Учебное пособие 1519

methods

As evident from the table, the combination of distance and classroom lessons has a number of advantages. If distance and classroom lessons are conducted in combination, then they are useful and effective for students, teachers should strive to combine the both forms of education to achieve synergistic effects [10]. Consequently, classroom lessons can be linked to distance training content having been already practised or developed, giving preparatory tasks in distance teaching. So, for example, dialogue roles can be prepared at home and role-playing games can be implemented in the classroom [11; 12]. On the other hand, distance teaching can also provide an additional task, for example, to train at home the vocabulary or the language means introduced in the classroom [13]. Let's compare two possible variants

Table 2 Applied problems of classroom classes

The first variant

Having compared the both variants, we can conclude on the priority of such competencies as speaking and writing in distance and classroom forms of foreign language classes.

Conclusion.

Thus, in contrast to traditional training, a more consistent division of individual competency areas into remote and classroom instruction is necessary when planning. But with all the limitations of this situation, there follow some advantages. For example, during the classroom lessons, training takes place in small groups, so the teacher can better support individual students, while asynchronous work in remote training promotes the individual teaching. In addition, more complex tasks are now possible in remote training than in regular homework. Changing the forms of teaching and the names of the subjects, more attention can be given to individual competencies at the appropriate stages.

References

[1]Jelektronnaja informacionno-obrazovatel'naja sreda VGTU. URL: https://old.education.cchgeu.ru/ (data obrashhenija: 26.05.2021).

[2]Knutzen, S. & Röwert, R. (2020). (Gem)einsam arbeiten? Zusammenarbeit für gute Schulbildung im digitalen Zeitalter. Plan BD – Fachmagazin für Schule in der digitalen Welt,

1, 10–15.

[3]Röwert, R., Lehmann, A., & Klaffke, H. (2020). Praxisleitfaden: Einsatzszenarien des

digital.learning.lab in der universitären Lehrkräftebildung. TUHH Universitätsbibliothek.

DOI: 10.15480/882.2912.

[4]KMK. (2017). Bildung in der digitalen Welt. Strategie der Kultusministerkonferenz.

Zugriff am 3.9.2020. Verfügbar unter: URL: https://studwork.org/ (data obrashhenija:

26.04.2014). https://www.kmk.org/fileadmin/Dateien/veroeffentlichungen_beschluesse/2018/Strategie_Bild ung_in_der_digitalen_Welt_idF._vom_07.12.2017.pdf.

[5]TU Hamburg. digital.learning.lab URL: https://digitallearninglab.de/unterrichtsbausteine/projekt-smartplant-automatische- bewasserung-mit-ca (data obrashhenija: 26.05.2021).

[6]TU Hamburg. digital.learning.lab URL: https://digitallearninglab.de/unterrichtsbausteine/tatort-schulkuche (data obrashhenija: 26.05.2021).

[7]Dürkop, A.; Ladwig, T. (2018): Das digitale Experimentierfeld für Lehre und Forschung. . URL: https:// insights.tuhh.de/de/das-digitale-experimentierfeld-fuer-lehre-und- forschung/ (data obrashhenija: 26.05.2021).

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[8]Brause, M. & Spahn, T. (2018). Digitale Unterrichtsbausteine. Content für Bildung in der digitalen Welt. Synergie . Fachmagazin für Digitalisierung in der Lehre, 5, 86–87.

[9]Chechetka V.I. Vocationally oriented teaching of a foreign language // V.I. Chechetka, L.V. Lukina, N.D. Pashkovskaia, L.M. Buzinova/ APPLIED LINGUISTICS RESEARCH

JOURNAL. 2020; Issue 4(6): pp. 79-83. DOI: 10.14744/alrj.2020.09327.

[10]Berger, S. Fremdsprachenunterricht in der Corona-Zeit (IQSH / Spanisch). URL: https://fachportal.lernnetz.de/files/Inhalte%20der%20Unterrichtsf%C3%A4cher/Spanisch/dista nce%20learning/Konzept%20Fremdsprachenunterricht%20in%20Coronazeiten.pdf (data obrashhenija: 26.05.2021).

