Учебное пособие 1434

The police officer was turning the detained a b o u t [Ibid].

The meaning “in a disordered direction”, as the studied material showed, turned out to be communicatively irrelevant.

The index of communicative relevance of the temporal value "approximately (about time)" has a low indicator of 8%:

I get up at a b o u t ten o-clock [Ibid].

The indicator of the total ICR of quality seeds is 14.4%, the severity of this parameter is noticeable. At the same time, the ICR of separately taken qualitative sememes are characterized by low communicative demand: the index of communicative relevance of the sememe "ready" is 9.2%, sememe "almost" has an index of 5.2%.

She was just a b o u t to leave, I said: “A b o u t enough of this” [Ibid.].

The indices of locality, temporality, quantitativeness, qualitativeness equal to 32.8%, 9.5%, 39.4% and 18.3%, respectively, indicate bright, low, bright and noticeable degrees of the studied features. Such indices make it possible to classify the adverb a b o u t as quantitative- locative-qualitative-temporal type.

Like the lexemes u p and o n w a r d s discussed above, the adverb a b o u t is a representative of a unique quantitative-locative-qualitative-temporal class.

The analysis of the semantheme of the lexeme s i d e w a y s will demonstrate the transition of a traditionally classified as a spatial adverb into the category of qualitative-locative adverbs with predominant qualitative semantics.

This lexeme has four meanings:

one spatial “to the side” (to tilt your pelvis s i d e w a y s [2 **]) and three qualitative meanings: “in a roundabout way” (he came into fashion s i d e w a y s [2 **]), “with a side to the front” (to carry the piano s i d e w a y s [ 1 **]), "not directly" (to glance at somebody s i d e - w a y s [3 **]).

As the study has shown, there are no temporal or quantitative sememes in the semantheme of the studied adverbial word, while the index of representation of the seme of space has a noticeable indicator of 25%, and the index of representation of the seme of quality is high (75%).

The analysis of the frequency of sememes of this adverb let us find that the sememe "to the side" is to a large extent communicatively relevant, its ICR is 69.2%:

Turn your body s i d e w a y s [ 1 * ] .

The complex ICR of qualitative sememes is 30.8%, therefore, the degree of the corresponding parameter should be recognized as bright. At the same time, the sememe “with a side to the front” has a noticeable ICR of 19.2%:

She’s the one standing slightly s i d e w a y s in the photo [Ibid].

The ICR of the seme "not directly" and "roundabout" are characterized by indicators of 8% and 3.6% (the degree of communicative relevance is low):

I could feel him studying me s i d e w a y s . She came into politics s i d e w a y s [Ibid.].

general, according to the indices of qualitativity (52.9%) and locality (47.1%), the adverbial lexeme s i d e w a y s belongs to the qualitative-locative type with a significant degree of expression of qualitative and vivid degree of expression of spatial semantics.

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In addition to the lexeme s i d e w a y s , the study identified three more adverbs of the qualitative-locative type. These are lexemes r e m o t e l y , c e n t r a l l y , d i s t a n t l y .

Thus, we have demonstrated both cases of the development of additional temporal, quantitative and qualitative meanings by local adverbs, and variants of the transition of spatial lexemes into the category of temporal, quantitative and qualitative. However, the bright degree of representation of spatial meanings, in our opinion, allows us not to exclude the linguistic units we have analyzed from the group of spatial adverbs.

Conclusion.

In general, the study made it possible to identify 18 types of adverbs.

