GENERAL INDEX

Abstract, 37, 38

Active and passive constructions, II4 Adaptation of articles and stories, 16I,

I62 Aesthetics, 158 Africa, 93, II8 Allophones, 96 Alterations, I IO

American Bible Society, 47

American Standard Version, 2, I6, 17,

25 Amplified

Bible, IIZ, r65 Analysis

componential, 74, 79, 85 grammatical, 33-55

of meanings, 76-87 of style, 145

Antonymy, 74 Anuaks, 4 Apposition, II5

Appropriate referent, I 39 Arabic, I27

Argument, I32, I57 Audience, needs of, I3I

Back-transformation, 47, I04, I54 Balinese, II7

Bantu, II4 Southern, I8z

Baptists, S7 Barr, James, II2

Basic drafts of translation, I84

Bible Society (Societies), 175, 176, 177, I7S, I 79, r8o, I8I

Bible Societies

American Bible Society, 47 United Bible Societies, I8z, I83

Bible translating, I, I74

Bible Translations for Popular Use, I27 Bible versions

American Standard Version, 2, r6, 17, 25

Amplified, uz, I65 Expanded, I65

German Old Testament, 25

Greek New Testament, SI, IIO, I37, qo, I42, I55, I56

King James Version, z, 3, ro, II, 24,

25, 2~ 27, 35, 4I, 44· 52, 53, 54, 9~ 95, 123, 157

Kittel (Hebrew) Old Testament, r8z Knox, 3

Living Letters, 47

New English Bible, z, 8, 9, ro, I r, I 3, I5, I6, I7, IS, 25, 26, 27, 41, 53, 54, ss, 95, II5, 123, I29, 135, 137, 13S, 139, I40, 14I, I42, I44· I5I, I52, rSz

Phillips New Testament, 3, 26, 27, 4I,

{4I, 142, I44· 151, rsz, I56, I.S7, r8z

Revised Version, 25

Today's English Version (Good News for Modern Man), 2, 3, 7, S, 9, IO, II, I5, I~ I7, I~ 24, 25, 2~ 28, 30, 3S, 39, 4I, 47, 53, 71, s4, ss, I34, qo, 141, 142, I43, 144, I51, 152, 154, 156, rSz

Biblical passages, evaluation of, z, 3 Biblical ·writers, intelligibility of, 7 Buber, 25

Calculated avoidance, 150 Camerouns, I65 Capitalization, 29 Chibemba, z I

Chicago, zo Chinese, II4 Classifiers, 167 Clauses

markers for, I46 sequence, I4 7

Cloze Technique, I69-I70 Combinations, semantically agreeable,

149

Committee structure, features of, I75I78

Committees in general, 158 Communication

density of, 128 expressive, 24 failure in, 23 load, I30 relevant, 24

Complex discourse structures, I48 Componential analysis, 74, 79, Ss Comprehensibility, test of, z Concord

gender, class, and number, I 14 Connotation, IIO

Connotations ·

special, 92, 93 technical usage, 92 unrelated, 94

of words 91, 92 Connotative

appropriateness, qo appropriateness, avoidance of, 143 effectiveness, 13S

equivalence, 13S, 139 Connotative meaning, gr-gS

analytical procedure of, 91 association with speakers, 92, 93 circumstances of usage, 93, 94 levels of usage, 94

linguistic messages of, 96 measurement of, 94, 95 primary factors of, 92-94

Connotative values, 96 Constructions

active and passive, I q nonparallel, I4S

Consultative Group, 176, 177, rSo, rSr, rS2, rss, IS6, rS7

Contemporary style, I39

usage, 13S, 139, 140, 142 Content, uS, II9, rS2 Content vs. Form, 105, ro6

Context, 3S, 46, 47, 73, 75, Sr, 82, S4 Contextual conditioning, 59, 107

provision of, 109

Contextual consistency, I4-22, IOI, rS2 Contextual specification, 56

Contrast, 154

intransitive-transitive, 57 nouns »ith verbs, 57 semantic 70-72

Contrastive features of words, 6j, 66 Cook County, 20

Coordination and subordination, II4,

Ilj

Corresponding sounds, II7 Criticism, preventing, rS6 Cultural

backgrounds, 170 conditioning, uo translation, I34 Cummings, E. E., 133

Description, 132, 157 Descriptive substitutes, 167 Designation of participants, 144 Diagnosing problems, I62

