1. Don’t miss any detail.

2. Examine the main principles of Global Positioning System (GPS) before you learn the basics of GLONASS.

3. We can divide the history of GLONASS into three parts.

4. GLONASS satellites transmit two types of signal: a standard precision (SP) signal and an obfuscated high precision (HP) signal.

5. Russia relies on the participation of India in the development of its GLONASS satellite navigation system on an equal basis.

6. After the collapse of the Russian economy it was difficult to determine when the system would be restored.

7. Trying to penetrate computer systems is against the law.

8. Record the orbital characteristics of glonass.

9. The best way to begin hacking into a system is to try to get hold of a password.

10. If someone telephones you and asks for your password, don't provide it.

E. Grammar: turn the following into indirect speech.

For example: “We don’t know anything about different gnss navigation systems”. – He said that they didn’t know anything about different gnss navigation systems.

1. “GALILEO has already influenced the accelerated modernization of GPS and GLONASS”. I was told … .

2. “Some years ago Russian President V. Putin signed a decree, providing open access to the civilian navigation signals of the GLONASS system to Russian and foreign consumers free of charge and without limitation”. Yesterday he read … .

3. “The modernization of the three described GNSS will drive satellite based navigation more and more into a mass market”. These scientists said … .

4. “GNSS will find its application in hand – held devices or cell-phones”. He said… .

5. “The Samsung Galaxy Note was the first to use GLONASS technology”. He admitted … .

6. “The capabilities of GLONASS and GPS will gradually become comparable”. The Roscosmos deputy head confirmed … .

7. “A Proton-M carrier rocket bearing three Glonass-M navigation satellites must be launched from the Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan”. He told them …

8. “A Russian rocket launched the first two satellites of the European Union's Galileo navigation system last year”. It was reported … .

9. “The European Commission (EC) is investing billions of euros in its own version of the American GPS system”. They informed us … .

10. “Beidou, or Big Dipper, the domestic version of the US Global Positioning System (GPS), started providing navigation in China”. He told her … .

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, using the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo or Beidou system, are used in many applications.

F. Grammar: transform the following questions into the indirect questions, using the beginnings in the right column.

Questions	Reported /Indirect questions
“Are there any open sources of "up-to date" electronic maps of Russian regions, as well as database of geographical coordinates of objects located on the Russian Federation territory?”	The student asked …
“Is the GLONASS signal free for everybody?”	He wanted to know…
”Can the antenna be used with a standard commercial receiver?”	They asked us …
“What is a dual system receiver?”	She asked him …
“GPS or GLONASS. Which one is better Vehicle Tracking System and why?”	He rang up to inquire…
“Where can I buy books about the GLONASS (legal aspects of the application, principles of construction and operation etc.)?”	The student asked his teacher …
“What are the major differences between GPS, GLONASS, COMPASS and Galileo?”	She asked them…
“When will GLONASS provide 100% coverage of Russia territory, and who will provide navigation services?”	These scholars wanted to know…
“Have the limits on the navigational measurements with the accuracy better than 30 meters been withdrawn?”	The engineer asked …
“Has the antenna been successfully tested with a GPS receiver?”	The experimenter wondered …

G. Grammar: insert the prepositions where necessary:

Transmission ... signals; frequencies ... those ... visible lights; ... means ... oscillating electromagnetic fields; pass ... the air and the vacuum ... space; this can be detected and transformed ... sound; demonstrated the feasibility ... wireless communication; was one ... the first to develop; this navigation system operates ….exactly ... the same way.

H. Grammar: match the beginnings to the ends, using if –rules.

1. If our hypothesis is supported,	a) it wouldn’t have been included into the technical specifications of the latest devices.
2. If the GLONASS system hadn’t attracted the attention of famous mobile manufacturers (Apple, Samsung, Nokia),	b) the country will not be able to use its own satellite navigation system "Compass".
3. If the level of technological development in China is not allowed to use the latest achievements,	c) even before 2008, the Galileo system would have been applied not only for geophysical and navigation tasks.
4. If you intend to relate GPS position to a paper map (such as a street directory, or topographic map),	d) they would be protected from the limitation of GPS signal strength from the U.S.
5. If Europe had been seriously concerned about safety problems some years ago,	e) the failure of this mission would have been inevitably explained by the human factor.
6. If Europe deployed the Galileo system for the full coverage of European countries,	f) then there is no downside to using both.
7. If the rocket "Proton M" which tried to deliver three satellites of the GLONASS into the orbit had been piloted,	g) more research may be done to develop methods of satellite navigation.
8. If cars had been connected to the GLONASS monitoring system,	h) you should at least be aware of different datum positions.
9. If you have the choice of using only GPS or GPS and GLONASS,	i) a lot of large problems could have been avoided.
10. If you were located on some ice floe at 70 or 80 degrees North,	j) GLONASS+GPS might get you some slight advantage over GPS alone.

I. Grammar: put the words in brackets in the right order and finish the sentences using infinitive to express purpose. Translate them into Russian. Example: (this/carry out/experiment/to) you must have special training. – To carry out this experiment, you must have special training.

1. (devices/to/ between/ communicate/ network/ wireless/radio-based), several transmission techniques are used: single-frequency, spread-spectrum, and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.

2. People use special apparatus (to/very/hear/high-frequency sounds/in order).

3. A special bit pattern is used (the beginning/locate/of a frame/to).

4. We‘ll consider a very simple example (explain/in/this/to/phenomenon/order).

5. The engineers did their best (the/so as not/transmission/interrupt/to).

J. Grammar: translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to Participle I and Participle II.

1. Having finished the reception the operator decoded the text.

2. The data being discussed at the seminar are of particular importance.

3. He repaired the broken parts of this machine.

4. Having been invited to the scientific conference he bought a ticket for the plane at once.

5. Hertz (Hz) is the unit representing the frequency.