If an adverb develops exclusively spatial meanings and, accordingly, has an absolute index of locality (100%), then we have reasons to classify this adverb as a locative type. This semantic type turned out to be the most numerous of the studied and includes 68 English adverbs: t h e r e , h i t h e r , t h i t h e r , y o n d e r , r i g h t , r i g h t w a r d s , l e f t , l e f t w a r d s , f o r e , e l s e w h e r e , e v e r y w h e r e , n e a r b y , h e r e a b o u t s , a s i d e , a l o n g , s i d e l o n g , i n s h o r e , h e r e i n , w i t h i n , i n s i d e , o u t s i d e , i n b o a r d , o u t - b o a r d , i n d o o r s , o u t w a r d s , a b r o a d , o v e r s e a s , a s h o r e , a g r o u n d , i n - l a n d , a b o a r d , a f i e l d , o v e r b o a r d , a l o f t , o v e r l e a f , a f a r , l e e w a r d s , a s t e r n , o v e r l a n d , s k y w a r d s , s e a w a r d s , w i n d w a r d s , h e a v e n w a r d s , h o m e w a r d s , o f f - s h o r e , s h o r e w a r d , p o s t e r i o r l y , l a n d w a r d , u p s t a i r s , d o w n s t a i r s , u n d e r n e a t h , b e n e a t h , o p p o s i t e , d o w n h i l l , u p s t r e a m , u p - h i l l , s o u t h , n o r t h , e a s t , w e s t , w e s t w a r d s , e a s t w a r d s , s o u t h w a r d s , n o r t h w a r d s , n o r t h - e a s t w a r d s , n o r t h - w e s t w a r d s , s o u t h - e a s t w a r d s , s o u t h - w e s t w a r d s . As you can see, these adverbs mainly denote location / movement in/to a certain, specific place. We can also say that the semantics of these adverbs is unambiguous in terms of designating exclusively spatial categories.

Among the adverbs that develop two types of meanings, one can distinguish locativequalitative (i n , o u t , d o w n , a c r o s s , a b a c k , c l o s e , w h e r e , n o w h e r e , a l o n g s i d e , h i g h , h o m e , l o c a l l y , u n d e r f o o t , u n d e r g r o u n d , o v e r h e a d , b a c k s t a g e , i n w a r d s , i n w a r d l y , o u t w a r d l y , s u p e r f i c i a l l y , i n t e r n a l l y , e x t e r n a l l y ), locative-temporal (f o r t h , f o r w a r d s , h e r e , t h e r e i n , b y , w h e r e v - e r , p a s t , d o w n s t r e a m , r o u n d ), locative-quantitative (b e l o w , a b o v e ), qualitativelocative (c e n t r a l l y , d i s t a n t l y , r e m o t e l y , s i d e w a y s ), temporal-locative (o n - w a r d s ).

Three meanings develop in the following groups of adverbs: locative-qualitative-temporal (a w a y , b a c k , b a c k w a r d s , b e h i n d , d e e p , f a r , t h r o u g h , l o w , o f f ), locative- temporal-qualitative (a h e a d , m i d w a y , n e a r , h a l f w a y ), locative-temporal-quantitative

qualitative (u n d e r ), квантитативно-локативно-темпоральной (t h e r e a b o u t s ).

The full range of meanings is represented by the following single adverbs: locative- qualitative-temporal-quantitative adverb u p , locative-temporal-quantitative-qualitative adverb s o m e w h e r e , temporal-locative-qualitative-quantitative adverb o n , quantitative-locative- temporal-qualitative adverb a b o u t temporal-quantitative-locative adverb n i g h .

As you can see, the most numerous group is locative adverbs (68 lexemes). The second largest group is the group of locative-qualitative adverbs (22 lexemes). It is followed by loca- tive-qualitative-temporal and locative-temporal adverbs (9 lexemes each), locative-temporal- qualitative and qualitative-locative (4 lexemes), locative-temporal-quantitative, locative- quantitative-temporal(3 lexemes), locative-quantitative (2 lexemes). The rest of the groups are represented by single adverbs. Thus, the more meanings the lexemes develop, the smaller the group, and vice versa.

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The study made it possible to prove that spatial semantics is dominant in the considered groups of adverbial lexemes. The second most intense degree of expression is the semantics of quality. This fact testifies to the transfer of spatial meanings from the sphere of physical space to metaphorical one. Temporal meanings, according to the results of the study, take the third place, introducing a certain nuance into the generally accepted position that locative and temporal semantics have a common, indivisible nature.

