0 2970AB02;O5B 29?>AB>O==> 29A>25@H5=AB2>20BL 298 29?@>872>48BL 2987<5=5=85 29 292 29ACI5AB2CNI8E 29B5E=>;>38G5A:8E 29?@>F5AA0E.29 29"0: 298;8 298=0G5,29 292A5 29MB> 29A2O70=> 29A 29@0AAB0=>2:>9 29>1>@C4>20=8O.29 29­@8 298A?>;L7>20=88 2940==>9 29?@>3@0<<K 297=0G8B5;L=> 292>7@0AB05B 29MDD5:B82=>ABL 29@01>BK 29:>=AB@C:B>@>2,29 2970=8<0NI8EAO 2940==K< 29?@>F5AA><.29 29-:>=><8G5A:0O 29?@81K;L 29?@54?@8OB8O 29B0: 2965 29C25;8G8205BAO 2970 29AG5B 29M:>=><88 2970B@0G5==KE 29=0 29?@>5:B8@>20=85 29A@54AB2 298 29M:>=><88 292@5<5=8.29 29

29­>;CG5=K 29A;54CNI85 29@57C;LB0BK:29 29@07@01>B0==K9 29?@>3@0<<=K9 29:><?;5:A 29C4>2;5B2>@O5B 29B@51>20=8O< 29M@3>=><8G=>AB8,29 298<55B 294>ABC?=K9 298 294@C65AB25==K9 298=B5@D59A,29 298=D>@<0F8>==K5 29?>B>:8 29?5@540NBAO 29A 298A?>;L7>20=85< 29@07@01>B0==>9 29107K 2940==KE.29 29"5AB8@>20=85 29?>:070;> 30=0456=>ABL 308 30:>@@5:B=>ABL 30DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 30?@>3@0<<=>3> 30A@54AB20.30

30

30

30

30>@>=56A:89 303>AC40@AB25==K9 30B5E=8G5A:89 30C=825@A8B5B

30

31#µ 31631831131.31331 31

31$><8= 31.31.31,31 31>;LF>2 31.31!.31,31 31'5:<5=52 31.31.31

31

31 ‑" 31"‑" ‑‑ 31!!"§+ 31‑!" #"‑ !‑‑ 31­ ‑§" ‑/ 31 §#)§‑ 31!" #§" 31 31­"$‑ § 31A31U31T31O31C31A31D31