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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

complacency, self-possession, tenderness, tranquility – 2 constitute the small periphery. In its turn annihilation, anticipation, attention, carelessness, catastrophe, companionship, comprehension, contradistinction, conviction, curiosity, discomfiture, discrimination, enthusiasm, expectation, extravagance, fellow-creature, impossibility, improvement, inconvenience, insignificance, knowledge, licentiousness, misfortune, misrepresentation, originality, pleasure, selfcongratulation, sensibility, simplicity, speculation, unwillingness – 1 constitute the large periphery.

InLWeight markeme ranking makes it possible to specify the body of the core and peripheral markemes. Average of InLWeight value divides the core and the periphery. A similar calculation of the average of InLWeight for the core and peripheral markemes on an individual basis enables distinguishing the small and the large core among the core markemes and the small and the large periphery among the peripheral markemes. Table 5 presents the data we use to visualize the core and peripheral markemes distribution based on InLWeight (Fig. 6).

Table 5. Data on the core and peripheral markemes distribution

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Figure 6. Distribution of the core and peripheral markemes based on InLWeight

7,00000

6,00000

вессвязующий5,00000 4,00000

Интегральный3,00000 2,00000

1,00000

0,00000

As the average of InLWeight is 0.97, dissatisfaction is a lower core limit. Such markemes of the core distinguished according to the number of maximum force links as destruction, intelligence, interference, misunderstanding, resolution, and self-preservation became the small peripheral markemes. Nevertheless, the number of small core markemes decreased slightly. It includes 10 markemes: disappointment, consciousness, consideration, difficult(y/ies), understanding, recollection, satisfaction, imagination, contemplation, opportunity. Hence, the number of core markemes is 24 and the peripheral ones are 62.

To determine the markeme power of CA we calculated centripetal links force of IC-0, IC- 1, IC-2. The sum of sentripetal links of Scott, Marryat, B. Disraeli, Bulwer Lytton, I. Disraeli, Lamb, and M. Shelley forms the markeme power of CA. The total number of centripetal links is 16. Of these, five links belong to Scott; Marryat and Lamb have three links each; B. Disraeli has two links and Bulwer Lytton, I. Disraeli and M. Shelley have one link each. Thus, the markeme power of CA, determined by the markemes InLWeight value, is 83.

Markeme analysis of all centripetal links between CA and ICs enables studying bilateral markeme links between major figures of CA, identifying linking markemes and determining markeme specificity of each center. In doing so we analyze markemes in all centripetal links of IC-0 (Scott, Marryat), IC-1(B. Disraeli, Bulwer Lytton, I. Disraeli, Lamb), IC-2 (M. Shelley).

The centre of attraction unites writers who group near two major figures of CA and have no markeme links of maximum force between themselves. As Scott and Marryat constitute ICs-0 in reference to each other, the markeme specificity of IC-0 Scott and that of IC-0 Marryat were studied.

Each IC mediates its own link and the links of the terminal authors with Scott and Marryat. Implementing the principle of inheritance of markemes and their weights we consider the markemes that pass through IC and outgoes from it as linking markemes. We qualify all passing through and outgoing markemes as markemes of B. Disraeli, Bulwer Lytton, I. Disraeli, Lamb, and M. Shelley.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

The pair Scott-Disraeli has 31 linking markemes. Of these 27 are passing through markemes that link Scott with Thackeray and Ch. Brontë and 4 markemes are outgoing ones. Nineteen markemes pass through IC-1 Bulwer Lytton and provide the link between Coleridge and Scott, 11 markemes are outgoing ones. Hence, the pair Scott-Bulwer Lytton has 30 mutual markemes. Twenty passing through markemes of I. Disraeli also mediate the link between Scott and Hazzlit, other eight markemes are outgoing ones. Centrifugal links of Gaskell and Marryat are also directed to Scott. Forty passing through and two outgoing markemes were determined as linking markemes of Scott. Figure 7 illustrates linking markemes of Scott ranked in descending order of their InLWeight. The full list of Scott’s linking markemes with their InLWeight and number of links is given in Table 8.

Figure 7. Scott’s linking markemes ranked in descending order of InLWeight

Table 8. The list of Scott’s linking markemes

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Markemes were stratified on average of InLWeight. Ten of 20 core markemes constitute the small core. These are disappointment, consideration, consciousness, understanding, difficult(y/ies), satisfaction, gratification, indifference, recollection, imagination. Markemes contemplation, opportunity, independence, reconciliation, determination, mortification, encouragement, responsibility, intelligence, acknowledgement form the large core. The core markemes serve primarily nine links. When determining the number of links we consider indirect links between Scott and terminal authors. Therefore, the maximum number of links is nine. Contemplation opportunity, independence demonstrate one link less (8) and are followed by reconciliation, determination, mortification, encouragement, intelligence (7) and responsibility, acknowledgement (6). The small periphery includes nine markemes – misunderstanding (5), observation (6), astonishment (5), accomplishment (5), confidence (5), contradiction (4), dissatisfaction (4), indignation (4) and interference (4). The large periphery includes 13 markemes embarrassment (3), self-preservation (3), superstition (3), magnificence (3), condescension (3), destruction (3), respectability (3), inconvenience (2), hospitality (2), remonstrance (1) and unwillingness (1). Markemes insensibility and resolution form an exclusive link of Scott-Marryat. Thus, the stratification shows a slight predominance of peripheral markemes – 22, or 52%, among the markemes of Scott. Nevertheless, in quantity the small and large periphery markemes distribute nonuniformly: the small periphery is 41%, the large periphery is 59%. Such a distribution is not true for the core markemes among which the small core is 50%.