Diagnostic components of words, 64, 77,

s3, ss Dialects

cultural elements, 130 geographical, 129-1.3 I mutual intelligibility of, I30

Didache, S6

Dimension of difficulty, 164 Discourse

direct and indirect, II 2 structure, Ij2-Ij9 types of, 131-I33

universals of, I31-132, 152

Discourse-transition marker, 137, q6 Discourse-type marker, I37. 146 Discrepancy between semantic and

grammatical classes, qS Distinctions, polar, q Distinguishing languages, 21 Distortion, roS

Distortion, roS Double negatives, II3 Dutch, 42

Dymanic equivalence, 14, 22-28, 129, I37. 173

Editorial Committee, rsS. 175. 176, 179, rS~ rS4, rS5, rS~ rSS

secretary to, 177, rSr Eisegesis, r II

Eliot, T. S., 133

Ellipsis, IIj, 167, r6S, rS3

potential and actual, 4, 5 Etymological meanings, 107 Euphemisms, 91

Event, 3S Exegesis, IS2

Expanded Translation, 165 Expansion

lexical, I67 syntactic, r66 techniques, I 59, I6o types of, r6s-r67

Explaining the contents, I 71, 172 Explanatory notes, I I I

Failure to mark participants, r4S Figurative

extensions, SS language, 150 meanings, Io7, 150

meanings, problem of, S7-S9 usage, SS, Sg

Fodor, 76

Folk classifications, characteristics of, 69 Form, II9

extent of change of, s. 6 limitation of, 5

vs. content I, s. 6 Formal

confusion, 148

correspondence, I4, 22-28, I37. I73 features for efficiency, I46, I47 features for special effects, 147. 148 language, I28

vs. informal, I42, I82 Formulas, I09

Forward-transformations, 50 French, 25, 6o, n8

French Academy, 84 Frequence of usage, I7o

Generation gap, I27

spread, I 24, I 25

Generic and specific meanings, I08 Geographical dialects, I29-I3I German Old Testament, 25 Gospels, ambiguities of, 7 Grammar, meaning of, .34 Grammatical

analysis, .33-35 constructions, 35 Great Britain, 92

Greek, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, I 2, 14, I 5, 16, !9,28,,30,67.75.80,8!,94. 85.9I,95. IO), I07, 108, IIO, II3, II6, 129, 1.33,

I37. I,38, 139. 140, I42, I43. I48. ISS. 156, I68

Guaica, 98, I r6

Hebrew, 5, 6, 7, I2, 14, 21, .30, 89, 91,

107, 143. I68

Hemingway, 148

Henotheism, 83 Hindi, 84

Historical narrative, 157 Homer, 133

Honorifics, I 17

Idioms, 45, 46, 89, Io6, 107, 182

Iliad, 133

Illinois, 20

Inclusive vs. exclusive, r r6 India, 84, 133

Indirect discourse, II2

Indo-European languages, II4, II6 Informal-to-formal, 123 Information Theory, I69 Inspiration, doctrine of, 101 Interclause markers, 138 Intersentence markers, 146 Intradiscourse

break, 144

transition, 137, 140, 143 Islam, Ior

Israel, 84

J abberwocky, 34

Katz, 76 Kernels, 39-55

combinations of, , components of, 52

grammatical transformations from, 49 identification of, 52

logical relations of, 105 relationships between, 52 restatement of, 52

series of, 5 I

spatial relations of, 105 statement of, 52 structure, 103, 154

and surface structure, 43, 44 temporal relations of, I04, I05 types of combinations of, 50

King James Version, 2, 3, IO, I1, 24, 25,

26, 27, 35. 41, 44· 52, 53. 54· 94. 95. 123, I57

Kittel, r82 Knox, 3 Koran, 83

Lack of discourse-t:r'"Pe markers, r 48 Lack of transition markers, 148 Language

adequacy of, 4. 5 cultural setting of, 6, 7 experience in, 19 expressive function in, 25 flexibility of, 132

forms of, 31 heard, 28-31

historical depth of, 122 homogenization of, 128 imperative function in, 26 informative function in, 24 insecurity in, roo, 101 level of, I2o-129, 142, 143 literary accretion of, I21 mystery of, I01

overlap of, I22, 123 rapid change of, 124 sociological levels of, 127

substandard forms of, 122 surface structure of, 33

system of symbolizing meaning in, 20 total range of, 12I, 122

variations in, I25-127 varieties of, 120-133 written, 28-3I

Languages

dead and alive, II7 distinguishing, 21

Latin, 19, 127 Latin America, 1 r8 Lexical features

for efficiency, 149-I50

Recordings, 158 Reductions, types of, I68 Redundancy, I63, I6j, I 72 Referential meanings, 56-go Regionalisms, 92

