Учебное пособие 1434

role of which the earth acts, is associated in the minds of native speakers, primarily, with obstructed movement. It can be explained by such a situation, when in the process of movement, the different interference will appear on the way of a subject or object.

Considering walking in metaphorical reflection, in the process of analyzing the verbal vocabulary in the Scots dialect, we focused, primarily, on those components of meaning, which are used in the mechanism of image creation as the basis of transfer. We have identified the following components such as “subject”, “method”, “environment” and “speed”.

In the original meanings (hereinafter OM) of Scottish dialect verbs of movement such, for example, as

snyte OM “walk slowly” [1 **] and figurative meaning (hereinafter FM) “work lazily and stupidly”,

podder OM “walk slowly” [1 **] and FM “produce slowly and with difficulty”, tote OM “move leisurely” [1**] and FM “work feebly”,

titter OM “walk with weak or faltering steps” [2**] and FM “work in a weak manner”, sneet OM “walk slowly and stupidly” [1**] and FM “work lazily or unskillfully”, trailach OM “go in a lazy, slovenly fashion” [2**] and FM “work in slovenly fashion”, snibbert OM “loiter” [1**] and FM “work stupidly”,

slidder OM “walk with a lazy”[1**] and FM “slur one’s words”

such semes as “slow motion/movement,” “with difficulty,” and “with sloth” have been updated.

Analyzing the reasons for the metaphorical comprehension of low-intensity movement, we see different situations: it can be overwork or general fatigue of the body (titter – “walk with weak or faltering steps”[1**]) as well аs feeling or functional state of the body (tote –

“move leisurely” [1**], trailach –“go in a lazy, slovenly fashion”[2**], slidder –“walk with a lazy”[1**], snyte – “walk slowly” [1**], sneet –“walk slowly and stupidly”[1**] etc).

The semantics of non-intensive physical action or process is created on the basis of actualization of the meaning of “slow motion/movement”, because it is through these signs the lowintensity, slow, sluggish actions as well as non-energetic, not very active human condition are metaphorically interpreted.

Through the prism of the image of slow non-intensive movement, the psychological and physiological spheres are metaphorically understood, for example, in dialectical verb lexemes such as:

sunk OM “loiter” [1**] and FM “be in a low or dejected state”, tarloch OM “go about lazily”[1**] and FM “labour under disease”, scrachle OM “move with difficulty”[1**] and FM “creep”,

warble OM “worm one’s way” [1**] and FM “wriggle”, wallop OM “waddle” [1**] and FM “flutter”,

tipper OM “walk on tiptoe or unsteadily” [1**] and FM “place in an unsteady position”

etc.

Why can a subject (a person) make low-intensity movements? This happens, when obstacles appear on his/her way. It should be noted that these obstacles cannot always be material.

Sometimes this is the type of phenomenon or condition (scrachle – “move with difficulty”[1**]; sunk – “loiter”[1**]; warble – “worm one’s way”[1**] etc.). As a rule, a person making the progressive movement tends to get from the “point of departure” to the “destination”, and obstacles that suddenly appeared in his/her way interfere with his/her free movement forward and create some difficulties for his/her successful achievement of the intended goal.

The metaphor vividly reflects the similarity between the slow non-intensive movement of the subject, which may be the role of an elderly or infirm person, and any conditions which relate to the emotional, psychological, physiological essence of a person (tarloch OM “go about lazily” [1**] and FM “labour under disease”, wallop OM “waddle” [1**] and FM “flutter”

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[1**], tipper OM “walk on tiptoe or unsteadily” [1**] and FM “place in an unsteady position” etc.).

In metaphor the image of slow movement is contrasted with rapid movement on a solid surface – it can be fast walking or running.

While examining fast movement on foot, first of all, we pay attention to such distinctive features as “speed” and “frequency of steps”. These signs underlie the metaphorical understanding of a certain process or a type of activity.

