- •Dealing with statistics вивчаючи статистику
- •Fundamentals of Statistics
- •Read and translate the text: What is statistics?
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Present tenses Present Simple. Present Continuous. State Verbs
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the box in the correct present tense.
- •Look at the following extracts. There are six incorrect verbs. Find and correct them.
- •Unit 2. A very brief history of statistics.
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the text:
- •Why you need to use statistics
- •Past tenses 1 Past Simple. Past Continuous. Used to/ Would.
- •1. Fill in the gaps in this model answer with verbs from the box in the past simple.
- •3 A teacher and student are talking about local customs. Fill in the gaps with the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Use would or used to where possible.
- •Unit 3. Variable and constant. Discrete and continuous.
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the texts:
- •Variable and constant
- •Discrete and continuous
- •5. Write out the definitions from the texts:
- •6. Complete the following sentences:
- •7. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •8. Give examples of:
- •Present perfect Present Perfect. Present Perfect Continuous
- •1 Tick (/) the correct underlined verbs, and correct the verbs that are wrong.
- •3. Underline the correct form of the verbs.
- •4 Fill in the gaps with a verb from the box in the present perfect simple or present perfect continuous. You will need to use some verbs more than once.
- •Unit 4. Cardinal and ordinal. Population and sample.
- •1. Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the texts:
- •5. Write out the definitions out of the texts:
- •6. Complete the following sentences:
- •7. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •8. Give examples of:
- •9. Summarize the contents of the text in 10 – 15 sentences. Use the expressions:
- •Past tenses іі Past Perfect. Past Perfect Continuous.
- •1 Fill in the gaps with the past perfect simple of the verbs in brackets in the positive or negative.
- •2 Complete the report with the past simple or past perfect simple of the verbs in brackets
- •Unit 5. Misuses of statistics.
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the texts:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •Sum up all the information about statistics and discuss this topic with your group-mates according to the plan:
- •Future 1 Plans, Intentions and Predictions: Present Continuous; Going to; Will
- •Fill in the gaps in the second half of this model answer with phrases from the box.
- •2 Fill in the gaps with the present continuous or will-future form of the verbs in brackets.
- •Unit 6. Basic statistical vocabulary.
- •1. Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •2. Read, translate and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the texts:
- •Variables and data
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •8. Write out the definitions of variables from the texts:
- •Give examples of these variables.
- •Summarize the contents of the text in 10 – 15 sentences. Use the expressions:
- •Don’t put all your data into one basket!
- •Future 2 Present Simple; be about to; future continuous; future perfect
- •The following chart shows the results of a class survey about planned activities for Saturday afternoon. Complete the sentences using the future continuous tense.
- •Read the following projections about the future population of Australia
- •3 In six of these sentences there is a verb in the wrong tense. Underline each mistake and write the correction.
- •4 Fill in the gaps with a future form from this unit and the verbs in brackets.
- •Test Practice. Academic Writing Task 1
- •Test Yourself (Unit 1–6)
- •Unit 7. Sources of Data.
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the text:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the expressions:
- •Get ready to speak about sources of data. Use the following phrases:
- •Adjectives and Adverbs Describing things; adding information about manner, place, time, frequency and intensity.
- •1 Read the test task and the students' responses. Some of the adjectives they used are underlined. If they are used correctly, put a tick (/). If they are wrong, write the correct answer.
- •2 Write the missing adjectives and adverbs.
- •3 Match the beginnings (1-8) and the endings (a-h) of the sentences. Join them by adding a suitable -ed or -ing adjective formed from one of the verbs in the box. Use each verb once.
- •4 Underline the correct words.
- •Unit 8. Presenting Categorical Data.
- •1. Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •2. Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •3. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •Column Variable
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •7 Answer the following questions:
- •8. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the expressions:
- •9. Get ready to speak about “Presenting Numerical Data”. Use the following phrases:
- •Comparing things Comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs; other ways of comparing
- •1 Fill in the gaps with the adjectives in the box in a comparative or superlative form.
- •2 Fill in the gaps with the words in brackets in a comparative or superlative form.
- •3 Fill in the gaps in the model answer below. Use one word in each gap.
- •Academic Writing Task 2
- •Unit 9. Analysing and Presenting Data.