Special attention should be paid to cases when the most pronounced are not spatial, but other meanings – qualitative or temporal. The study showed that these meanings are the most communicatively relevant, but this fact is not the reason for depriving these adverbs of the status of spatial ones, since the locative sememes were nevertheless sufficiently pronounced: their degree of locality is bright, like in adverbs o n (33,8%), o n w a r d s (46%), a b o u t (32,8%), u n d e r (36,8%), t h e r e a b o u t s (34,5%), s i d e w a y s (47,1%), d i s t a n t l y (33,1%), c e n - t r a l l y (43,2%), or noticeable, as in adverbs n i g h (16,6%) and r e m o t e l y (19,3%).

In general, the study showed that using the comparative-parametric method it is quite possible to study such a complex class of words as the English adverbs. The successful creation of a typology of English adverbs with spatial semantics indicates the possibility of using this method to construct a classification for not only other types of adverbs, but also other parts of speech.

References

[1]Shcherba L.V. Izbrannye raboty po russkomu yazyku: O chastyakh rechi v russkom yazyke. Moscow : Uchpedgiz, 1957. – S. 63-85.

[2]Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2000. – 489 p.

[3]Quirk R. A University of English / R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, J. Svartvik. – L. : Longman, 1973. – 485 p.

[4]Malyar T.N. Ponyatie «prostranstva» i «rasstoyaniya» v semantike nekotorykh russkikh i angliyskikh predlogov i narechiy. Tipologicheskie i sopostavitel'nye metody v slavyanskom yazykoznanii. Moscow : Institut slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki, 1993. – S. 166182.

[5]Smirnitskiy A.I. Ob osobennostyakh oboznacheniya napravleniya dvizheniya v otdel'nykh yazykakh (k metodike sopostavitel'nogo izucheniya yazykov). Inostrannye yazyki v shkole, 5, 1953. – S. 21-31.

[6]Sternina M.A. Semanticheskie tipy narechnogo slova (na materiale prostranstvennykh narechiy angliyskogo i russkogo yazykov). diss. … kandidta filologicheskikh nauk. Voronezh,

1984. – 188 s.

[7]Blokh M.Ya. (2000). Teoreticheskaya grammatika angliyskogo yazyka: Uchebnik dlya studentov filol. fak. un-tov i fak. angl. yaz. pedvuzov (na angl. yaz.). Moscow, 2000. – 380 s.

[8]Curme G.O. English Grammar. The Principles and Practice of English Grammar Applied to Present-Day Usage. New York : Barnes and Noble, 1966. – 308 p.

[9]Carter, R. Cambridge Grammar of English. A Comprehensive Guide to Spoken and Written English Grammar and Usage / R. Carter, M. McCarthy. – Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007. – 973 p.

[10]Kobrina N.A. Teoreticheskaya grammatika angliyskogo yazyka : ucheb. posobie. / N.A. Kobrina, N.N. Boldyrev, A.A. Khudyakov Moscow, 2007. – 368 s.

[11]Pankratova M.E. K voprosu o «prostranstvennosti» angliyskikh prostranstvennykh narechiy // Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Filologiya. Zhurnalistika. Voronezh, 2015. – vol. 4, – S. 61-63.

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[12]Sternina M.A. Sopostavitel'no-parametricheskiy metod lingvisticheskikh issledovaniy. Voronezh : Istoki, 2014. – 115 s.

[13]Krivenko L.A. Natsional'naya spetsifika semantem russkoy i angliyskoy substantivnoy leksiki. avtoreferat diss. … kandidta filologicheskikh nauk. Voronezh, 2013. – 22 s.

Analyzed sources

[1*] The British National Corpus. URL: http://bncweb.lancs.ac.uk/ (data obraschenia 29.05.2020).

Dictionaries used

[1**] Verdieva Z.N. The Systematic Dictionary of English Adverbs / Z.N. Verdieva, I.A. Kerimadze, V.G. Рavlov. – Baku : Elm, 1983. – 297 p.

[2**] Novyi bolshoy anglo-russkij slovar / Yu.D. Apresyan, E.M. Mednikova [i dr.]. V 3 t. – М.: Drofa, 2003. – 2496 s.

[3**] Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary [Electronic resource]. – Cambridge University Press, 2020 – URL: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/ (data obraschenia: 27.04.2020)

[4**] Cobuild C. English Language Dictionary. – Harper Collins Publishers, 1993. – 1703p.

[5**] Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English: with new words supplement. – 3 ed. – Harlow: Longman, 2001. – 1668 p.

[6**] Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press 2000. – 1540 p.

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DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2021.32.1.003

UDC 829: 801.3

CATEGORY “SPACE” IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE WORLD PICTURE

(IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOURSE)

I.Yu. Lavrinenko

Voronezh State Technical University

PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Technology of Translation

Irina Yuryevna Lavrinenko e-mail: lavrinirina1@yandex.ru

Problem Statement. The article presents the analysis of the phenomenon “space” in the aspect of lin- guistic-and-cognitive approach to the language study. The research is conducted on the material of philosophical discourse, namely, on the texts of the philosophical treatise of F. Bacon “The Essays”. Means of verbal explication of the phenomenon “space” are analyzed using semantic-and-cognitive approach, their interpretational and quantitative analysis is conducted, the features of near and far periphery of the lexical-and-semantic field of the phenomenon “space” are determined, the specific features of its content in the English linguistic picture of the world in the consideration of philosophical world view are revealed.

Results. The phenomenon “space” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is represented by the image of garden. The phenomenon garden in the English picture of the world is a complex multicomponent cognitive formation, its nuclear areas of cognitive structure incorporate the following features:

“limitation”, “cultivated territory”, “place for rest”. The features belonging to far periphery of the phenomenon garden can be presented by three groups: “Organization of Space”; “Activity in Space”; “Evaluation of Space”. The most number of language examples represent the group “Organization of Space”, that contains the feature of geometrical parameters of garden and conditions of organization of garden space.

Conclusion. Phenomenon “space” in the philosophical discourse is a complex mental formation. Its contents can be represented by structural-and-parametric model, basic elements of which are geometric parameters. Metric accuracy is the basis of space organization of garden in the aspect of philosophy of F. Bacon. Space is determined by the following function of garden: to be a comfortable place for esthetic visualization and relaxation, to present a result of the unity of man`s knowledge and experience and uniqueness of nature. The interconnection of the components of garden, their harmonious co-existence makes up an associative parallel between organization of garden space and miniature of the world model in the philosophical interpretation of F. Bacon. Space is considered to be a component of plant life, a locus for man`s activity, man`s constant experiment in harmony with nature.

Key words: phenomenon “space”, lexical-and semantic analysis, philosophical discourse, organization of space, activity in space, evaluation of space, F. Bacon, linguistic world picture.

For citation: Lavrinenko I.Yu. Category “Space” in the English language world picture (in the philosophical discourse) / I.Yu. Lavrinenko // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. –

2021. - № 1 (32). – P. 28-39.

Introduction.

Life is organized around certain space, specially organized environment, that serves a medium for man`s spiritual and physical living activity, that presents space as basic construct of the world. In general, space is regarded as an area of man`s existence, locus of his physical

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© Lavrinenko I.Yu., 2021

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presence in this world. Speaking allegorically, space is referred to as a certain ephemeral information field, a complex of ideas and knowledge of man, special ideological, spiritual-and- ethical norms and rules, socially accepted life principles. All these considered, space is a category of world order.

Space as a conceptual ephemeral medium accumulates man`s intellectual and spiritual abilities, that serves criteria for his or her self-awareness, inner evaluation for his or her deeds and actions.

Areas of inner and outer space of man are not autonomous, they are interconnected and interdependent, so that the origin of objects located in tangible space depends on man`s intentions and his or her inner world views and perceptions, moral ground, hopes and aims.

