- •The verb
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
- •§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of the Verb
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite
- •In demonstrations, instructions, commentaries and itineraries.
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous
- •An action in progress
- •A temporary characteristic of a person
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect
- •A series of actions which have happened up to now and can be continued
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which began in the past and is still in progress
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite
- •An action performed in the past
- •A general characteristic of a person in the past
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past or a past state
- •A succession of past actions
- •A repeated action in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the past
- •An action prior to another past action
- •An action which began before a definite moment in the past, continued up to that moment and was still in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite
- •A future action or an official arrangement
- •A prediction based on our opinion or past experience
- •A polite inquiry
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous
- •An action in progress at a definite moment in the future
- •A fixed arrangement seen as a part of routine
- •An anticipated future action
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect
- •An action completed before a definite moment in the future
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous
- •An action which begins before a definite moment in the future, will continue up to that moment and will still be in progress at that moment
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past
- •§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice
- •§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian
- •Combinations of the verb бути with the Past Participle Passive
- •§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice
- •Informal English
- •Formal notices and announcements
- •Press reports
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses
- •§ 1. The General Notion
- •§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes
- •§ 3. Indirect Statements
- •§ 4. Indirect Questions
- •§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests
- •§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice
- •§ 7. Indirect Exclamations
- •§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking
- •§ 9. Modal Verbs
- •§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech
- •Exercises the verb
- •The present indefinite
- •The present continuous
- •The present perfect
- •The present perfect continuous
- •The past indefinite
- •The past continuous
- •The past perfect
- •The past perfect continuous
- •The future tenses
- •The passive voice
- •The sequence of tenses direct and indirect speech
- •Revision exercises
- •The table of irregular verbs
- •Bibliography
CONTENTS |
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THE VERB |
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§ 1. The General Notion……………………………………………………………………………….. |
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§ 2. The Classification of Verbs……………………………………………………………………….. |
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§ 3. The Grammatical Categories of Verbs……………………………………………………………. |
6 |
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TENSES IN THE ACTIVE VOICE |
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THE PRESENT TENSES |
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The Present Indefinite Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Present Indefinite…………………………………………………………... |
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Spelling Rules………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
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§ 2. The Use of the Present Indefinite…………………………………………………………………. |
10 |
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The Present Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Present Continuous………………………………………………………… |
12 |
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Spelling Rules………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
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§ 2. The Use of the Present Continuous……………………………………………………………….. |
13 |
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The difference between the Present Indefinite and the Present Continuous expressing future actions.. |
15 |
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The difference between the Present Indefinite and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive expressing future actions………………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
15 |
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The difference between the Present Continuous and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive expressing future actions………………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
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The Present Perfect Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect……………………………………………………………... |
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§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect……………………………………………………………………. |
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The Present Perfect Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Present Perfect Continuous………………………………………………… |
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§ 2. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous……………………………………………………….. |
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The Difference between the Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive……… |
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The Difference between the Present Perfect Inclusive and the Present Perfect Continuous Inclusive... |
21 |
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The Difference between the Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Continuous Exclusive………….. |
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THE PAST TENSES |
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The Past Indefinite Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Past Indefinite……………………………………………………………… |
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Spelling Rules………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
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§ 2. The Use of the Past Indefinite…………………………………………………………………….. |
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The Difference between the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite…………………………………... |
26 |
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The Past Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Past Continuous……………………………………………………………. |
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§ 2. The Use of the Past Continuous…………………………………………………………………... |
27 |
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The Past Perfect Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect………………………………………………………………… |
28 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect………………………………………………………………………... |
29 |
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The Difference between the Past Indefinite and the Past Perfect……………………………………… |
30 |
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The Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Past Perfect Continuous……………………………………………………. |
30 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Past Perfect Continuous…………………………………………………………... |
31 |
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The Difference between the Past Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive…………….. |
32 |
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The Difference between the Past Perfect Inclusive and the Past Perfect Continuous Inclusive………. |
32 |
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The Difference between the Past Perfect and the Past Perfect Continuous Exclusive………………… |
33 |
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THE FUTURE TENSES |
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The Future Indefinite Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite…………………………………………………………… |
33 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite…………………………………………………………………... |
34 |
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The Future Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous…………………………………………………………. |
34 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous………………………………………………………………… |
35 |
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The Future Perfect Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect…………………………………………………………........ |
35 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect……………………………………………………………………... |
36 |
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The Future Perfect Continuous Tense |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous…………………………………………………. |
