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views on the background of the different languages and epochs [5].

Lately learning the Chinese language has become popular in Russia. Moreover the collaboration between two countries strengthen in the spheres of politics, economy and culture.

Researches devoted to concepts’ content comparison in the Russian and Chinese language world views. Thus, the article of E.V. Belyaeva and L.Ten disclose the comparison of the content of the concept “human” in the Russian and Chinese languages [6]. There are also researches devoted to the diachronic aspect of concept study [5, 7]. However the problem of the comparison in the different language world views is still little-studied.

Previously, we have suggested a hypothesis about the impact of the significant historical events on the content of a concept. Having analyzed the most important events in the Russian and Chinese histories we distinguished the historical periods according to the hypothesis and the main idea of the research. The reference point for distinguishing the historical periods became the time of the socialist revolution. Before that moment the monarchical systems dominated in Russia and China.

The historical periodization of Russia is represented in the following way:

pre-revolutionary period (before 1917);

post-revolutionary period (1918 – 1980 );

modern times (1981 –present time).

The similar historical periods were distinguished in the Chinese history adjusted for the time of the socialist revolution:

pre-revolutionary period (before 1911);

post-revolutionary period (1912 – 1980);

modern times (1981 –present time).

The comparison of the concept “human” in the Russian and Chinese language world views showed:

1.The semantic groups, used for the distribution of the representatives of the concept

“human” for the synchronic period in question, overlap.

2.The core of the concept “human” in the Russian language world view is made up of the representatives of the different semantic fields , while the core of the concept in the Chinese language world view is represented only by the lexeme which is the name of the concept.

3.The native speakers of the both languages perceive human as a part of the society, who has his own individual objective and subjective features. However, there are some differences in the content of the concept in the Russian and Chinese language world views.

This research represents the logical continuation of the previous step. Its aim is to compare the content of the concept “human” in the Russian and Chinese language world views of the post-revolutionary period.

Methodology

The basis of the research is designing the nominative field of the concept “human”. 1175 representatives of the concept “human” in the Russian language and 1153 in the Chinese language are the object of the research in the article. The subject of the research is the content of the concept “human” in the Russian and Chinese language world views.

The content structure may be presented differently [8]. Within the scope of this research the content of the concept is presented through the field model which includes the core zone, the circumnuclear zone, the close periphery zone and the far periphery zone. The similar model was defined by Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin [9].

For the distribution of the representatives to the zones of the representation field the method suggested by Li Huitsi was taken. This method supposes the usage of the frequency index: the index of the representative which has the highest frequency is 100%. The representatives having the frequency index more than 40 % of the maximum tend to core zone, those rep-

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resentatives which have the index less than 40 % of the maximum but more than 1 tend to the close periphery. Those representatives which have the index of 1 form the far periphery zone [10].

The next step is to distinguish the representatives to the semantic fields.

Results of the study

The study of the concept “human” in the Russian and the Chinese language world views was carried out using the socio-political texts, as they present the most up-to-date information for the period in question.

The nominative field of the concept “human” in the Russian language was formed of the representatives in the issue № 308 (4155) for the year 1930 of the newspaper “Izvestia” (the newspaper and the issue number were selected randomly) [1*]. In total, 1175 representatives were singled out, including 519 unique ones.

The representative “worker” (39) has maximum frequency index, it was taken as 100%. Thus, according to the method mentioned earlier, the representatives “worker” (39), “unemployment” (34), “working class”(21), “labour”(18), “proletariat” (18), “pest” (18), “village”(18), “capitalism” (17) and “people” (16). The representatives which have the frequency index more than 50% are put into the core zone, the rest are put into the circumnuclear zone. 160 representatives which have the frequency index from 2 to 13, are put into the close periphery zone. 350 representatives which have the frequency index 1 formed the far periphery zone of the representative field of the concept “human”.