[11]Chechetka V.I. Certain issues of teaching the German language as the Second Foreign Language in Technical Higher Educational Institution// V.I. Chechetka, L.V. Lukina/

REVISTA SAN GREGORIO. Issue 32, Page 137-144, Rublished in 2019 DOI: 10.36097/rsan.v1i32.1011.

[12]Chechetka V.I. Vocationally oriented teaching of a foreign language // V.I. Chechetka, L.V. Lukina, N.D. Pashkovskaia, L.M. Buzinova/ APPLIED LINGUISTICS RESEARCH JOURNAL. 2020; Issue 4(6): pp. 79-83. (ALRJournal. 2020; 4(6): 79-83 | DOI: 10.14744/alrj.2020.09327.

[13]Chechetka, V. I., Lukina, L. V., Buzinova, L. M., & Pashkovskaia, N. D. (2021).

Utilizando o potencial digital da educação (com base na experiência de trabalho). Laplage Em Revista, 7 (Extra-E), p.523-530. | DOI: 10.24115/S2446-622020217Extra-E1231p.523-530.

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INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2021.97.75.006

UDC 81'276.5:355.11

TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL CONFRONTATION

IN THE IDIOMATIC IMAGE OF MILITARY LIFE

O.M. Pakhomenkova

Bryansk State University named after academician I. G. Petrovsky post-graduate student of the Department of English Language Theory and Translation Studies

Olesya Mikhailovna Pakhomenkova e-mail: paxomenckowa@yandex.ru

Statement of the problem. The article discusses the ways of organizing the figurative basis of phraseological units based on the material of military jargon used in the US armed forces. The author explains the attribution of sociolexemes to the category of phraseological combinations of language based on the constitutional features of phraseology – stability, imagery, idiomaticity, reproducibility (in this case, the military environment). The author speaks about the possibility of classifying the phraseological units of this group in a socio-cultural way, namely: highlighting the topic of latent (to a greater extent, imaginary) confrontation between representatives of the military craft and the associated regularity in the construction of the image of phraseology.

Results. It is established that the phraseological units of military subjects clearly convey the theme of interpersonal confrontation between representatives of the army profession. It is proved that the image of phraseological units, created on the basis of military jargon, contains a symbolic, mythological, social reference to the facts of life and forms a caricature representation of certain representatives of the armed forces.

Conclusions. The study showed an opportunity to examine in more detail the social component of the figurative basis of idiom-jargon, to note the important role of representatives of the narrow professional sphere in the hierarchy of their characteristic communicative and behavioral strategies.

Key words: phraseology, semantics, sociolinguistics, model of constructing the image of phraseology, symbol, military jargon, cultural meaning, confrontation, gender, hierarchy.

For citation: Pakhomenkova O.M. Typology of social confrontation in the idiomatic image of military life / O.M. Pakhomenkova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2021. - № 3 (34). – P. 58-69.

Introduction.

Fixed language expressions, as witnesses of fragments of the life of an ethnic group - political, everyday, cultural, economic life – broadcast the specifics of what constitutes everyday life, existing or existed models of the life of the people that have developed over the course of time [1, p. 215].

The totality of such manifestations gives grounds to assert about those static criteria (imprinted in the images of phraseological units), which are a means of cohesion of a separate community of people, their social and interpersonal communicative mechanisms with purpose of creation / preservation of already established ones (if the phraseological unit is used for a long time [2, p. 114], for example: stare at the wall, half-assedly) or formed foundations (phraseological unit, which began to be used relatively recently, for example: reset of relations, banana republic).

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© Pakhomenkova O.M., 2021

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Among such foundations formed over time, one can name the military theme, which reveals the specifics of the profession, everyday army foundations, demonstrates the indicator of the country's defense capability, the place of the nation in the socio-political arena of the planetary level, etc.

Speaking about military topics in the field of phraseology, we mean, first of all, the use of figurative structures that have become widespread in the military social group of native speakers.

It should be borne in mind that military phraseology is of limited use. Recognition and widespread use in everyday speech is unusual for military phraseological units, which is one of the main constitutional signs of fixed expressions. The social criterion underlying the differentiation of this layer of nominative units becomes fundamental, since it is not always possible to find phraseological units of military use in general lexicographic publications reflecting the most common and recognizable (in quantitative terms) system of stable expressions [3].

In this regard, we will adhere to the well-known features of phraseological units presented in the work of N.M. Shansky [4, p. 30], where the researcher distinguishes the word as an independent nominative unit of language from a stable unit of language, examines the composition of phraseological units, their origin, expressive and stylistic properties. And, based on the opinion of N.M. Shansky, and also taking into account the prevalence of the metaphorical structure with the meaning assigned to them, recognized in the military sphere, we will classify the phrases mentioned in the work as phraseological.

The object of the research was the words and phrases of the language of the professional group. The subject of the research is the American military jargon, considered as a motivating basis in the creation of fixed expressions, as a translator of cultural meaning, as a tool for creating a phraseological association "hidden confrontation within society."

The material of the research was phraseological, cultural, and sociolinguistic dictionaries, as well as dictionaries of the jargon of the Russian and English languages. The article used a method for the study of phraseological fixed expressions, and also used the method of component analysis of fixed expressions, the method of describing phraseological units within the lex- ical-semantic group, analysis of the motivating basis of expression in a comparativecomparative aspect, and methods of contextual analysis aimed at revealing the mechanisms of transmission of the semantic and pragmatic content of the phraseological sign.

Purpose of the study.

Identify the main patterns in the construction of the image of phraseological units of the military sphere; consider the main typology of intra-social confrontation, which is captured, stored and transmitted by the plan for the expression of phraseological units on military topics.

Research results.

The military sphere is quite diverse in terms of its study in the linguistic field. One can name works devoted to the peculiarities of terminology in a separate branch of the country's military-defense complex (Boyko M.G. "Structural and semantic features of the formation of armored terminology in English" [18]), the nature of the use of documentary reflection of military administrative documents (Dubrova Yu. Yu. "Structural and substantive specificity of multicomponent terms (based on military documents)" [6]), the derivational potential of military terminology (Zakharchuk O.A. "Universal characteristics and national-cultural specificity of military jargon [7])", oral communication representatives of the military profession (Makhov A.S. "On the question of the lexical and semantic features of the slang of military personnel of the US Marine Corps" [8]), the linguocultural potential of military terminology (Stepanov E.A. "The linguistic picture of the world of the military sphere (linguocultural and terminological aspects)" [9]), the diachronic aspect of the military nominative in structure (Ulanov A.V. "Russian military discourse of the XIX - early XX centuries: structure, specificity, evolution" [10]) and others.

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Analyzing the use of figurative structures in military discourse, it is worth noting that most of the phrases reflect the social status of the object of speech, as well as behavioral motives, which always become a topic for discussion by other members of the team (and, as a rule, not only the military).

It is easy to see that social status is, first of all, the role that is assigned to a member of the team. Thus, the hierarchical structure of the military society is distinguished by determinism, the permanence of foundations, the implementation of dominant and subdominant roles, and leaves an imprint on the representatives of the society itself. The social role established for a certain member of the team presupposes a certain set of behavioral stereotypes, which emphasizes the status of the individual [11, p. 199].

Like any culture, military culture is distinguished by the generalization of the existing common language, that manifests itself in the manifestation of the specificity of the socialgroup dialect, built on the coherence of the thinking of a representative of the military profession, that is the standard of measurement on the scale of the intensity of manifestation of any sign. Moreover, the measurement standards, by which the worldview of servicemen is scaled, may differ somewhat from the images familiar to an ordinary native speaker [12, p. 52].

In the course of determining the status of a phraseological unit of military subjects, overlaps with the term "military jargon" may arise. It should be assumed that jargon is a term from sociolinguistics, it becomes on a par with such definitions as argo, sociolect. We will adhere to the general definition given in the dictionary of sociolinguistic terms prepared by the specialists of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences [1 *, p. 205 - 206]. According to this definition, a social dialect is considered as a system of lexical and phraseological inventory, widely used in the national language, but differentiating due to the peculiarities of the gender environment, age group, class characteristics, and professional orientation.