We will illustrate this position with the following dialectal verbs, which nominate such movement on the solid surface, when a person walks quickly making frequent steps. For example:

thrump OM “walk with energy”[1**] and FM “work vigorously”, tear OM “hurry along”[1**] and FM “work hard and with speed”, soup OM “walk briskly”[1**] and FM “work energetically”,

swig OM “walk quickly” [1**] and FM “work energetically”.

We can see that in the original meanings of the above Scottish dialectal verb lexemes the semes “increased intensity of action” and “frequency of movements performed” turned out to be actualized. The metaphorical transfer in these examples occurs due to the similarity of the method of moving on the hard surface (since a person, who develops such a speed, necessarily begins to rearrange his/her legs very quickly making a frequent and small step) and the frequency of movements that he/she performs during some either action (thrump OM “walk with energy” and FM “work vigorously”; swig OM “walk quickly” and FM “work energetically” etc.).

In the works of a number of researchers, who have studied and analyzed the concept of

“labour”, we find an explanation of the attitude to work of the inhabitants of Western Europe.

Since the inhabitants of Great Britain always work for themselves, therefore, they condemn those who, taking on any work, do it ineptly, act like an amateur. The basic values of society are revealed through the attitude to work.

The sign “speed” underlying the metaphorical comprehension of such dialectal verbs as thrump OM “walk with energy” [1**] and FM “work vigorously”, swig OM “walk quickly”[1**] and FM “work energetically”, soup OM “walk briskly” [1**] and FM “work energetically”, tear OM “hurry along”[1**] and FM “work hard and with speed” shows that in a given society only work that is done energetically, quickly and efficiently is assessed positively [14].

As noted above, fast movement on the solid surface can be expressed not only in the form of fast walking, but also in the form of running. Comparing walking and running, we draw attention to the fact that a person, who is running, may for some time find himself/herself in the

“phase of free flight” [1, p. 51], because he/she stops at some point in contact with the surface with both feet. In this situation some researchers note the speed of movement as a relevant semantic feature. Indeed, it indicates that the speed of movement is greater than at walking.

Considering the verbs that nominate movement by running, we include in this group such verbal lexemes, which in their original meaning have the above-mentioned “phase of free flight”. The following Scottish dialectal verbs can be cited as an illustration, for example:

scutter OM “run off hastily, as if in panic” [1**], skelp OM “run, move quickly” [1**],

scurryvaig OM “run about in unsettled manner” [1**], skirt OM “run rapidly” [1**],

scringe OM “run forcibly” [1**], skud OM “run quickly” [1**], scoup OM “run briskly” [1**] etc.

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Considering the verbs of this group, we can see that the basis of metaphor formation here was not only the component “speed”, but also additional features such as “state”, “behavior”, “feeling”.

Analysis of such a dialectal verb from the verbal lexemes of the above series as scutter

OM “run off hastily, as if in panic” [1**] and FM “bungle, make a mess” [1**] showed that the seme updated in OM “quickly, swiftly” together with additional semes “in order to run away in a hurry, hastily”, “from fear” provides the basis for a metaphorical transfer. In this case the image of the fast movements of a person performing these actions in a hurry or out of fear (for example, being in a state of panic) models the processes, which belong to the sphere of human labour activity. Work done in a hurry is never estimated positively, because effective work always requires a certain amount of focus. It is impossible to assess positively the state of panic, when a person cannot objectively assess the situation and find the right way out of it.

Mentally “rushing from side to side” in search of a way out of the current situation, a person being in an alarming unstable emotional state may get confused and not immediately choose the correct way of behavior.

The basis of figurative comprehension in the Scottish dialectal verb of movement such as scringe OM “run forcibly” [1**] and FM “scourge” [1**] are such signs as “speed” and “harshness” together with the actualization of the component “compulsion”. The holistic image of the rapid movement of a person moving in this way under compulsion underlies the metaphorical image of a person, who is being punished, i.e. commit any aggressive actions against him/her.

Observations have revealed that the basis for creating a metaphorical image in dialectal verbs with the meaning of “run” can be the “speed” component in combination with the “target” component.