The representatives singled out are distinguished to five semantic groups: “Social characteristics of a human”, “Human identity”, “Spheres and kinds of activity”, “Subjective evaluative characteristics”, “Living space”. In the semantic group “Social characteristics of a human” a number of subgroups was determined: “Occupation and other activities”, “Family”, “Views”, “Interpersonal relations”, “Status”, “Groups and group relations”. ”. In the semantic group “Human identity” the following subgroups was determined: “Personals” and “General notions”.

The content of the semantic group “Social characteristics of a human” is determined by the lexemes, that are characterizing a human as a part of a social environment:

from the point of view of the occupation or kind of activity (peasant, engineer, teacher, secretary);

from the point of view of the family relations (son, children, father, brother);

from the point of view of beliefs (communist, neonaridnik, «ultraleftist», capitalist);

from the point of view of interpersonal relations (comrade, enemy, friend);

from the point of view of the social status (owner, private owner, pauper, peasant of average means);

from the point of view of the social identity (bourgeoisie, peasantry, mass, working people).

The semantic group “Human identity” unify the lexemes-names and the generalized hu-

man identity (Lenin, Engels, Ryazanov, Zhidkov).

The semantic group “Spheres and kinds of activity” is relatively small, it includes the words, defining different directions of human activity (policy, life, nationalization, learning).

“Subjective evaluative characteristics” are the characteristics of a human that cannot be measured in terms of quantity (furious, hypocritical, vulgar, miserable). The bulk of the vocabulary, referred to this semantic group is emotionally expressive. The semantic group “Living space” includes the vocabulary describing the surroundings, where a human lives and works (city, university, department, routine).

As a result of the complex analysis of the semantic groups the maximum frequency of the representatives belonging to the group “Social characteristics of a human” was found. The representatives distribution in the group is heterogeneous. The representatives of the subgroups “Occupation and other activities” “Views” and “Groups and group relations” are quite frequent,

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while the representatives of the subgroups “Family”, “Interpersonal relations”, “Status” are considerably less frequent. The quantitative distribution of the representatives to the close periphery and far periphery zones is commensurable, if take into consideration the ratio of number of close and far periphery representatives as 1:2 accordingly. The same situation can be observed with the representatives of the semantic groups “Human identity” and “Life space”, though the representatives of the group “Subjective evaluative characteristics of a human” are more active in the far periphery zone.

The search for materials in Russian was easy, there were no difficulties in scanning the newspaper issues found in the Internet, while finding the materials in Chinese caused some difficulties. The problem was solved at the previous step by the means of text corpora. A.A. Barkovich claims that the aim of the universal text corpora is the objective reflection of a wide stream of speech activity. “Linguistic corpora of the Chinese language: functional aspect”. A.A. Barkovich and Van Tsin defined the functional peculiarities of the Chinese language corpora by way of example of (online corpus of the Chinese language) [11, 12].

At the previous step of the research text corpora in Chinese were examined, in particular online-corpus of Chinese that suggests a wide range of possibilities for text analyses of a particular epoch [2*]. The sample of the concept « » (rén) was made- “human, mankind, hu- manity”-texts, belonging to the epoch of Tsin dynasty. To define the name of the concept the wording of I.A. Sternin was used: the name of the concept is “the lexical unit defined by a researcher which gives the most complete nomination of the concept in question” [13].

It was supposed to allocate the representatives of the concept of "human" in the text of the post-revolutionary period using the same method. However, the texts belonging to the era of imperial China are separated by epochs, while more modern texts are not divided in timimg - if a sample of modern texts is made, the representatives of the concept “human” from 1930 to our time are derived. Since this study considers the narrower time period, this sample is not suitable. In addition to the Chinese online corpus, the Corpus of the Center for Chinese Studies was studied carefully. Unfortunately, this corpus also does not allow sampling the texts belonging to a specific period of time, but it can be useful at the next stage of the study, since it contains a large number of journalistic texts [3*].

