- •Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •2006, Isbn 3-527-30997-7
- •Volume 1
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •4.1 Introduction 109
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction 185
- •4.3.1 Introduction 392
- •5.1 Introduction 511
- •6.1 Introduction 561
- •6.2.1 Introduction 563
- •6.4.1 Introduction 579
- •Volume 2
- •7.3.1 Introduction 628
- •7.4.1 Introduction 734
- •7.5.1 Introduction 777
- •7.6.1 Introduction 849
- •7.10.1 Introduction 887
- •8.1 Introduction 933
- •1 Introduction 1071
- •5 Processing of Mechanical Pulp and Reject Handling: Screening and
- •1 Introduction 1149
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •150.000 Annual Fiber Flow[kt]
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Void volume
- •Void volume fraction
- •Xylan and Fiber Morphology
- •Initial bulk residual
- •4.2.5.1 Introduction
- •In (Ai) Model concept Reference
- •Initial value
- •Validation and Application of the Kinetic Model
- •Inititial
- •Viscosity
- •Influence on Bleachability
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Impregnation
- •Introduction
- •International
- •Impregnation
- •Influence of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis
- •140 116 Total so2
- •Xylonic
- •Viscosity Brightness
- •Xyl Man Glu Ara Furf hoAc XyLa
- •Initial NaOh charge [% of total charge]:
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •In 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
- •4.0% Worldwide; 4.2% for the cepi countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
- •1150 1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •1 Introduction
- •Virgin fibers
- •74.4 % Mixed grades
- •Indonesia
- •Virgin fibers
- •Inhomogeneous sample Homogeneous sample
- •Variance of sampling Variance of measurement
- •1.Quartile
- •3.Quartile
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Insoluble
- •Integral
- •In Newtonion liquid
- •Velocity
- •Increasing dp
- •2Α filter
- •0 Reaction time
- •Increasing interaction of probe and cellulose
- •Increasing hydrodynamic size
- •Vessel cell of beech
- •Initial elastic range
- •Internal flow
- •Intact structure
- •Viscosity 457
- •Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
- •1292 Index
- •Visbatch® pulp 354
- •Index 1293
- •1294 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Viscosity–extinction 433
- •Index 1295
- •1296 Index
- •Index 1297
- •Inhibitor 789
- •1298 Index
- •Index 1299
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •1300 Index
- •Industries
- •Index 1301
- •1302 Index
- •Index 1303
- •Xylose 463
- •1304 Index
- •Index 1305
- •1306 Index
- •Index 1307
- •1308 Index
- •In conventional kraft cooking 232
- •Visbatch® pulp 358
- •Index 1309
- •In prehydrolysis-kraft process 351
- •Visbatch® cook 349–350
- •1310 Index
- •Index 1311
- •1312 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1313
- •Viscosity 459
- •Interactions 327
- •1314 Index
- •Index 1315
- •Viscosity 459
- •1316 Index
- •Index 1317
- •Xylose 461
- •Index 1319
- •Visbatch® pulp 355
- •Impregnation 151–158
- •1320 Index
- •Index 1321
- •1322 Index
- •Xylan water prehydrolysis 333
- •Index 1323
- •1324 Index
- •Viscosity 459
- •Index 1325
- •Xylose 940
- •1326 Index
- •Index 1327
- •In selected kinetics model 228–229
- •4OMeGlcA 940
- •1328 Index
- •Index 1329
- •Intermediate molecule 164–165
- •1330 Index
- •Viscosity 456
- •Index 1331
- •1332 Index
- •Impregnation liquor 290–293
- •Index 1333
- •1334 Index
- •Index 1335
- •1336 Index
- •Impregnation 153
- •Index 1337
- •1338 Index
- •Viscose process 7
- •Index 1339
- •Volumetric reject ratio 590
- •1340 Index
- •Index 1341
- •1342 Index
- •Index 1343
- •1344 Index
- •Index 1345
- •Initiator 788
- •Xylose 463
- •1346 Index
- •Index 1347
- •Vessel 385
- •Index 1349
- •1350 Index
- •Xylan 834
- •1352 Index
1147
III
Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers
Hans-Joachim Putz
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co .
Introduction
During the era before the introduction of industrialized paper production 200
years ago, the most common fiber furnish was secondary fibers recovered from
used textiles. These were rags based on hemp, linen, and cotton. Only after the
invention of mechanical woodpulp in 1843 and chemical woodpulp during the
second half of the nineteenth century was paper production no longer as reliant
on recycled material as in the previous 2000 years.