To illustrate this, let us consider the example of the verbal lexeme skirt OM “run rapidly” [1**] and FM “elude” [1**]. We see that based on the actualization of these meanings (“speed” and “target”) process is modeled which refers to the sphere of human actions and behavior.

Each person sets goals that he/she is trying to achieve. The goals are different both noble and not so noble. Therefore, in some situations, the goal is associated with the concepts of “honor” and “honesty”. Only a person, who values his/her honor, seeks not to drop or tarnish it, can have noble goals. In English linguistic culture “honor” is manifested “as an appeal to the moral standard of behavior” of a person [14, p.175].

In this case we see that the image of a person who runs very quickly is transformed into the image of a person with a certain type of behavior: a person who is not honest, who has no honor to act and live according to the rules of behavior in society as well as the laws adopted in this society. Such a person wants to quickly withdraw from this society, run away so as not to comply with certain norms, do nothing and not be responsible for his/her behavior.

In the next dialectal verb of movement scurryvaig OM “run about in an unsettled manner” [1**] and FM “live idly and in dissipation” [1**] the feeling of a certain freedom, enthusiasm, fun pastime, partly aimless comes to the fore.

As a rule, the component “agility” contains an element of some freedom, carelessness, lightness. All this, in turn, can be found in the game (or rather, in the children’s game). Children do not think about any problems, nothing bothers them, they are not responsible for anything, they just play and frolic without care. In the figurative meaning these sensations are figuratively interpreted as receiving positive emotions and pleasure from some other actions, for example, such as living carelessly, easily, doing nothing, and possibly committing any immoral acts [15]. The ease of performing actions in childhood gives rise to a metaphorical image of an adult who has no constraints, and there is a choice and freedom to follow his/her desires.

Scottish dialectal verbs with the original meaning “slide” turned out to be interesting in terms of the process of forming a metaphorical meaning, for example:

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screeve OM “glide swiftly along” [1**], quite OM “glide, skate” [1**],

skift OM “glide over” [1**],

skrieve OM “glide swiftly along” [1**], guyte (gwyte) OM “glide, skate” [1**], skid OM “glide” [2**],

skiff OM “skim lightly along the ground” [1**] etc.

When creating a metaphorical image of these verbs, a focus is put on special way of movement associated with the originality of the environment.

These dialectal verbal lexemes denote such a movement, which, like the verbs analyzed above, is performed on the solid surface. But there is an essential distinguishing feature here. If in the first case the earth is as a solid surface (which may be covered with snow, grass, foliage, etc.), then here the earth has a special covering – ice.

In the figurative perception of native speakers of the English language in general, and the Scots dialect language in particular, movement on a solid but slippery, that is unobstructed surface, is opposed to movement in airspace.

Indeed, firstly, the subject (or object) can move on the ice very quickly, since the smooth and slippery surface is conducive to this. Secondly, a person (or any inanimate object) is able to move smoothly on ice, and this method, representing freedom and unimpededness, brings

“movement on a solid surface” closer to “movement in air”.

It should be noted that the process of creating an image goes through the interpenetration of the meaning of the sphere of the source and the figurative meaning, and the interpretation of actions and behavior is of an evaluative nature.

Considering this on the example of the above verbs, we see that, in such verbal lexemes as skift OM “glide over” [1**] and FM “work carelessly and superficially” [1**] и skiff OM “skim lightly along the ground” [1**] and FM “work carelessly and superficially” [1**], in addition to the “speed” component, which with this type of movement can be both large and not very, the semantics of “lightness” is also activated. The last component may not be so obvious, but it can be seen in the metaphorical meaning of these verbs.

A person who moves on the ice, barely touching the surface, since he/she does not need to make any effort at all to carry out such a movement, is metaphorically conceptualized as a person, “irresponsible”, “hack”, “superficial”, because in order to do the job effectively it is necessary delve into and focus on business.

In any ethnoculture the human labor will be evaluated positively only if this labor is effective. Careless attitude to their work duties, poorly performed work deserves only blame.

Signs such as “speed”, “smoothness”, “continuity” formed the basis of the metaphorical transfer in the following dialectal verbs: screeve OM “glide swiftly along” [1**] and FM “talk, read or sing fast and continuously” [1**]; skrieve OM “glide swiftly along” [1**] and FM “talk, read or write fast and continuously”[1**].

It should be noted that figurative interpreting of movement is rarely carried out on the basis of actualization of only one feature. As the analysis has shown, in these Scottish dialectal verbs in the original meaning the actualized seme of speed, expressed by the signs “quickly”, “not abruptly”, serves as the basis for the formation of various very intense, and at the same time continuous human actions. The subject performs actions quickly without interruption. The generality of the image of movement, when a person, while moving, glides on the ice, does it quickly, without ever breaking away from the surface itself, is transformed into signs of “speed” and “continuity” of the action being performed.

The sign “speed” of the movement being performed is also the basis of the metaphorical transfer in the dialectal verb skid OM “glide” [2**] and FM “look squint at an object”. In this case, when figuratively interpreting the sphere of human behavior, the focus is on the seme “quickly” actualized in its original meaning.

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Analyzing the dialectal verbal lexeme skid, we see that in the image and likeness of a person’s action, as a rule quickly sliding along a solid, ice-covered surface, the movement of a person’s gaze is metaphorically interpreted.

Observing someone, a person can look in different ways, for example, for a long time and carefully, if he/she wants to study another person, to get more information about him/her. At the same time, he/she does not make a secret of this, does not keep his/her desire a secret. But sometimes due to different circumstances, a person does not want someone to notice his/her gaze. Then his gaze can only “slide” over the person, because he/she does it quickly, fluently and stealthily so that no one will notice. Thus, we see that a person’s gaze in the resulting, metaphorical meaning of the verb is the subject of the situation and is not included in the sphere of physical movement.

As for the verbs quite OM “glide, skate” [1**] and FM “play curling” [1**], guyte (gwyte) OM “glide, skate” [1**] and FM “play curling” [1**], we can say that in the process of metaphorical understanding the semes “ice” and “smooth” become significant in this case.

Such features of the solid surface as “smoothness” and “ice-covered” are the first in figurative comprehension in the considered dialectal verbal lexemes. Having made an excursion into the history of curling, we find that at the present stage curling is a team sports game on an ice rink. Curling first appeared in Scotland in the early 16-th century. Curling courts were built on frozen ponds. To play the game, normal-sized stones were chosen and they were moved along the ice surface. These sports activities are interpreted in correlation with such a meaning as “moving a person on a slippery ice surface”. Therefore, alongside with the subject (person) performing the slide, in these sports games there appears an object (stone) freely gliding on a solid icy surface.

Conclusion.

Verbs of progressive movement usually denote the motion of a subject or object forward, and everything that moves attracts a person’s attention.

In this work the verbs representing movement on the solid surface were analyzed, where ground and ice were used as this type of surface.

Since the earth is a solid but rough surface, movement on it can be obstructed, and therefore slowed down. When analyzing the verbs of walking, it was revealed that the “speed” component is one of the main basic features of the metaphorical transfer.

Therefore, based on the actualization of the meaning of “slow movement / displacement”, actions of low intensity, sluggish and non-energetic are metaphorically interpreted. Through the image of slow movement, the physiological, emotional, and psychological spheres of a person are metaphorically comprehended.

Rapid movement on the solid surface, represented not only by fast walking, but also by running, is figuratively interpreted as a characteristic of physiological, social phenomena, actions, and behavior of a person. Two such signs as “sharpness” and “speed” of movement, which are dominant in the verbs of this type of movement, are transformed into actions associated with anxious, restless behavior of a person who is in an unstable emotional state.

A group of Scottish dialectal verbs describing movement on ice turned out to be of great interest to study. Here, the actualized semes “speed”, “not sharpness” together with such additional semantic components as “continuously” and “smoothly” in the original meanings of the verbs denoting movement on the ice surface, are the basis of metaphorical rethinking. Realized in the figurative meaning of a person’s assessment, these semes refer it both to the sphere of human behavior and to the sphere of labor or sports activities.

References

[1] Ibragimova V.L. Leksiko-semanticheskiy klass glagolov peremeshcheniya v russkom yazyke // Issledovaniya po semantike. Ufa, 1980. S. 55-72.

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[2]Plungyan V.A. K tipologii glagol'noy orientatsii // Logicheskiy analiz yazyka. Yazyki dinamicheskogo mira. Dubna, 1999. – S. 205-223.

[3]Toshovich B. Glagol v treugol'nike «dvizhenie – pokoy – otnoshenie» // Logicheskiy analiz yazyka. Yazyki dinamicheskogo mira. Dubna, 1999. – S.224-231.

[4]Filmor Ch. Osnovnye problemy leksicheskoy semantiki // NZL. Vyp.12. Prikladnaya lingvistika. M.: Raduga, 1983. – S.74-123.

[5]Brodovich O. I. Dialektnaya variativnost' angliyskogo yazyka: aspekty teorii. Izd-e 2- e. M.: LIBROKOM, 2009. 194 s.

[6]Brysina E. V. Dialekt cherez prizmu lingvokul'turologii // Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 2. Yazykoznanie. 2012. № 2 (16). – S. 51-55.

[7]Denisova E. A. «Shotlandskiy yazyk» i «shotlandskiy dialekt»: problemy terminologii

// Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina. 2008. № 2 (10). S. 33-45.

[8]Pavlenko A. E. Regional'nyy yazyk ravninnoy Shotlandii (lingvisticheskiy i sotsiolingvisticheskiy aspekty): diss. … d. filol. n. SPb., 2004. 411 s.

[9]Arutyunova N.D. Yazyk i mir cheloveka. – M.: «Yazyki russkoy kul'tury», 1999. 896

s.

[10]Lakoff D., Dzhonson M. Metafory, kotorymi my zhivem. M.: Progress, 1990. 256 s.

[11]Teliya V.N. Metafora kak model' smysloproizvodstva i ee ekspressivnootsenochnaya funktsiya // Metafora v yazyke i tekste. M., 1988. – S. 26-52.

[12]Sklyarevskaya G.N. Yazykovaya metafora kak kategoriya leksikologii: (K voprosu o semanticheskikh granitsakh yazykovoy metafory) // Yazykovye kategorii v leksikologii i sintaksise. Novosibirsk, 1991. – S. 2335.

[13]Koshelev A.D. Opisanie kognitivnykh struktur, sostavlyayushchikh semantiku glagola ekhat' // Logicheskiy analiz yazyka. Yazyki dinamicheskogo mira. Dubna, 1999. – S.41-52.

[14]Karasik V.I. Kul'turnye dominanty v yazyke // Karasik V.I. Yazykovoy krug: lichnost', kontsepty, diskurs. – Volgograd: Peremena, 2002. – S.166-205.

[15]Nadeina L.V. Semantika dvizheniya v otrazhenii russkoy yazykovoy dialektnoy metafory: monografiya / L.V. Nadeina, Natsional'nyy issledovatel'skiy Tomskiy politekhnicheskiy universitet (TPU) – Tomsk: Izd-vo TPU, 2010. 302 s.

Dictionaries used

[1**] Chamber’s Scots Dictionary W. & R. Chambers, LTD. London. 1955. 375 p.

[2**] Warrack Alexander. Chambers Scots dictionary. Edinburgh. 1977. 717 p. [3**]Mul'titran. Elektronnyy anglo-russkiy slovar' [Elektronnyy resurs]. URL:

https://www.multitran.com/ (data obrashcheniya: 17.12.2020).