- •1. Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •3. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •4. Read and translate the texts:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •Give examples of graphs you know. Modals I
- •I Obligation and necessity; suggestion and advice; adverbs
- •2 Fill in the gaps below with the correct form of (not) have to, must, (not) need or should.
- •3 Read the extract. Decide if the underlined phrases are correct or not. Tick (✓) them if they are right and correct them if they are wrong.
- •4 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of (not) have to, ought to or must(n't) and the verbs in brackets.
- •Modals II Ability; possibility; alternatives to modals
- •5 Underline the most suitable words. Sometimes both options are possible
- •6 Tick (✓) the sentence, a or b, which best matches the sentence on the right.
- •7 Replace the underlined phrases with a suitable past modal phrase.
- •Unit 10. Describing data.
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Read and memorize the following words. Use them in the sentences.
- •3. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •4. Read and translate the texts:
- •Inferring differences and relationships
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •11. Changes can also be described in more detail by modifying a verb with an adverb. Using a verb from box a and an adverb from box b make sentences describing the changes represented on the graph.
- •12. Read the following summary of the Magic Music Downloads. The expressions in bold refer to time and amount. Underline the expression that you think is correct according to the graph.
- •Write a brief summary of your own graph using the language you have covered in this lesson.
- •14. Extension. (If you have time in this lesson or for the beginning of the next lesson)
- •Up close and personal: Survey results
- •If your data are categorical:
- •If your data are numerical:
- •Reported speech Tense changes; time references; reporting questions; reporting verbs
- •1 Here is a conversation between Tanya and her teacher.
- •2 Underline the correct verb in each sentence.
- •3 Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
- •4 Report each of the sentences below using a verb from the box. Remember that you do not need to report the original words exactly.
- •Uniit 11 categorical data in tables and graphs
- •Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
- •Read and translate the following sentences:
- •Read and translate the text:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •Ask 10 general questions to the text.
- •Answer the following questions:
- •Get ready to speak about presenting categorical data using tables. Draw the examples of a frequency, a cross-classification table and graphs to support your talk.
- •1 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •2 Underline the correct form of the verbs.
- •4 Fill in the gaps in the letter using both of the verbs in brackets.
- •Unit 12 numerical data in tables and graphs
- •1. Practice the pronunciation of the words:
- •2. Memorize the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
- •3. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •4. Read and translate the text:
- •Complete the following sentences:
- •6. Ask 10 disjunctive questions to the text.
- •7. Answer the following questions:
- •8. Get ready to speak about the graphs. Use the following phrases:
- •Likelihood based on conditions
- •I. Zero, first and second conditionals; other ways to introduce a condition
- •2 Fill in the gaps in the extracts below using the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
- •3 Decide if the underlined verbs are correct or not. Tick (✓) them if they are right and correct them if they are wrong
- •4 Underline the correct words.
- •II Third conditional; mixed conditionals; wishes and regrets; should(n’t) have
- •1 Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
- •2 Read about two scientific discoveries that were made due to chance and complete the sentences.
- •3 Find and correct the mistakes in the sentences below.
- •Test Practice. Academic Reading
- •Academic Writing Task 3
- •Test Yourself (Units 7 – 12)
- •Keys to grammar exercises удалено Grammar references
- •Future continuous
- •Future perfect
- •Future perfect continuous
- •1 Adjectives
- •2 Adverbs
- •Irregular adverbs
- •Reported Statements
- •Reported Questions
- •Reported Orders
- •Reported Commands, Requests, Suggestions, etc
- •Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and -ing form
- •The infinitive without to (also called bare infinitive) is used:
- •Conditionals:Types 2 and 3
- •Other words to introduce a condition
- •In case
- •Mixed conditionals
- •Irregular verbs
- •Glossary
- •Key vocabulary index
- •References
- •Content
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ
СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ
імені ВОЛОДИМИРА ДАЛЯ
Сургай С.О.
Dealing with statistics вивчаючи статистику
Луганськ 2011
УДК 378.147: 311 (075)
ББК 60.6-57.4
Рекомендовано Вченою радою Східноукраїнського національного університету імені Володимира Даля
Відповідальний редактор:
Уманський О.М., доктор економічних наук, професор НДІ соціально-трудових відносин Міністерства праці та соціальної політики України
Р е ц е н з е н т и:
Могилевська Н.Е., кандидат педагогічних наук, начальник кафедри іноземних мов Луганського інституту внутрішніх справ МВС України.