Speculations about inner and outer space of a person aren`t autonomous, but are interconnected and reciprocal. The objects of the tangible space are conditioned by the person`s needs and are reflections of his or her worldview, attitudes and aspirations.

The views on space and time are commonly referred to the area of philosophy. Since ancient times the ideas about space have had several interpretations (the speculations of I. Newton, N. Copernicus, I. Kant, et al.). It is explained by relevance of space for man as a fundamental component of nature, on the one hand, and by high abstractness and complexity of space definition, on the other. That makes space a popular object of investigation. In conception of Aristotle, space is interpreted as an absolute, finite phenomenon, and also as dynamically developed notion, that was relevant for the epoch of Renaissance. The fact that ideas about space have undergone several changes is primarily explained by abundant scientific discoveries. The prospects of celestial bodies investigation, the growing opportunities for physical calculations led to broadening of the limits of mental space.

Today the scientific views on properties of space undergo substantial changes: the theory on space continuity is questioned, in view of the theory of multidimensional nature of space there is hypothesis about existence of eleven space dimensions [1].

According to philosophical interpretation, space is a certain matter, the form of objects coordination, reflection of properties of existing objects, specifying their size and structure. The correlation of space and time is worth noticing, as they are characterized in terms of quantity and quality, and infinity. Space is an objective category (independent on man`s conscious), it is connected with motion and endlessness. It is a quantitative phenomenon, which properties can`t be fully explained by the powers of intellect [2].

At present space is not only the subject matter of natural sciences, but a phenomenon, relevant for the humanitarian sciences. The importance of space as a component of life was stated by N.D. Arutyunova. In her opinion, space together with ontological and time parameters determines the area of objects` existence [3, cit. 4].

Space is also described as conditioned ephemeral area for communication, a part of communicational processes [5, p. 237].

The proposed article presents the essence of space in the philosophical texts of the Renaissance period. In the process of research linguistic-and-cognitive approach was implemented, based on linguistic data of philosophical text that is being linguistically analyzed and interpreted using cognitive methods.

As it is known, language reflects man`s ideas about different components of his or her life, both in its direct meaning (about home, family, household, etc.) and in general sense (about the world around in planetary scale). Language acts as an instrument, by means of which in the process of communication man represents his or her knowledge about the world. Language reflects experience of one person or of a group or nation. Complex knowledge about the world, expressed by language means, makes up linguistic picture of the world. The idea of

“linguistic picture of the world” is related to the ideas of V. von Humboldt about inner form of a language [6], hypothesis of linguistic relativity of Sapir-Whorf [7, c.135-198]. Fundamental works on analyses of linguistic picture of the world are written by L. Weisgerber, H. Hipper., 29

M. Johson, G. Lakoff, G. Leneker, B. Whorf, A. Wierzbicka as well as by the Russian linguists U.D. Apresyan, T.V. Buligina, V.V. Ivanov, U.N. Karaulov, etc.

In this article we present the research of space. The analyzed linguistic means will supposedly reveal the nature of this phenomena in the conception of an outstanding philosopher of 19-th century – F. Bacon. Being one of the most prominent philosophers of England of Renaissance period, his views on different areas of life met the needs of the society of that time, reflected the general mood of the epoch. His descriptions of space may contain the features relevant for national English picture of the world as a whole.

The research was conducted on the material of the treaties of F. Bacon «The Essays». In this article the chapter “Of Gardening”, describing the space of garden, is analyzed. We believe that the description of material object (the garden) in philosophical work may reveal the rules of garden object location (the environment of garden in literal sense), and also give an idea about space as ephemeral continuum.