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METHODS AND DIDACTICS

DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2021.32.1.005

UDC 81'342

PHONETIC AND PSYCHOLINGUISTIC APPROACH TO CONSIDERATION

OF SPEECH PATHOLOGY "STUTTER"

L.V. Velichkova, O.V. Abakumova

Voronezh State University,

Doctor of philological sciences, Professor, Head of department for German Philology Ludmila Vladimirovna Velichkova

e-mail: luvel1@mail.ru

Voronezh State University,

PhD, associate professor of the department of Roman Philology

Olga Vasilievna Abakumova

e-mail: olga.abakumova16@gmail.ru

Problem statement. The article examines the phenomenon of stuttering from a phonetic and psycholinguistic point of view. Speech rhythm has recently become a close object of research in phonetics and speech. The actual data from these studies have not penetrated significantly into the field of speech therapy. The speech rhythm is considered from the point of view of physiology, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics. Data on the primary assimilation of the parameters of the speech rhythm of the native language from the point of view of phonetics create the idea of "inscribing" articulatory movements into the rhythmic matrix of words and phrases. Violations in the implementation of this matrix make it possible to trace the behavior of articulatory complexes when the rhythmic basis fails. The paper describes an experimental study of speech rhythm disturbance as the cause of speech errors (pathologies).

Results and conclusion. Verbal and non-verbal components are used to rhythmize speech activity. Corrective techniques are used, because of which a prolonged emotionally positive state arises, and the voluntary use of a new speech program begins. This state is introduced in the process of auto-training. Emotionally comfortable state when using rhythmized speech is fixed on functional speech training. We are talking about strengthening the speech rhythm of the native language without distorting its parameters.

Key words: speech rhythm, speech rhythm disturbance, experimental research, corrective methods, rhythmic parameters of speech, auditory analysis.

For citation: Velichkova L.V. Phonetic and psycholinguistic approach to consideration of speech pathology "Stutter"/ L.V. Velichkova, O.V. Abakumova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2021. - № 1 (32). – P. 50-56.

Introduction.

The study of speech pathologies, including stuttering, is of considerable interest for phonetics and linguistics as a whole. This study supplies the data on the relationship between articulatory features and rhythmic parameters. The contemporary research in theoretical phonetics can be effective for speech therapy practice. The purpose of this paper is to make an experimental attempt to address the problem of stuttering from the phonetic point of view.

In the structural aspect, the problem of stuttering is described in the works of well-known speech therapists: I.A.Sikorsky, E.Y.Rau and the academician N.P.Bekhtereva. The description of speech disorders is contained in the works of the prominent psycholinguist N.I.Zhinkin.

______________________________________

© Velichkova L.V., Abakumova O.V., 2021

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The methodology of research.

The object of research. In the present article, the object of research is the speech of a testee, suffering from a non-serious acquired form of stuttering.

The subject of research. The potential of the phonetic approach, particularly, the data of speech rhythm research, for stutter correction.

The methods of research. For investigation of stuttering speech, the following methods have been used: the phonetic analysis of fragments of audio records, the linguistic description of the experimental research data.

Research results.

The experimental data have been obtained, showing the influence of speech rhythm parameters of various genres on speech production in conditions of stuttering. The corrective methods have been proposed.

1.The concept of rhythm. Speech rhythm.

By the 5th century B.C., this concept has become one of the central concepts in terminology of the musical arts. In the field of philology and choreography, the term «rhythm» is used as an evaluative one in the broad context. Since the 18th-20th century, the word «rhythm» has acquired a certain isoteric aura, as it is used in numerous works in the field of philosophy and the theory of culture and arts to designate the general principle of life activity.

In biology, the measurable periodic variations are investigated. Such variations have high frequency, because all physiological and behavioral processes are characterized by inherent periodization of activity, defined as rhythmics, which is measured as a form of periodic fluctuations in amplitude or frequency in various processes.

When the concept of rhythm was viewed as a principle of temporal organization in the 19th and the 20th centuries, it was defined with respect to meter and beat. Beat acts as an element (construction material) of metrical schemes. According to the «accent theory», originated in the 18th century, beats are represented as abstract structures, consisting of heavy and light elements, in which, depending on the beat type, the rise at the beginning of each beat is followed by one or more in-between falls and other rises. Strong elements are stressed on the basis of perception. If a series of identical metronome beats are heard at similar temporal distance from each other, they are perceived as rhythmic ones, based on physiological and neurological basic rhythms.