Міквабія Е. Г., кандидат педагогічних наук, завідувач кафедри англійської мови Східноукраїнського національного університету імені Володимира Даля.
Сургай С. О.
М346 Dealing with Statistics: Посібник. - Луганськ: вид-во СНУ ім. В.Даля, 2011. - 105 с.: табл. 2., бібліогр. 19 назв.
ISBN 966 - 590 - 200 – 8
Даний посібник й навчальні завдання призначені для студентів I-II курсів спеціальності «Статистика». Основна їх ціль – розвиток навичок усного мовлення.
Тексти підібрані з наукової літератури й носять пізнавальний характер. При доборі текстового матеріалу автор ураховувала інформативну цінність, їхню відповідність рівню мовної підготовки.
Різні вправи носять творчий характер, стимулюють швидку мовну реакцію. Розуміння текстів контролюється відповідями на питання різного характеру, а також коротким переказом текстів. Деякі завдання носять дискусійний характер і дають можливість виразити своє ставлення до обговорюваної теми.
Посібник призначений для аудиторної й поза-аудиторної роботи
УДК 378.147: 311 (075)
ББК 60.6-57.4
ISBN 966-590-200-8 Сидорова Л. М.
Східноукраїнський національний університет імені Володимира Даля, 2011
Fundamentals of Statistics
Every day, you encounter numerical information that describes or analyzes some aspect of the world you live in. For example, here are some news items that appeared in the pages of The New York Times during a one-month period:
• Between 1969 and 2001, the rate of forearm fractures rose 52% for girls and 32% for boys, with the largest increases among children in early puberty, according to a recent Mayo Clinic study.
• Across the New York metropolitan area, the median sales price of a single-family home has risen by 75% since 1998, an increase of more than $140,000.
• A study that explored the relationship between the price of a book and the number of copies of a book sold found that raising prices by 1% reduced sales by 4% at BN.com, but reduced sales by only 0.5% at Amazon.com.
Such stories as these would not be possible to understand without statistics, the branch of mathematics that consists of methods of processing and analyzing data to better support rational decision-making processes. Using statistics to better understand the world means more than just producing a new set of numerical information—you must interpret the results by reflecting on the significance and the importance of the results to the decision-making process you face. Interpretation also means knowing when to ignore results, either because they are misleading, are produced by incorrect methods, or just restate the obvious, as this news story “reported” by the comedian David Letterman illustrates:
USA Today has come out with a new survey. Apparently, 3 out of every 4 people make up 75% of the population.
As newer technologies allow people to process and analyze ever-increasing amounts of data, statistics plays an increasingly important part of many decision-making processes today. Reading this chapter will help you understand the fundamentals of statistics and introduce you to concepts that are used throughout this book.
UNIT 1. Why you need to use statistics in your research
Practice the pronunciation of the words:
Procedure, analyse, quantitative, statistician, scientific, approach, recipient, phenomenon, occurrence, confusion, technique, area, inference, hypothesis, coherently.
Look through the text and find the explanation of the following words:
Statistics Data Sample Inference Hypothesis
Memorize the following words and word combinations. Use them in the sentences. Pay attention to the prepositions.
obtain
refer to
branch
be concerned with
be familiar with
gather
draw a conclusion
Read and translate the following sentences:
1. He obtained a law degree from the University of California. 2. This information is easily obtainable on the Internet. 3. Please refer to your owner's manual for more information. 4. Neurology is a branch of medicine. 5. It’s a bank with branches all over the country. 6. I am very concerned that class sizes seem to be growing. 7. People are becoming more concerned about what they eat. 8. It's nice to see a few familiar faces around here. 9. This street doesn't look familiar to me. 10. Anyone who's familiar with his poetry will find the course easy. 11. He doesn't like to be too familiar with his staff. 11. Crowds of fans gathered at the stadium for the big match. 12. She gathered her things together and left. 12. I've come to the conclusion that we'll have to sell the car. 13. In conclusion, I would like to thank our guest speaker. 14. You shouldn't jump to conclusions just because they were holding hands.