The problem was solved by the method of continuous sampling. This was possible due to the fact that the Online Corpus of the Chinese language shows both sources of the text with the date of publication and fragments of texts. Thus, the relevant research material was obtained:

1153 representatives of the concept “person” were identified, 410 of them are unique. The highest frequency index has the representative, which coincides with the Chinese version of the name of the concept “human” - (rén) - 321.

Proceeding from the frequency index of the representatives, we divided them into zones of the representation field of the concept “human”: only the representative (rén) is attributed to the core zone, since the frequency index of the following (rénmín) - 32 is obviously less than 40% from the maximum frequency index. The close periphery zone includes 145 representatives with the frequency indices from 2 to 32. Then the representatives were distinguished to 4 semantic groups: “Social characteristics of a human”, “Human identity”, “Subjective evaluative characteristics of a human”, “Objective physical characteristics of a human”.

Some of the representatives could be assigned to several semantic groups at once. Thus, the representative leader, on the one hand, indicates the status of a person, and on the other hand, it is closely related to belonging to a certain group.

In the group “Social characteristics of a human” there are 7 subgroups: “Family”, “Interpersonal relations”, “Social role”, “Views”, “Groups and group relations”, “Status”.

The semantic group “Human identity” includes the subgroups “Personalia” and “Generalizing concepts”.

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Finally, the group “Objective physical characteristics of a human” is subdivided into subgroups “Sex”, “Age”, “Physical condition”.

The representatives of the semantic group “Social characteristics of a human” turned to be the most active.

The vocabulary related to the semantic group “Social characteristics of a human” notes the peculiarities of a person in his relation to society:

the small “Family” subgroup includes common naming of relatives: distant relative, children, elder brother, parents;

the subgroup "Occupation and other activities" characterizes a person in terms of the type of his activity: worker, housewife, teacher, trainee;

*the subgroup "Interpersonal relations" includes the relations between people of the type "friend-foe", "comrade-adversary": your own person, companion, stranger, adversary;

the lexemes of the “Social role” subgroup define the role that a human performs at a certain period of time: the accused, a member of society, the traveler, the person on duty;

the subgroup “Views” includes very few representatives, involving vocabulary that characterizes a human from the point of view of his beliefs, as well as the names of ideologies;

The vocabulary of the subgroup “Groups and Group Relationships” considers a person as a member of large and small groups, names the relations between the groups of people and members of the groups: people, kindred ethnic groups, enemy of the people, the proletariat;

“Status” is the position that an individual occupies in the society or a separate group of people, including financial position, education, ownership of private property: the rich, the owner, the landowner, the slave

It should be noted that , although the semantic group “Groups and Group Relationships”

includes lexemes that name, first of all, groups of people, words and phrases that define a plurality of subjects / objects are also included: (people), (each human). In our opinion, it is important that there are high-frequency phrases that emphasize the plural noun. According to a number of grammatists, there is no category of plurality as such in Chinese, often it is impossible to determine its number from the external form of the word, which means that it is necessary to take into account cases where nouns are used in the plural form with the help of a counting complex: (group people), (one person), (crowd of people).

In addition, the semantic groups “Social Role” and “Groups and Group Relations” are closely connected, since the realization of the social role is possible only in society, that is, in a group of people.

The semantic group “Human identity” includes the names of the historical personalities (Mao Zedong, Marx, Confucius, Lin Biao), as well as generalizing notions indicating a person as a representative of the human race (humanity, workers, body, face).

The representatives of the group “Subjective evaluative characteristics of a human” are human qualities that cannot be measured quantitatively. It is interesting to note that almost all the representatives assigned to the far periphery zone have an emotional tinge (tedious, clumsy, slippery), and the representatives of the close periphery zone are more neutral: noble, kind, cruel.

The vocabulary of the semantic group “Objective physical characteristics of a human” refers to the age and sex characteristics of a person (female worker, elderly people, man, fellow), besides, at the far periphery zone, the subgroup “Health” (strong, sick, exhausted) is allocated.