At present, there is an increasing interest in the phenomenon of speech rhythm in linguistics, speech science and psycholinguistics.

2.Speech rhythm disorders and stuttering

The central nervous system is not only a synchronized mechanism, but, in itself, is a synchronizer and, simultaneously, a generator of rhythms [1]. Since the 1970s of the 20th century, it is believed that such a generator is present in humans in the form of a bilateral symmetric cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus. Human well-being is largely dependent on the coherence of these processes.

The research into the phenomenon of stuttering shifts to the field of neurophysiology. This phenomenon is investigated in connection with the thesis about the asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres. In terms of psychology, it is said about the change in the structure of mental activity in the aspect of its self-regulation. The absence of automatic regulation of psychomotor acts by children with speech disorder in the form of stuttering poses a challenging problem, requiring arbitrary control.

In this study, we present a view of speech rhythm disorders from a linguistic (phonetic), as well as psycholinguistic viewpoint.

The studies of early speech ontogenesis testify to the primary assimilation of speech rhythm parameters of the native language. According to this view, we can speak about «fitting»

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articulatory movements into a rhythmic matrix of words and phrases. The disorders in the implementation of this matrix make it possible to trace the behaviour of articulatory complexes in the case of a disturbed rhythmic base. From the phonetic and psycholinguistic point of view, the disruptions in the integrity of the rhythmic characteristics of an utterance (and speech as a whole) underlie the phenomenon of stuttering. In our opinion, the term «smoothness of speech», creating an imaginary view of the stuttering process, is not essentially optimal. It does not designate the basic property of audible speech, lost in stuttering, namely, the continuity of processes within the limits of an utterance. Proceeding from the characteristic of these phenomena, it is possible to draw a conclusion about the necessity to work with suprasegmental speech features in the corrective aspect.

When considering the phenomenon of stuttering from neurolinguistic and phonetic viewpoints, it is necessary to address the syllabic speech structure. When disrupting the speech syncreticity, the syllable remains intact. This element is a «building block» of the speech structure and, at the same time, a kind of «unit», containing a part of the program for speech synthesis.

The cause of disturbance in the tempo-rhythmic speech organization during stuttering consists in disorders of the mechanism of muscle contraction in various sections of the speech apparatus (respiratory, vocal, articulatory). In speech therapy, the disruption of the speech rhythm is referred to as a communication disorder [2].

In his work «The mechanisms of stuttering», N.I.Zhinkin notes that «the phenomenon of stuttering can be defined as discontinuity in the selection of sound elements when composing the word algorithm of various metrics, as a disturbance of autoregulation in the control of speech movements at the syllabic level» [3, p. 202].

Stuttering is defined by the disorder of speech, tempo and fluency, however, these deviations are not the only ones. N.I.Zhinkin emphasizes the unconsciousness of the first reactions of children to the defect, and these reactions are not emotional. A child understands that his speaking is not the same as everyone else’s, but is accompanied by certain halts. The scientist notes that «halts occur suddenly, are a matter of interest for others, can not be overcome at once, do not disappear on their own and gradually enter the pathological chain of conditional reflexes» [3, p.17].

Stuttering is like a neurosis, «manifested during speech processes in spasms of soundproducing mechanisms, with simultaneous painful mutations in the psychological (particularly, emotional and volitional) sphere» [4]. There is an opinion about the connection of stuttering with the disturbance in reciprocal interaction between the hemispheres [5]. As a whole, all researchers of this problem speak about stuttering, linked to the emotional sphere of a person.

The phenomenon of «stuttering» is presented in descriptions of ancient authors in connection with the interest in rhetoric (Herodotus, Hippocrates, Aristotle Plutarch). Only by the middle of the 20th century, the mechanism of stuttering has begun to be connected with the work of the system of human higher nervous activity, based on I.P.Pavlov’s theory of higher nervous activity of a person.

3.The description of the experimental research

The experiment, conducted as part of this study, aims to trace the signs of speech disorder in a speaker with stuttering, based on the presentation of texts of various styles, requiring the address to various speech genres upon reading.

Daria, 22, started stuttering in the 4th grade, and even remembers the moment she felt difficulty in the speech process. Speech therapists she consulted (with her mother) were surprised by the fact of stuttering, starting suddenly. At first, she was treated by a speech therapist with no change. During the 7th and the 8th years of study, she went to another city for 1-month treatment. The treatment was received in a group, with daily choral articulation of phrases with «stretching» syllables. The homework included breathing exercises, and there were other logopedic techniques of non-phonetic nature. As a result of this course, its participants spoke in a

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slow rhythm, without a stuttering defect. Within a short time after the end of the treatment course, in the former environment, the previous speech defects appeared back.

The object of research was the speech of a testee, i.e. a female student, suffering from a non-serious acquired form of stuttering. The subject of research is rhythmic organization of speech and the degree of disorders, manifested in dependence on the situation, in which the experiment stages took place.

The data obtained served to devise exercises for correction of stuttering, with the use of gesture support to stabilize rhythmic parameters. To analyze the rhythmic parameters of the Russian speech of the testee, the following methods have been used: the auditive analysis of audio record fragments and the linguistic description of the experimental research results.

The experimental procedure

The experiment consisted of three parts.

In the first part of the experiment, the testee D. had to read a text for her mother and stepfather she had tense relations with, the communication with whom was usually followed by progressing stuttering. In the process of text reading, the audio records were made, including texts, borrowed from the Richard Bach's book «Nothing Is Accidental». The text was read to the mother and the stepfather in the evening, in a calm atmosphere.

In the second part of the experiment, the testee recites the lyrics:

a)«Winter’s spite is vain» by F.I.Tyutchev

b)«There is a spell in early autumn» by F.I.Tyutchev

c)«Autumn» by A.S.Pushkin

d)«I loved you» by A.S.Pushkin

All lyrics were recited in the evening, at home, with a mother, listening nearby.

The third part of the experiment consisted in reading a fairytale to the niece.

Each stage took place on a separate day. The material was transcribed and presented to auditors for analysis. The experiment involved five auditors, among which were three specialists in the field of sounding speech study (i.e.a phonetist) and two Russian language speakers with philological education. The conducted auditory analysis of the experimental material was individual in nature. In the VSU Scientific and Methodological Centre of Phonetics, the previously devised scheme was developed. The auditors were tasked with listening to audio records, marking pauses and stressed syllables.

The fragment of the 1st stage text

Все это быЛА просТАЯ/, своБОДная/ и очень СЛАВная жизнь/ (positive emotion) Бродячие пиЛоты/ двадЦАтых годов/, завеДЯ/ вручНУЮ/ моТОры,/ поднимали в

воздух своиДЖЕНни/, летели в каОЙ-ниБУДЬ/ гороДОК и там/ приземЛЯлись/ (not clearly expressed emotion).

ВОТ/ это БЫли /краЯ /в старые времеНА,/ куда челоВЕК/ МОГ/ своБОДно по- ПАСТЬ/ и МОГ леТАТЬ/ ТАМ,/ куДА и коДА он/ хоТЕЛ,/ не подчиНЯясь/ ниЧЬЕЙ/ ВОле/,

кроме своей СОБственной/ (not clearly expressed emotion, closer to positive one).

The fragments of the 2nd stage texts:

а) ЗиМА/ не ДАром ЗЛИТся:/ ПрошЛА /еЕ/ поРА/. ВесНА/ в окНО/стуЧИТтся/ И ГОнит/ со двоРА/.

б) Есть в Осени/ первонаЧАЛЬльной/ КоРОТкая/, ноДИВивная поРА-/ Весь ДЕНЬ /стоИТ/ как бы хрусТАЛЬный/ И лучЗАРны/ вечеРА/.

в )ОкТЯБРЬ уж /настуПИЛ…/Уж РОща отряХАет /ПоСЛЕДние/ лисТЫ/ г) Я ВАС/ люБИЛ/. ЛюБОВЬ /еЩЕ/, быть МОжет,/ В МОей дуШЕ/ уГАСла/ не

совСЕМ/

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