Links between Marryat and Scott, de Quincy and Lamb specify IC-0 Marryat. Besides, IC-1 mediates links between Marryat and Ann Brontë, Maturin and Mary Shelley. At the same time, IC-2 Mary Shelley mediates the link between Carlyle and Lamb and from Lamb with Marryat. IC-0 Marryat includes 42 markemes among which 38 are passing through markemes and four are outgoing ones. Figure 9 illustrates linking markemes of Marryat ranked in descending order of their InLWeight. The full list of Marryat’s linking markemes with their InLWeight and number of links is given in Table 10.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Figure 9. Marryat’s linking markemes ranked in descending order of InLWeight

Table 10. The list of Marryat’s linking markemes

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

IC-0 Marryat linking markemes stratification differs from that of IC-0 Scott. There is a difference in a numeric distribution of the core and peripheral markemes. The number of core markemes is 17 and the number of peripheral markemes is 25. The number of the small core markemes is 41% of all core markemes. The markemes consciousness (7), disappointment (6), difficult(y/ies) (7), consideration (6), understanding (6), astonishment (7), recollection (6), constitute the small core. The markemes contemplation (6), imagination (6), opportunity (6), indignation (6), acknowledg(e)ment (5), satisfaction (5), resolution (6), reconciliation (5), destruction (5), confidence (5) belong to the large core markemes. The markemes of the large periphery (16) dominate over the markemes of the small periphery (9). The number of the small periphery markemes in IC-0 Marryat agrees with those of IC-0 Scott. The outgoing markemes of Scott gratification, interference, intelligence and hospitality, the similar markemes of de Quincy misrepresentation, impossibility, anticipation, self-possession, speculation and of Lamb fellow-creature are the large peripheral markemes. Other large peripheral markemes responsibility, determination, self-preservation, independence, respectability and assistance have two links each. Two of them – assistance and fellow-creature – form the link between IC-1 Lamb and Marryat, all the other markemes belong to the pairs Scott-Marryat and de Quincy-Marryat. The markemes of the small periphery are encouragement, indifference, conscience (4), dissatisfaction, consternation, disinterestedness, mortification, observation, insensibility (3). Thus, the non-uniformity of the core and peripheral markemes distribution and the domination of peripheral markemes specify IC-0 Marryat.

Let us compare IC-0 Scott and IC-0 Marryat to determine their markeme specificity. The difference in InLWeight of each IC-0 markemes is a method to determine the specificity of IC-0. In this case, a positive difference specifies IC-0 Scott and a negative difference specifies IC-0 Marryat (Fig. 11). Table 12 contains the full list of markemes with their InLWeight resulting remainder.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

Figure 11. Markeme specificity of IC-0 Scott and IC-0 Marryat

Table 12. The list of mutual markemes of Scott and Marryat and their InLWeight resulting remainder

We distinguish a core for each IC on the basis of InLWeight resulting remainder. The markeme core of Scott (Core 1) includes 13 markemes. These are gratification, indifference, satisfaction, independence, consideration, determination, intelligence, responsibility, mortification, disappointment, understanding, recollection, consciousness. The first five markemes belong to the small core. Despite the fact that the markemes of Core 1specify centripetal links of both ICs, their integral centripetal linking weight in IC-0 Scott is minimum 1.5 (consciousness) and maximum 75 (gratification) times larger than in IC-0 Marryat. Minimal InLWeight remainder quantifies the large peripheral markemes of IC-0 Scott and all the peripheral markemes of IC-0 Marryat – acknowledg(e)ment , interference, self-preservation, dissatisfac-

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

tion, hospitality, respectability, confidence, insensibility. InLWeight remainder for markemes in IC-0 Scott lies in the range 0.03 – 0.26 and for markemes, in IC-0 Marryat the range is 0.02 – 0.11. Therefore, we consider them relatively equivalent markemes that do not essentially specify any of the IC-0 considered. Thus, the Core 2 markemes destruction, indignation, astonishment, resolution with the InLWeight remainder 0.33-0.57 specify IC-0 Marryat. Listed above Core 1 markemes and the small periphery markemes of IC-0 Scott imagination, reconciliation, encouragement, difficult(y/ies), opportunity, contemplation, and observation specify IC-0 Scott. Their InLWeight remainder ranges from 0.5 to 1.63.