The most frequent were the representatives of the semantic group "Social characteristics of a human." In both the near and far periphery the subgroup “Groups and group relations”

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(people, society, population, collective, union, association of women) is the most active. The low response of the representatives of the “Views” subgroup (Marxism-Leninism, proletarian revolutionary) was noted.

The representatives of the group “Subjective evaluative characteristics of a human” are much more active in the far periphery zone in comparison with the close periphery zone. The same can be stated with respect to the representatives of the semantic group “Objective physical characteristics of a human”. Notably, more than one subgroup is allocated in this semantic group (“Health condition”). The analyses of texts of the post-revolutionary period in Chinese showed that representatives of that era were very concerned about human health, because it was believed that only a healthy person in all respects would be able to operate fully, and the ability to work was at that time the main characteristic of a person, which confirms the activity of the representatives of the subgroup “Occupation and other activities” (worker, peasant, worker).

Compare the results of studies conducted on the material of the Russian and Chinese languages. The number of the representatives involved in the study from both languages is comparable. First of all, it is noted that there is a greater fragmentation of the semantic field of the concept “human” of the post-revolutionary period in Russian as compared with Chinese. The representatives of the concept "human" are divided into 5 semantic groups in Russian, while in Chinese they are divided into 4 groups. Refer to table 1.

Table 1

Semantic groups identified in the analysis of the representatives of the concept of "human" in Russian and Chinese

As can be observed, the semantic groups distinguished among the representatives in the Russian and Chinese languages overlap. In the both languages, the semantic groups “Social characteristics of a human”, “Human identity” and “Subjective evaluative characteristics of a human” are distinguished, but the subgroups in the first case do not fully coincide. In general, the semantic groups identified in the Russian language are more fractional than the groups in Chinese.

Separately, we will focus on the distribution of representatives and semantic groups by zones of the field of representation. If the core zone in the Russian language is composed of

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representatives which can be assigned to different semantic groups (“Social characteristics of a human”, in particular, the “Occupation and other activities”, “Groups and group relations”, “Views” subgroups, and “Living space ”,“ Human Identity”), then the core of the concept“ human” in Chinese was only the name of the concept itself. The composition of the close and far periphery is also remarkably different (see table 2).

Table 2

The distribution of semantic groups in the zones of the field of representation in Russian and Chinese

The distribution of the representatives of the concept “human” of the pre-revolutionary period by semantic groups in the Russian and Chinese languages shows that for native speakers of Russian, a human is, first of all, a part of a group that is engaged in a certain kind of activity, adhering to certain beliefs and existing in a certain living space . Subjective and objective characteristics of a person are not so significant.

Chinese native speakers perceive human as a representative of the biological species Homo sapiens. This is evidenced by the high frequency of the representatives, assigned to the

“Human identity” group, in particular, to the “Generalizing notions” subgroup. It emphasizes the social nature of a human - his role as a family member, a representative of a profession, part of a group and a team, and also a carrier of a certain status. Both the social role that an individual plays at a certain period of time and his subjective evaluative characteristics, are important, while objective physical characteristics are not important. It is interesting to note the low activity of the representatives characterizing the views and beliefs of a person. Despite the importance of beliefs and ideologies for people of the post-revolutionary period, this was not reflected in the results obtained.

Conclusion

Summarizing the results of the study of the concept of "human" in the Russian and Chinese language views of the world of the pre-revolutionary period, it can be observed that for native speakers of the both languages and cultures, a human is a team member with certain social characteristics. At the same time, the periphery is occupied by a complex of connotative increments associated with the mentality of native speakers.

The content of the basic concept "human" in the Russian and Chinese language views of the world is different both in the nuclear and in the periphery zones, however, it has similar features. The research observed that the nuclear zone of the concept “human” of the postrevolutionary period in the Russian language is fractional, it includes representatives belonging to several semantic groups, the core of the concept in Chinese is expressed clearly and uniform-

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ly ,it includes only the concept name itself. The difference in content is greater than that found at the research stage of the pre-revolutionary period.