Today phenomenon “space” is a popular object of analysis with the application of lin- guistic-and-cognitive method. Space is described as culturally marked phenomenon, which features vary depending on the ethnic background of a native language speaker – the author of the text. Space is analyzed in the linguistic picture of the world of the Russians and Kazakhs [8], the concept “space” is defined through analyses of toponymic means in the Russian and French phraseological units [4]. Space as linguistic-and-cultural concept in the individual linguistic picture of the world of R.M. Rilke is described in the article of O.A. Padchuk. The author points out the common nature of space and loneliness [9]. The proposed study represents crossdisciplinary analyses of the concept “space” conducted within the scopes of both linguistics and philosophy. The study of linguistic (contextual) representation of this phenomenon on the material of philosophic texts helps to reveal its additional features and thus get more complete idea about its contents. Language research through its contextual representation demonstrates cultural differences, as written speech behavior of an author accumulates not only the information about his or her individual cultural experience, but also about national consciousness in general [10]. Besides, it is of interest to note that the language of the author contains his or her inner attitude to the object of narration, that helps to understand its real nature and determine the importance of this phenomenon for people national wide.

Methodology of the research.

The article is aimed at revealing the specific features of the phenomenon “space” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon, particularly, at determining the linguistic means of its representation, the semantic features of its cognitive structure, analyzing its contents and quantity ratio as well as getting specific idea of space in the English language picture of the world.

The object of the research is linguistic means of representation of the categories of space in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon. The subject of the research is the features, structuring space, key components of its organization, the principles of its structuring as well as the other dominant categories, correlating with the idea of space in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon.

To achieve this goal semantic-and-cognitive analysis of the texts of the treaties The Essays of F. Bacon [1*] was conducted. Methodological base of the research is represented by the following methods: the method of overall sampling, the method of lexico-and-semantic analysis, the method of lexico-and-cognitive analysis, descriptive method. The method of overall sampling concerned the revealing the lexemes and the contexts, representing the concept from the text of the chapter “Of Gardening”. Then, the cases of the lexemes used, namely, their lexical meaning and their semantic features were analyzed.

The method of lexico-and-cognitive analysis concerned interpretations of the contexts, describing space, and revealing additional features, which make up cognitive structure of the concept. Application of this method is based on the conception of Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin, which deals with revealing semems, constituting concept, and their contextual interpretation

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[11, p. 12-15]. Descriptive method is used to describe the revealed features and their meaning and get an idea about space in the language picture of the world of the representatives of the English culture.

Phenomenon “space” in this research is synonymous to the idea of concept. Following Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin, concept is a discrete mental formation, a result of cognitive activity of men, which contains the information about the object or phenomenon and about its interpretation in society [12, p. 24]. Concept contains knowledge about social-and-cultural experience of nation as well as individual experience. As N. Cotsaounis argues, according to the theory of frames, offered by Minsky and Barsalov, for general understanding of the concept categorization, one should consider the complex knowledge of areas of linguistics, cognitive and philosophical sciences [13].

Discourse linguistic analyses are quite relevant today, as they give the opportunity to study special cases of the language use, suitable for a definite situation. They help to reveal the differences in speech behavior of people that make a language of nation, that, in turn, makes an ethic group or a person unique. Analyses of a certain type of discourse help to determine the differences in the language use, that are of paramount importance in achieving communication goal within this or that type of discourse [14].

In the proposed research discourse is considered following the definition made by N.D. Arutyunova, - a coherent text together with extralinguistic factors, a component that takes part in interaction of people and their cognitive processes [15, p. 136].

Results of the research.

In the beginning of our research the features, comprising nuclear areas of the phenomenon “space” were determined. Analysis of dictionary definitions of the lexeme space was conducted, key semas of its lexical meaning were singled out.

According to the Russian lexicographical sources, the features of space are: continuity, volume, connection with the category of time as well as materialistic and structural nature, correlation with the other objects of reality [1**], infinity, localization relative to other objects of reality, possessing of volume, form, structure [2**].

In the result of lexicographical analysis of the English sources it was found out that nominee of space in the English language is lexeme “space”. In the process of analysis of the lexical meaning of this lexeme the following features have been found out: limitation; three- dimensional area (possessing volume), uniformity; the element of man`s comfort, infinity, continuity, personal possession of man, inviolability [3**]. These features compose nuclear area of the lexical-and-semantic field of the phenomenon “space” according to the methods of seman- tic-and-cognitive analysis of concepts. Dictionary entries of direct nominees of concepts contain the most relevant features for collective consciousness of a nation - native language speakers [16, p. 123].