36 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous………………………………………………………... |
37 |
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The Difference between the Future Indefinite and TO BE GOING TO + Infinitive………………….. |
38 |
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The Difference between the Future Indefinite and the Future Continuous……………………………. |
38 |
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The Difference between the Future Perfect and the Future Perfect Continuous Inclusive……………. |
38 |
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The Ways of Expressing Future Actions………………………………………………………………. |
39 |
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THE FUTURE TENSES IN THE PAST |
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The Future Indefinite in the Past |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Indefinite in the Past……………………………………………….. |
41 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Indefinite in the Past………………………………………………………. |
41 |
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The Future Continuous in the Past |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Continuous in the Past……………………………………………… |
42 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Continuous in the Past…………………………………………………….. |
42 |
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The Future Perfect in the Past |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect in the Past…………………………………………………... |
43 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect in the Past…………………………………………………………. |
43 |
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The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past |
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§ 1. The Formation of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past……………………………………... |
44 |
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§ 2. The Use of the Future Perfect Continuous in the Past…………………………………………….. |
44 |
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THE PASSIVE VOICE |
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§ 1. The General Notion……………………………………………………………………………….. |
45 |
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§ 2. The Formation of the Passive Voice………………………………………………………………. |
46 |
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§ 3. The Ways of Translation of the Passive Voice into Ukrainian…………………………………… |
47 |
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§ 4. The Use of the Passive Voice……………………………………………………………………... |
47 |
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THE SEQUENCE OF TENSES |
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§ 1. The General Notion……………………………………………………………………………….. |
48 |
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§ 2. The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses……………………………………………………………... |
49 |
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§ 3. The Exceptions to the Rules of the Sequence of Tenses………………………………………….. |
51 |
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DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH |
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§ 1. The General Notion……………………………………………………………………………….. |
51 |
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§ 2. Tense, Time, Pronoun and Place Changes………………………………………………………... |
53 |
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§ 3. Indirect Statements………………………………………………………………………………... |
55 |
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§ 4. Indirect Questions…………………………………………………………………………………. |
55 |
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§ 5. Indirect Orders and Requests……………………………………………………………………… |
56 |
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§ 6. Indirect Offers, Suggestions and Advice………………………………………………………….. |
56 |
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§ 7. Indirect Exclamations……………………………………………………………………………... |
56 |
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§ 8. Greetings and Leave-taking……………………………………………………………………….. |
57 |
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§ 9. Modal Verbs………………………………………………………………………………………. |
57 |
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§ 10. The Subjunctive Mood in Indirect Speech………………………………………………………. |
57 |
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EXERCISES………………………………………………………………………………………….. |
58 |
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REVISION EXERCISES…………………………………………………………………………….. |
100 |
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IRREGULAR VERBS……………………………………………………………………………….. |
105 |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………….. |
109 |
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The verb
§ 1. The General Notion
The Verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action or a state. Generally we distinguish between the following basic forms of the Verb:
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(V1) |
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(V2) |
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(V3) |
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(V4) |
Some grammarians also include here the form of the verb in the 3rd person singular in the Present Indefinite.
§ 2. The Classification of Verbs
Verbs can be classified in the following ways:
According to the morphological structure verbs can be:
(a) simple
(go, read, speak, etc.)
(b) derived
(disclose, redo, simplify, etc.)
(c) compound
(white+wash, broad+cast, black+mail, etc.)
(d) composite
(stand up, go away, sit down, etc.)
According to the way of forming the Past Indefinite and Participle II verbs can be:
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(a) regular
(b) irregular
Regular verbs are the verbs which take the ending -ED in the 2nd and 3rd forms.
E.g. to clean – cleaned – cleaned
to work – worked – worked
Irregular verbs are the verbs which do not take the ending -ED in the 2nd and 3rd forms.
E.g. to go – went – gone
to speak – spoke – spoken
to cut – cut – cut
According to the syntactic function verbs can be:
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(a) main (notional)
(b) auxiliary
(c) link
Main (notional) verbs are the verbs which have a full lexical meaning and can be used as simple predicates.
E.g. He speaks English perfectly.
We discussed this problem yesterday.
Auxiliary verbs are the verbs which have lost their lexical meaning and are used only as form words (as component parts of analytical forms in simple predicates).
E.g. She is writing a letter now.
Will you come to the party?
Link verbs are the verbs which partially have lost their lexical meaning and are used in compound nominal predicates.
E.g. She is a student.
He looked tired.
According to the ability to take a direct object verbs can be:
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(a) transitive
(b) intransitive
Transitive verbs are the verbs which take a direct object (i.e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly).
E.g. He took his papers and went out.
She is reading a book.
Intransitive verbs are the verbs which cannot take a direct object.
E.g. He stood quite still.
Thank you for your kindness.
According to the ability to be used in the Continuous or the Perfect Continuous form verbs can be:
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(a) dynamic
(b) stative
Dynamic verbs are the verbs which denote an action and can be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms.
E.g. I am listening to the radio now.
She has been watching him for half an hour.
Stative verbs are the verbs which denote a certain state and cannot be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms.
We can divide such verbs into the following groups:
verbs of sense perception
to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to sound, to taste, etc.
E.g. I hear you well.
It smells good!
verbs of mental activity
to believe, to doubt, to expect, to feel (=to think), to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to recognize, to remember, to see (=to understand), to suppose, to think, to understand, etc.
E.g. I see what you mean.
She knew that he was right.
verbs of wish, feeling and will
to adore, to agree, to disagree, to desire, to dislike, to envy, to fear, to hate, to like, to love, to prefer, to refuse, to trust, to want, to wish, etc.
E.g. He likes tea.
She wanted to be informed of their arrival.
verbs of possessing
to belong, to have, to own, to possess, etc.
E.g. This house belongs to my friends.
She owned that car for three years.
verbs of existing or being
to be, to come from (=to originate), to consist, to contain, to exist, to hold, etc.
E.g. She is on duty today.
The audience consisted of many teenagers.
NOTE 1. Some of the verbs mentioned above can be used in the Continuous and the Perfect Continuous forms with a change of meaning to express temporary actions.
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E.g. He has (=owns) a car.
He is having (=eating) dinner.
I think (=guess) he is right.
I am thinking (=considering) of entering the University