In the future, it is planned to study the modern content of the concept “human”, which will allow to consider the process of its formation in the Russian and Chinese language world view and draw conclusions about the significance of the historical events for the content of the basic concepts.

References

[1]Geljaeva A. I. Chelovek v jazykovoj kartine mira. Nal'chik: Kab-Balk. un-t, 2002.

[2]Korotun, O.V. Obraz-koncept «vneshnij chelovek» v russkoj jazykovoj kartine mira: dis. kand. filol. nauk. – Omsk, 2002.

[3]Pashnina A. V. Koncept «chelovek» v skazkah I.M. Ermakova: avtoref. diss. kand. filol. nauk. – Tjumen', 2006.

[4]Erofeeva, E.V. Struktura semanticheskogo polja «chelovek» v soznanii nositelej russkogo jazyka / E.V. Erofeeva, E.A. Pepeljaeva // Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Rossijskaja i zarubezhnaja filologija. – 2011. - №1(13). – S. 7 -19.

[5]Fomina Z.E., Chechetka V.I. Koncepty «muzhchina» i «zhenshhina» v drevnegermanskoj kartine mira [Tekst]: monografija/Z.E. Fomina; V.I. Chechetka. – Voronezh: VGPU, 2009. – 192 s.

[6]Beljaeva E. V., Tjen L. Reprezentacija koncepta «chelovek» v russkom i kitajskom jazykah // Filologija i lingvistika v sovremennom obshhestve: materialy IV Mezhdunar. nauch. konf. (g. Moskva, ijun' 2016 g.). — M.: Buki-Vedi, 2016. — S. 63-65.

[7]Mishina L.N. Verbalizacija koncepta «muchenichestvo» v staroslavjanskih rukopisjah X- XI vv. i drevnerusskih pamjatnikah XIXIV vv.: sopostavitel'nyj analiz: dis. kand. filol. nauk. – Cheljabinsk, 2008.

[8]Kononova I.V. Struktura lingvokul'turnogo koncepta: metody vyjavlenija i mehanizmy semantizacii / Kononova I.V. // Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina. – 2012. – Vyp.1. T. 7. – S. 49-60.

[9]Popova Z.D. Semantiko-kognitivnyj analiz jazyka / Z.D. Popova, I.A. Sternin. Voronezh: Istoki, 2006.

[10]Li Hujczy Dinamika leksicheskoj reprezentacii koncepta «den'gi» v russkom i kitajskom jazykah: diss. kand. filol. nauk. – Irkutsk, 2016.

[11]Barkovich A.A., Van Cin Lingvisticheskie korpusy kitajskogo jazyka: funkcional'nyj aspekt. Vestnik MGLU ser. 1. Filologija. – 2015. – №5 (78). – S. 105-113.

[12]Barkovich, A. A. Internet-diskurs: komp'juterno-oposredovannaja kommunikacija / A. A. Barkovich. – M.: Flinta : Nauka, 2015.

[13]Popova Z.D. Ocherki po kognitivnoj lingvistike / Z.D. Popova, I.A. Sternin. Voronezh, 2001.

Analysed sources

[1*] Gazeta «Izvestija» № 308 (4155), 1930.

[2*] = Onlajn-korpus kitajskogo jazyka [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – URL: http://www.cncorpus.org (vremja obrashhenija: 8.08.2018).

[3*] = Korpus Centra issledovanij kitajskogo jazyka Pekinskogo universiteta [Jelektronnyj resurs]. – URL: http://ccl.pku.edu.cn/corpus.asp (vremja obrashhenija: 8.08.2018).