Let's take note of the term slang, which can also be used in the case of social differentiation of the lexical composition of the language. According to [13], this term should be a lexical and phraseological sphere formed outside the boundaries of the literary language, focused mainly on the implementation of evaluative characteristics, expressive connotation.

Summing up, let's say that a phraseological unit is, in fact, a microtext, a speech situation, a landmark event in the life of a people, a specific group of people, which, undoubtedly, should be considered as the source of the appearance of circulation. The source of the emergence of phraseological units can be any life situation, which is characterized by imagery, semantic reference, a significant frequency of use in everyday speech of a native speaker. Therefore, here it is advisable to talk about the motivational source of the phraseological unit, about the etymological parameter of the image (about this in detail [14]), which acts as a differentiating criterion in the speech use of existing nominative units.

Consequently, the social variety of vocabulary can be actively involved in the creation of a plan for the expression of a phraseological unit, but act only as a constituent, a formal building base, but not a motivating basis for stable expression, while the actual motivation of the image is due to social foundations, patterns, significant circumstances from the life of the individual [15, p. 14].

So, considering the phraseological unit of military topics, we adhere to the point of view set forth in the English-Russian dictionary of military slang, edited by G.A. Sudzilovsky [2 *, p. 13], and we understand this group of fixed expressions as a figurative construction with included jargon from the military sphere and widespread (first of all, understandable) in the military sphere of communication. The phraseological unit includes elements of military slang, the realities of military affairs, the organization and leadership of the military apparatus.

The phraseological units we are considering, the figurative composition of which includes elements from army life, have a pronounced expression with a sharply negative (con- temptuous-cynical, rudely dismissive, sarcastic) connotation.

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It has already been mentioned that the military sphere is a strictly ordered, hierarchically organized and well-functioning system of interaction between participants. Each participant is assigned a role (status) in this micro-society. The interpersonal interaction of the participants can be reflected in the metaphorical basis of the phraseological unit, which, in its essence, captures the vivid events of what is happening in the life of any community and becomes a figurative qualifying-nominative heritage of this society. In this regard, we distinguish the following groups of phraseological units, which are most frequent in the designation of the realities of military life: 1) Fixed expressions, that show the conjugation of different types of troops, 2) Fixed expressions, that show statutory relations in the troops, 3) Fixed expressions, that show feminine side of the troops.

So, the relationship between different types of troops, intra-charter relations and a woman in the army– these are the main direction of social confrontation in the phraseological images of military topics. This type of confrontation is built on the principle of the main social criterion - the struggle for survival. Each representative of the military community, being part of the general structure and occupying at the same time his niche on the hierarchical ladder, is constantly aware of his formally accepted place on this hierarchical ladder [11, p. 140]. There is a permanent struggle to maintain the significance of one's status (from a lower rank to a higher one), which gives rise to an intrapersonal struggle (conflict), rather of a psychological nature, in order to avoid cognitive dissonance or, which also often happens, interpersonal struggle (conflict) - defending one's own beliefs in the circle of other individuals.

There is no doubt that in each community there is a hierarchical behavior of its representatives, but the military sphere seems to be the most indicative in terms of the fixation of this type of behavior and state by figurative structures.

Using examples from American English, we will consider separately each group of phraseological units from the point of view of intrapersonal and interpersonal struggle.

1st type of social confrontation:

FIGURE OF SPEECH SHOWING THE PAIRING OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TROOPS

This group of fixed expressions is formed by phraseological units, the figurative basis of which is the rethought names of the combat arms.

So, in the American army there is a figurative jargon trench monkey (lit.: trench monkey) [3 *]. This structure is used to name representatives of the ground forces – infantry.

It seems that this expression can be classified as phraseological on the grounds that the structure is stable in the military environment of the American troops and has a rethought character. The idiomatic status of the expression is explained by the opacity of the semantics of the substantive combination itself.