As the given above features of the lexical meaning suggest, in the Russian linguistic consciousness, as well as in the English one, space has features of limitation, geometrical characteristics (volume), infiniteness, endlessness. In contrast to the features of space in the Russian consciousness, though, for the English people space is associated with comfort and is more regarded as private territory, that needs to be secured. Private attitude to space in the English

linguistic culture is nominated by the lexeme privacy – the quality or state of being apart from company or observation [3**].

The feature of space as a component of privacy in the English linguistic consciousness may be explained by cultural-and-historical tendency of the English people to isolation and their reserved character. Presumably, it is influenced by special geographical position of the

United Kingdom, its spatial isolation, attitude to the English people as to the possessors of “islander`s” mentality.

It is interesting to note that space in the English linguistic culture functions as a limited area. Space is a private territory, that, on the one hand, serves a place for a man`s stay, and as a

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means of protection and enclosure of man from the outer world, on the other. English private house is often surrounded by a vast lawn that is separated from the other territory by a fence or a hedge, dividing the territory to common and private. Space in the English culture is a sacred phenomenon, to enter the private space without permission (to trespass) is regarded by the English people as a personal offence that is against of any ethical rules and norms of the English world order [17].

The given above features of space are mostly characterized as general cultural and secular. In this article space is regarded as philosophical category, verbalized in philosophical context of the 17-th century. Category “Garden” was previously analyzed as a complex of constituting components [18, p. 32-47]. In this article space of garden is analyzed as a special ephemeral area, part of the Universe and a component of life.

To reveal the features of the phenomenon “space” in the philosophical discourse we elicited the contexts, containing the lexeme garden, and carried out their lexical-and-semantic analyses.

In the process of research we revealed 120 contexts, concerning the parameters of garden`s space in the text of “The Essays”, and the lexemes, connected with the objects of garden or with the specificity of garden`s territory planning.

In the result of the lexical-and-semantic analysis of these lexemes and interpretation of the contexts we singled out the range of features of the cognitive structure of the phenomenon

“garden” in the philosophical discourse. These features are expressed by differential semas of the lexemes-nominees. The revealed features may be represented by the following groups:

1. O r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e g a r d e n ` s s p a c e .

The above mentioned features represent the principles that determine the limits of the territory of garden (its parametrical data), type of activity in the space of garden and evaluation of the garden`s space. According to the theory of lexical-and-semantic field of concept (phenomena), these groups form subfields of the phenomenon “garden”.

It is interesting to note that the group of features “Organization of the garden`s space” contains more discrete ones, presenting parameters, that act as the basis for division of space in the philosophical discourse, in more details. These features are incorporated in subgroups. Be-

s p a c e ” represent geometrical parameters. i.e. peculiarities of the placement of the garden`s objects horizontally and vertically, the area of the territory, objects size, object`s form. Below are the subgroups of the features, connected with geographical positioning of the garden`s space and the corresponding examples.

1 . 1 . Geometrical Space Points. a) horizontal orientation of objects:

i n r o w s : Roses, damask and red, are fast flowers of their smells; so that you may

is the violet, specially the white double violet [1*]; it is a little dust, like the dust of a bent,

It is of interest to note that when emphasizing the parameters of the objects in the garden F. Bacon followed the principle of balance, equilibrium. Thus, the author mentions the placement of objects on either side from the center, i.e. defining the central and peripheral areas of the garden, highlighting its systemic organization.

Spatial categories in the discourse of F. Bacon are accompanied by quantitative data. The author points out the exact sizes of the garden`s areas, hedge and hills with mathematical accuracy. Mathematical precision of his philosophical texts resemble encyclopedia, which not only presents the general idea of garden but also acts as a manual for a gardener or landscape designer. To follow the instruction on garden objects location with precision is of paramount importance for F. Bacon, that is characteristic of his linguistic picture of the world.

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