Before industrialized paper production and the invention of the paper machine
in 1799, stationery or writing paper made from rags was recycled to produce lowgrade
board. As early as 1774, Claproth in Gottingen, Germany, improved the processing
of used, hand-made writing papers. His process removed optically disturbing
inks or printing ink. Today, we call this method “deinking”.
With growing industrialization and gross national product, the global paper production
increased significantly from almost 44 million tons in 1950 to 339 million
tons in 2003. The data in Tab. 1.1 indicate that between 1960 and 2000, for a doubling
of the paper production worldwide, in the CEPI countries (all EU countries
plus Czech Republic, Hungary, Norway, Slovak Republic, and Switzerland) or in
Germany, an approximate period of 20 years was necessary, whereas between
1950 and 1960 only a 10-year period was required for the first doubling of paper
production. In all of these time periods no doubling appeared in the USA where,
Tab. 1.1 Development of paper production between 1950 and 2003, in million tons [1–6].
Country Year
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
Germany 1.6 3.4 6.6 8.8 12.8 18.2 19.3
CEPI 10.5 20.5 36.7 40.7 63.1 90.8 95.2
USA 22.1 31.3 47.6 56.8 72.2 85.8 80.2
World 43.8 74.4 129.3 171.7 240.8 324.0 338.8
1149
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Isbn: 3-527-30999-3
in 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
decreased until 2002 to 25% and becomes also expressed in the lowest average
annual growth rate between 1950 and 2002 in this comparison of: 2.5% for USA;
4.0% worldwide; 4.2% for the CEPI countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
Compared with the situation today, the recycling of used paper products manufactured
from woodpulp fibers was of little importance during the first half of the
twentieth century. During the 1950s and 1960s, increasing use was made of
recycled fiber furnish, especially for the production of packaging paper and board.
International statistics related to the use of recovered paper published in the official
yearbooks of the German association of the paper industry (VDP) stated first
in 1979 international data for the utilization of recovered paper. In 1963, the
annual review of PPI (Pulp &P aper International) published earlier international
data on recovered paper for the year 1961 [7]. Figure 1.1 illustrates the global increase
of recovered paper utilization and paper production between 1961 and 2002.
Fig. 1.1 Global development of recovered paper utilization
and paper production between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].
In Fig. 1.2, the development of recovered paper utilization and paper production
is split into the USA, the CEPI countries, and Germany. It is clear that since 1990,
the use of recovered paper has increased over-proportionally, with average annual
growth rates between 1961 and 2002 for recovered paper use as 3.3% for the USA,
5.8% for Germany and worldwide, and 5.9% for the CEPI countries.
These higher values compared to paper production imply an increasing relevance
of recoveredThese higher values compared to paper production imply an increasing relevance
of recovered paper in the selected regions.
Fig. 1.2 Development of recovered paper utilization
and paper production in the USA, the CEPI countries,
and Germany between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].
Recovered paper use is most attractive in densely populated regions with a high
paper consumption per capita, where the so-called “urban forest” growth occurs.
The region must also have a paper industry with sufficient technology and a long
tradition in recycled fiber processing. The most prominent regions are Japan and
Europe outside Scandinavia. Recovered paper is not the only material increasingly
collected and reused in developed countries. National recycling management,
enforced by legal measures, encourages the population to collect metal, glass, and
plastics also. Consumers in many countries participate in recycling; in this way
they are involved as consumers of commodities while producing secondary raw
materials for reuse.
Cost competition and the legal requirements in many countries primarily promote the use of recovered paper. The impact of environmentalists through “green” movements and the level of acceptance in the market of paper made from recycled fibers are additional driving forces that vary by country. Recovered paper use is an environmentally friendly issue according to the recycled fiber processing paper industry, environmentalists, governmental authorities, and often even the marketplace. It is accepted that recycling preserves forest resources and energy used for
production of mechanical pulps for paper manufacturing. Additionally, recovery
and recycling of used paper products avoids unnecessary landfilling.
The processing of recycled products requires relatively little fresh water per ton
of paper produced. However, the solid waste rejects and sludge (e.g., deinking
sludge) from recovered paper processing mills typically present a problem. The
rate of formation of such residues is between 5% and 40%, depending on the
recovered paper grade processed and the paper grade produced. The average rate
of rejects and sludges totals about 15%, calculated on the recovered paper input
on an air-dried basis. Because landfilling of organic matter has no future in many
countries, most organic waste requires burning in order to reduce its volume.
Effective, clean incineration technologies are available that control flue gas emissions,
and the heat content of the residues and sludges contributes to self-supporting
incineration. The final waste (ashes) can either be discarded or used as raw
materials in other industries. An increasing volume of rejects and sludges can be
used in brick works, the cement industry, and for other purposes.
Handbook of Pulp
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim