- •Министерство образования республики беларусь
- •К сборнику прилагается тематический словарь основных понятий, необходимых при работе над переводом текстов.
- •History
- •Driving on the Right or on the Left
- •Construction
- •Maintenance
- •Unit 2 Sweet Track
- •Unit 3 Roman Road
- •Types of Roads
- •Milestones
- •Way Stations
- •Vehicles
- •The itinerary
- •Construction of a Road
- •Financing
- •Unit 4 Roman Roads in Britain
- •Unit 5 Silk Road
- •Origin: Cross-continental Travel
- •Ancient Transport
- •Egyptian Maritime Trade
- •Persian Royal Road
- •Hellenistic Conquests
- •The Roman Empire and Silk
- •Central Asian Commercial & Cultural Exchanges
- •Mongol Era
- •The Great Explorers: Europe Reaching for Asia
- •Unit 6 Royal Road
- •Course of the Royal Road
- •History of the Royal Road
- •Unit 7 Inca Road System
- •Main Routes
- •Inca Rope Bridges
- •Renewing the Last Bridge
- •Unit 8 Types of Road
- •Definition
- •Medium Capacity
- •High Capacity Restricted Access Roads
- •United Kingdom
- •United States Freeways
- •Expressways
- •Unit 9 Highway
- •Nomenclature
- •Social and Environmental Effects
- •Unit 10 Motorway
- •Regulations and Features
- •Common Criteria
- •Speed Limits
- •Lane Usage
- •Junctions
- •Location and Construction
- •Unit 11 Freeway
- •General Characteristics
- •Effects and Controversy
- •History
- •Recent Developments
- •Unit 12 Autobahn
- •Construction
- •History
- •Current Density
- •Speed limits
- •Traffic laws and enforcement
- •Unit 13 Causeway
- •Derivation of the word
- •Engineering
- •Examples of Use
- •Precautions in Use
- •Unit 14 Street
- •Role in the Built Environment
- •Circulation
- •Vehicular Traffic
- •Parking for Vehicles
- •Pedestrian Traffic and Vehicular Amenities
- •Identity
- •Nomenclature
- •Unit 15 Trail
- •Walking Trails
- •Bicycle Trails
- •Equestrian Trails
- •Trail Construction
- •Trails on Slopes
- •Drainage
- •Multi-use Trails
- •The Trackways
- •Settlements
- •Wallingford
- •Brownhills
- •Cadbury Castle and South Cadbury Village
- •Unit 17 Pavement (material)
- •Metalling
- •Asphalt paving
- •Concrete Paving
- •Bituminous Surface Treatment (bst)
- •Other Paving Methods
- •Unit 18 Traffic Sign
- •History
- •Vocabulary
Министерство образования республики беларусь
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«БРЕСТСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ
ROADS
СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ ПО ЧТЕНИЮ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
70-03-01 Автомобильные дороги
Брест 2008
Сборник текстов по чтению на английском языке “Roads” предназначен для студентов специальности 70 – 03 – 01 «Автомобильные дороги».
Цель сборника – подготовить студентов к самостоятельному чтению и переводу научно-технической литературы на английском языке по изучаемой специальности, а также расширить общий кругозор студентов по предлагаемой тематике.
Сборник составлен из статей оригинальной английской и американской технической литературы по истории создания дорог, типам дорог в разных странах, видам современного дорожного покрытия.
К сборнику прилагается тематический словарь основных понятий, необходимых при работе над переводом текстов.
Составитель Борушко М.В., преподаватель кафедры иностранных
языков технических специальностей УО «Брестский
государственный технический университет»
Рецензент Троцюк Т.С., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент
кафедры английского языка с методикой преподавания
УО «Брестский государственный университет
им. А.С. Пушкина»
Contents
Unit 1Road………………………………………………………………………...4
Unit 2 Sweet Track……………………………………………………………….8
Unit 3 Roman Road………………………………………………………………9
Unit 4 Roman Roads in Britain……...…………………………………………14
Unit 5 Silk Road……………………………...…………………………………16
Unit 6 Royal Road……………………….…….………………………………..21
Unit 7 Inca Road System…………….….……………………………………..23
Unit 8 Types of Road…………………..……………………………………….26
Unit 9 Highway……………………………..……………………………………28
Unit 10 Motorway……………………….………………………………………30
Unit 11 Freeway…………………………….…………………………………..34
Unit 12 Autobahn………………………….…………………………………….39
Unit 13 Causeway…………………………..……………………..…………...46
Unit 14 Street……………………………………………………………………48
Unit 15 Trail.……………………………………………………………………..53
Unit 16 Ancient Trackway……………………………………………………...59
Unit 17 Pavement……………………………………………………………….61
Unit 18 Traffic Sign…………….……………………………………………….65
Vocabulary………………………………………………………………………68
Unit 1 Road
A road is an identifiable route or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas roads may pass along and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space and route.
Usage and Etymology
In original usage, a “road” was simply any pathway fit for riding (“road” is cognate with “ride”). The word “street,” whose origin is the Latin strata, was kept for paved pathways that had been prepared to ease travel in some way. Thus, many “Roman Roads” have the word "street" as part of their name. However, modern usage does not usually make this distinction and it is only important since place names often hold the earlier usage in them; these days, roads are also prepared in some way. This includes, at least, the removal of trees and smoothing the ground. In some dialects, lower grade roads are called trails and tracks and it is uncertain where “road” begins and “trail” ends. Roads are a prerequisite for road transport of goods on wheeled vehicles. The word “road” emphasizes its function of transportation along its length, while a “street” may be considered to have activity and commerce taking place on it.