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UDC 81'373.217(23)

PUNCTUATION PECULIARITIES OF CONCESSIVE DETERMINANTS THROUGH ISOFUNCTIONALITY

T.V. Ilyina, N.A. Karavaeva, E.V. Sidorova, O.A. Shvetsova

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State University

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Russian Language Department Tatiana V. Ilyina

e-mail: t-lingva@mail.ru

Voronezh State University

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of Translation and Intercultural Communication Department

Natalia A. Karavaeva

e-mail: karavaeva-nata@yandex.ru

Voronezh State University

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Russian Language Department Elena V. Sidorova

e-mail: sidorovaelenavl@mail.ru

Voronezh State University

Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Russian Language Department Olga A. Shvetsova

e-mail: see76@mail.ru

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. This paper aims at providing an analysis of transformation opportunities of concessive determinants and punctuation problems of complex conjunctions in complex concessive clauses. Methods used for research are traditional research methods and special linguistic methods, including transformational analysis method, observation method, contextual and comparative methods, and method of linguistic experiment.

Results. In the course of the analysis, specific punctuation features of concessive conjunctions have been determined. Extensive research material has made it possible to assert that a well-known list of comma rules for conjunctions is not well-justified. Language material has long required the revision of the established rules. The phenomenon of isofunctionality helps in solving numerous problems of the spectrum.

Conclusion. Analysis of concessive determinants’ transformation possibilities has shown that punctuation in a more complex syntactic structure depends on its transformation capabilities. Separation of a concessive conjunction with a comma is most often associated with the possibility of compression or expansion of the concessive determinant.

Key words: determinant, complex sentence, conjunction, concessive meaning, subordinate clause, isofunctionality.

For citation: Ilyina T.V., Karavaeva N.A., Sidorova E.V., Shvetsova O.A. A comparative study of the content of concept "HUMAN" in the Russian and Chinese language world view in the post-revolutionary period / T.V. Ilyina, N.A. Karavaeva, E.V. Sidorova, O.A. Shvetsova // Scientific Journal “Modern linguistic and methodical-and- didactic researches”. – 2018. - №3 (22). – P. 51 - 58.

Introduction

Determination in the syntax of the modern Russian language is a multifaceted and

_______________________________________________________

© Ilyina T.V., Karavaeva N.A., Sidorova E.V., Shvetsova O.A., 2018

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multilevel phenomenon that cannot be limited to the framework of a simple sentence. It manifests itself at virtually all levels of the syntactic system and acts as an isofunctional subsystem, which at each level has a corresponding set of structural, semantic, communicative, pragmatic and functional features, characteristic punctuation and discourse markers. While studying transformational possibilities of determinants, linguists seek not only to give the most comprehensive description of this phenomenon, but also with its help to find answers to many controversial questions in the field of syntax.

A vast number of works are available on the problem of determination, which describe the types of determinant sentence members, the communicative aspect of determinants, their compatibility features, text potential, the semantic role in an utterance, determinants in different languages including English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian , Spanish, Chinese, Bulgarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, however, the syntactic aspect of this phenomenon has not yet been adequately studied.

Methodology

The object of research in this paper is concessive determinants. The subject of research is the peculiarities of punctuation of complex conjunctions in complex sentences.

Research into the transformational possibilities of concessive determinants has been carried out on the basis of literary texts created of different time periods. For maximum objectivity of conclusions, examples were selected from texts created from the end of the 19th century through the beginning of the 20th century, from the second half of the 20th century through the beginning of the XXI century. All the examples (about 1000) were selected from the texts of the Russian National Corpus, taking into account their genre and style, time of creation, etc.

Traditional general scientific methods and specific linguistic methods, including the transformation analysis method, the observation method, the method of linguistic experiment, the contextual and comparative methods have been used in the course of our research.

Results of the study

In the syntactic structure of the Russian language, there are constructions characterized by semantic and functional similarity, while having certain structural differences associated with different syntax levels. The ability of syntactic units of different levels to transform depending on the context and communicative intentions is characteristic of many fusional languages and can be considered as a sort of linguistic universal.

Many linguists, i.e. S.A. Aleksanova, V.A. Beloshapkova, G.G. Infantova, Y.Y. Ledenev, etc., attempted to describe the isomorphic character of various linguistic processes. "Syntactic isofunctionality is a phenomenon that is a process of transformation and adaptation of invariant specialized (or constructed in accordance with their models) language syntactic structures to the conditions of real communication with any form of correlation between the author and the addressee of speech" [1, p.13].

Isofunctionality is therefore characterized by inter-level nature, it reflects the ability of the language to extend and contract certain syntactic structures while preserving their main content [1].

To date, there is rather a large number of works describing and classifying the determinants (N.Y. Shvedova, A.M. Lomov, Zh.V. Gracheva, etc.) The determinants are "the secondary members of the sentence that refer to the sentence as a whole, and thus significantly differ from ordinary secondary explicant members" [2, p.89]; [3, p.211]; [4]. Determinants are involved not only in extending the sentence, but also in complicating its semantic structure by introducing additional components of the elementary semantic structure.

Thus, N.Y. Shvedova considers it necessary to distinguish between the determinants that form the elementary, basic semantic components - the subject, the object, - and also the components that combine both functions, or different types of determinative (circumstantial) meanings, and the determinants that form the non-elementary semantic components, various

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circumstantial determinants (qualifiers) [5, p.154]. O.V. Akentieva describes the so-called

‘background determinants’ of time, place, environment, causal determinants of cause, condition, concession, goal, stimuli, correspondence, ground, and the determinants of accompanying characteristics (concomitant, support, comparison, substitution, limitation, clarification, inclusion/exclusion, allocation) [6]. I.I. Uskova, alongside with V.P. Malashchenko, recommends distinguishing between the circumstantial determinants, including the ‘background’ ones with the general meaning of conditionality and the accompanying characteristics, the actant determinants that point to a subject or object, and complex determinants [7, p.6]. A.M. Lomov divides the determinants into four groups: situational (local and temporal), motivational (cause-source, conditionally constitutive, concomitant, target and result-consequence), correlative and qualifying [8, p.90].

In addition, in a number of works the determinants include not only secondary members, but also subordinate clauses of circumstantial semantics [1], [2]. There is no doubt that the determinant is a general concept that includes both the determining members of the sentence and determinant subordinate clauses. Due to similarity of functional and communicativepragmatic features of the determining members of the sentence and the determinant subordinate clauses, it is possible to analyze them from a unified position as semantically and functionally correlative components of utterances.

It is considered that a complex sentence forms the center of a thematic series or field and is the most distinct way of expressing the structure of a situation. It is also often considered the basis of a synonymic series of syntactic constructions. This is only true if the series does not contain structures with syncretic components. However, circumstantial determinants are precisely the category of syncretic terms in the sentence. Their semantics can be complicated by a number of secondary circumstantial meanings and the meaning of an additional predicative feature [9, p.77].

Constructions with determinants with uncomplicated circumstantial semantics enter are included in a single synonymic series with other syntactic constructions on the basis of adequate reflection of the predicate-actant structure of the sentence by each member of the series, although they are differently organized. The following constructions can be considered synonymous:

Posle razgovora s mater'yu (time) Irina ushla (V. Tokareva) [1*]; Posle togo kak pogovorila s mater'yu (time), Irina ushla; Pogovoriv s mater'yu, Irina ushla.

All members of this series are united by a common temporal meaning, they express it in equal volume, are synonymous not only to the dominant of the series - the complex sentence, but also to each of its members.

A large number of papers have been written about the possibility of determinants and determinant subordinates to form an isofunctional series.

Isofunctionality combines constructions of various tiers, contracted into simpler or extended into more complex syntactic formations depending on the functional characteristics. This phenomenon connects speech with language as an invariant with a variant, i.e. the manifestation of an invariant depending on a communicative task can cover structures of different tiers and ranks. Isofunctionality affects structures of various types, ranging from the predicate to the composite structures. Thus, in the functional-semantic field of causation, all constructions have a polypositive plan: at least one of the propositions represents the cause, and the other represents the effect. Explicitly this construction, taking into account the sentence connectors, can be expressed by a complex sentence. Depending on the communicative task, this invariant construction can be either contracted to a simple sentence or extended to an asyndetic connection of sentences or even a complex syntactic unity [1].

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