Ranking of the two ICs markemes based on their total InLWeight allows determining the specificity of CA (Fig. 13). Table 14 contains the full list of Scott and Marryat’s mutual markemes with their total InLWeight.

Figure 13. Markeme specificity of CA

Scott + Marryat

Table 14. The list of Scott and Marryat’s mutual markemes with their TotInLWeight

The number of the core markemes is 14 while the number of the peripheral markemes is 18. Average of the core markemes being 1.51, the small core contains six markemes. They are

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (24), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

disappointment, consciousness, consideration, difficult(y/ies), understanding, recollection. Markemes satisfaction, imagination, contemplation, indifference, opportunity, reconciliation, gratification, astonishment belong to the large core. The distribution of the small periphery markemes and the large periphery markemes demonstrates a slight bias towards the small periphery. The small periphery markemes are acknowledg(e)ment, encouragement, independence, mortification, determination, responsibility, intelligence, indignation, observation, confidence. The large periphery includes destruction, resolution, dissatisfaction, self-preservation, interference, respectability, insensibility, hospitality.

Thus, the core markemes of CA include 13 core markemes of IC-0 Scott and 12 markemes of IC-0 Marryat. The small core markemes of the two IC-0 constitute the small core of CA. The dominant markeme of CA is disappointment, which is the dominant markeme of IC-0 Scott. The vice-dominant markeme is consciousness, which is a dominant markeme of IC- 0 Marryat. Being the small periphery markeme of IC-0 Scott astonishment becomes the large core markeme in CA. It is because astonishment is the small core markeme in IC-0 Marryat. The same is true for gratification. Being both the small core markeme in IC-0 Scott and the large periphery markeme in IC-0 Marryat gratification becomes the large core markeme in CA. The number of the core and peripheral markemes in CA decreased due to the decrease in the total number of CA markemes (32) as compared to the number of the markemes in IC-0 Scott (42) and IC-0 Marryat (42). Therefore, such large core markemes of IC-0 Scott as acknowledg(e)ment, encouragement, independence, mortification, determination, responsibility, intelligence have come into the small periphery markemes in CA. Their status in CA has changed because all the markemes but one acknowledg(e)ment belong to the small (encouragement, mortification) and the large (independence, determination, responsibility, intelligence) periphery in IC-0 Marryat. Two large core markemes of IC-0 Marryat indignation, confidence have become the small periphery markemes of CA as well. Among the markemes that constitute the large periphery of CA alongside with two small periphery markemes of IC-0 Scott dissatisfaction, interference, two large core markemes destruction, resolution and two small periphery markemes dissatisfaction, insensibility of IC-0 Marryat have changed their status. Thus, we can conclude that the rise of markeme status in CA touched mostly the markemes of IC-0 Marryat.

Conclusion

The study results in the following:

1.Markeme analysis enables integrating all the authors of 19-1 into a single connected oriented graph.

2.In 19-1, the centre of attraction is a pair of authors represented by W. Scott and F.

Marryat.

3.Considering the total linking markemes of all the authors linking core includes the small core markemes disappointment, consciousness, consideration, difficult(y/ies), understanding, recollection and large core markemes satisfaction, imagination, contemplation, indifference, opportunity, reconciliation, gratification, astonishment.

4.W. Scott has either direct or indirect links with eight authors whereas Marryat has six such links.

5.The computing of integral linking weight reveals that Scott has the maximum attraction force in the pair Scott-Marryat. The integral linking weight of Scott's markemes is 2 times larger than that of Marryat’s markemes.

6.Markemes gratification, indifference, satisfaction, independence, consideration, determination, intelligence, responsibility, mortification, disappointment, understanding, recollection, consciousness, imagination, reconciliation, encouragement, difficult(y/ies), opportunity, contemplation, observation specify W. Scott as IC-0.

7.Markemes destruction, indignation, astonishment, resolution specify F. Marryat as IC-

0.

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8. Fourteen core markemes disappointment, consciousness, consideration, difficult(y/ies), understanding, recollection, satisfaction, imagination, contemplation, indifference, opportunity, reconciliation, gratification, astonishment and 18 peripheral markemes acknowledg(e)ment, encouragement, independence, mortification, determination, responsibility, intelligence, indignation, observation, confidence destruction, resolution, dissatisfaction, self-preservation, interference, respectability, insensibility, hospitality specify CA Scott-Marryat.

The use of the Table 1-based algorithm of visualizing markeme relations between the authors provides a means of revealing existing centrifugal and centripetal markeme links between the writers, distinguishing the centre of attraction, identifying its major figures and the authors who have direct or indirect markeme links of maximum force with each of them. The data obtained allow determining the power of the centre of attraction, and semantic study of the maximum force markeme links makes it possible to specify both the intermediate centres, which major figures of the centre of attraction represent and the centre of the attraction itself.

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