Let's comment on the figurative component of the trench monkey structure.

The image underlying the phraseological unit is understandable: there is a monkey that makes its characteristic chaotic movements in the territory of a hole (trench) dug by someone. Let's pay attention to the animalistic component of the monkey. According to [4 *, p. 344], the monkey and its actions (movements) personify unconscious, imitative activity.

Most likely, this is a buffoonery image, the art of imitating someone, but the absence of its own beginning [5 *, p. 243 - 244]. Perhaps for this reason, in the American military sociolect, the image of a monkey, captured in the phraseological unit trench monkey, allows one to emphasize the pejorative connotation of the entire image and the entire group of people (infantrymen) that it nominates.

Another part of the expression is of interest - the substantive trench component. It should be assumed that the localization of the image with the indication of the toponymic trench makes it possible to outline the sphere of concentration of a given type of troops - land - and the main type of movement - on foot (i.e., on the ground). The infantry, mobilizing in trenches

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(as a place of shelter and combat) and trenches (a path for the safe passage of infantry during ground combat), conduct offensive and defensive actions like a trench monkey - chaotically, within a confined space.

General cognitive scheme of the trench monkey image: behavior + space.

Another phraseological unit denoting the same type of troops in American military slang is stump-jumper (lit.: jumper over a stump) [6 *, p. 2180]. The infantry may be like that in the American mentality! There is one clarification. In the dictionary [ibid., P. 2180] the noun stump is a slang lexeme for the word leg. In this case, the turn of the stump-jumper has a different reading: 'jumper on the leg' - i.e., emphasis on the method of movement in space: a spasmodic movement with support on the lower limb. By the way, the neutral reading of stump-jumper also gives the semantics of ‘movement’. In any case, an image of the object's movement along a given trajectory arises, the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the object appears.

General cognitive scheme for building a stump-jumper image: behavior + trajectory. Phraseologismstick jockey (lit.: stick rider) [6 *, p. 2148] - this is what they say about the

pilots of the US Air Force. The image of sustainable turnover is indirectly related to the meaning of the structure. Nevertheless, the substantive component jockey with the general denotative meaning of ‘professional rider’ may suggest that there is some subject who is in control of another subject or manipulating an object.

It should be assumed that it is the substantive jockey component that is the key in this combination, and the dependent stick acts as an additive element that reveals the method of influence, a management tool. From the point of view of figurative motivation, we are talking about a metonymic transfer - a stick (and further associative series: lever, steering wheel, hand wheel).

General cognitive scheme of stick jockey image building: behavior + tool. Phraseologismchair force (lit. force of the chair) [7 *] is an ironic name for the pilots of

the US Air Force. Jargon is used to name the localization of the character. In fact, the image of a phraseological unit is the place from which the action is carried out - the pilot's chair (chair). According to the dictionary [6 *, p. 416], the chair vocabulary, as a toolkit of a sociolect, realizes the meaning of 'death penalty'. Based on this associative connection, the native speaker strengthens the 'degree of influence of the subject on the object' in the image of the substantive component of chair.

If the component force is transparent from the point of view of the semantics and pragmatics of the sign, then the component chair, associated with the place of sitting (such as a throne), has a patriotic orientation, an attribute of supreme power, greatness [8 *, p. 495, 497]. The general cognitive schema of chair force image building is behavior + place.

Let us compare the cognitive schemes for constructing the given phraseological images for the naming of land (trench monkey, stump-jumper) and air (stick jockey, chair force) troops and reveal the difference in the models of organization of the figurative base of expressions.

But first, let's say that "land" phraseology is characterized by behavioral motives, the nature of actions (compare models: behavior + space; behavior + trajectory). Most likely, this is due to the greater mobility of participants on the surface of the earth (the spatial indicator and its influence on the participant's action are also taken into account when creating an image of a fixed expression). On the other hand, military jargons that make up the figurative basis of "air military" phraseology are aimed, first of all, to outline the dominant indicator of the participant, the management mechanism in the action of a given representative of the troops (about these cognitive models: leadership + tool; leadership + place).

On this basis, a confrontation arises, which consists in the fact that a native speaker subconsciously forms the status of a particular branch of the military on the basis of the archetypal (and, to a greater extent, hierarchical) opposition top - bottom (such as: air force (top - serve in the sky) and ground forces (bottom - they serve on the ground), where the top is the main, important; bottom - non-main, insignificant. And further, developing the idea of the archetype top

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- bottom, say: strong (top) - weak (bottom), significant (top) - secondary (bottom). Or: faded

(camouflage uniforms, hidden, not particularly noticeable by the type of activity, for example, in tank troops) - bright (uniforms noticeable, catchy, for example, in the airborne troops): faded (bottom) - bright (top).

Other examples that reveal the metaphorical features of the suit code in the figurative basis of jargon phraseological units: black gang (lit.: black gang) - military mechanic: the color of clothes is associated with dirty work: a mechanic is a person whose work is related to the adjustment of technical devices, as a rule, requiring lubricant for a smoother ride, and the lubricant constantly stains clothes, but not dark colors - black in this case determines the type of activity; red leg (lit.: red leg) - artilleryman: metaphor - the color of the form, where red is given by analogy with fire in artillery; blue jacket (lit.: blue jacket) - sailor: blue is associated with the color of the water element, which is the field of activity of the sailor.

Of course, the previously highlighted oppositions (top - bottom and associated strong - weak, significant - secondary, bright - faded) are extremely conditional, but they arise as a result of building an associative row and do not detract from the dignity of each type of service - each type of service is important and is necessary. However, subjective evaluativeness is inherent in any individual and, undoubtedly, is realized in any sphere of human activity, including among the representatives of the considered branches of the American troops - infantrymen and pilots. The emerging speculative social confrontation is reflected in the nominative toolkit of the language. And the first type of confrontation itself can be considered as a confrontation between the prestige of a variety of the profession itself (management - subordination), its imaginary external style (including the dress code: compare the dress uniform of tank troops and aviation) in the eyes of the public.

Other examples from the vocabulary of jargons [6 *], showing the peculiarity of the figurative representation of military personnel by occupation: bus driver (lit.: a bus driver) - a pilot of the US Air Force (the first pilots of the American armed forces wore uniforms similar to the uniforms of drivers of civilian municipal buses): association of a type of military profession according to the image of a profession from a civilian list of professions; rust picker (lit.: rust picker) - sailor: in the maritime business, it is imperative to maintain the frequency and prevent rust on board the ship; gravel crusher (lit.: gravel crusher) - infantryman: the image of a phraseological unit is associated with the development of the earth; brig chaser (lit.: brig hunter) - marines: brig - two-masted ship; brig hunters - those who express a desire (like hunters) to take possession of a trophy; bird man (literally: bird-man) - pilot: for a long time a bird has been associated with the sky, and a person, rising into the air, becomes like a bird; and etc.

But from the point of view of history, the fact of the confrontation between American infantry and pilots in the 20th century is really confirmed. The reluctance to make joint strategic decisions led to the fact that in the 40s of the last century, American troops suffered a number of offensive and defensive failures [16]. It seems that this could become a motivating basis for the creation of phraseological turns on the basis of a military sociolect, demonstrating a conditionally conflicting pairing of different types of troops.

Expressions is formed in a bilateral order: based on the disposition of a particular type of troops, each representative of the military profession sees his own field of activity and the field of activity of a representative of another profession. First of all, the field of activity is associated with the elements (water and the associated symbolism of purity [5 *, p. 43], earth - darkness [ibid., P. 110], air - freedom [ibid., P. 45]) in the general defense system of the country - hence the clash of interests on the issue of greater importance and participation.

The cognitive model for constructing an image of phraseological units related to this type is as follows: behavior + localization (the image of a person's action, directly related to what organizes the action itself: place, instrument, trajectory, space, etc.).

Here are examples from the jargon dictionary [6 *] of other phraseological images that show belonging to the branch of the army: air bear (lit.: air bear) - a paratrooper from the mili-

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