Relation, 37, 38

Relationships between words, 72-74 Reproducing the message, Iz Responding to alternatives, I62 Restricted literary tradition, I24, 125 Restructuring, I20-I62

Review Committee, I76, I79. I8o, I8I,

Semantic

adjustments of transfer, IOj-I 12 components, redistribution of, Iog condensation, I26

contrast, 70-72

and grammatical categories, !47 restructuring, I 67

structuro;s, nonparallel, qS simplicity, 137

units, size of, 89

Sen1antics, 56, 58

Semantics of Biblical Language, The, rr2 Semitic, 89, I67

Semotactic

appropriateness, I37. I38, I39. q2, 143. 144. Ij8, I70

arra,n;:\ement, I72 manung, 56 structure, I 59

Semotaxis, ;8-63 Sentence. I 52

length, 144 structure, I I 3

Sentences kernel, 39-55

long and structurally complex, I4S short, 147

with simple structures, I47 Septuagint, 25

Shifts in meaning, I07 Shipibo, ro6

Simple discourse structure, I46 Slang, I27

Slanted writing, r6r Sound

effects, q8 symbolism, I 26

Source language, Ioz, 103, I63 intelligibility of, 7. 8 limitations of, 7

new attitudes concerning, 6-8 reproduction of \VTiter's understand-

ing of, 8

stylistic features of, 47 South Africa, I8I

South America, I67 Spanish, 25

Spanish Reina-Valera Revision, I 79 Specific vs. generic, I49, r;o Specification of relationships, I r 5 Specificity, 8I

Speech

educational levels of, 92 standard, 92 substandard, 92

Spelling, ig Standard speech, 92

Structural adjustments of transfer, rrzrrg

Structuring the account, r6o Style

analysis of, 145 appropriate, I57-I59

classification of features of, 145-I52 components of, I33-I59

functional approach to, 145

oral, 125, 126, 127

significance of, I 3 written, I2j, I26, I27

Stylis~ I03, I04, I77 characteristics of. Ij 7, I 58 training of, I 59- I 62

work of, IS6, I87

Stylistic features of source language, 4 7 Subordination of clauses, I38 Substandard speech, 92

Suci, 94

Sudan, 4

Supplementary components and feat-

ures of words, 64. 65, 66, ]I, 77• 78. 79. ss

Symbolic values, I r I Synonymy, 73 SYntactic

-marking, ;6. 57

patterns, 170 simplification, 143

Tannenbaum, 94

Task of translators, 69, 127 Taxonomic

hierarchy, 150 order, 70

Taylor, Kenneth, 47 Technical language, 124, 128 Tense

equivalence, 139 sequence of, II3

Tenses, rr6 Terms

specific vs. generic, 149 structurally complex, 42 vulgar, 29

Testing procedures, 163-173 Tests, practical, 170-173 Tetragrammaton, 25, 91 Text, limitations with, III Thai Buddhist, 97 Thematic relevance, 170 Themes, 98

Theology, IOO, IOI

Through the Looking Glass, 34, 35 Time dimension, 94

Today's English Version (Good News for Modern Man), 2, 3, 7, S, 9, IO, II, I5, 16, !7, !8, 24, 25, 26, 2S, 30, 3S, 39, 41, 47. 53, 71, s4. ss. I3 4• I 4o-I 42,

!43. 144· ISI, 152, I54· 156, !82 Tradition, literary, 120-123

Traditional usage, 124 Traditionalists, 178, 179 Transfer, 99-119

cooperation in, 102, 103 personal problems in, 99-102 personnel involved in, I02-I04

semantic adjustments of, 105-II2 stages of, 104, 105

structural adjustments of, I I2-II9 Transformations, 39

Transition, intradiscourse, 137, qo, 143 Translating

ingredients of, r88 making sense in, I nature of, 12-32 new concept of, I-II

old and new focus of, I, 2 procedures in, 178-187 restructure in, 9-10

statement of principles of, I8I systems of, 33

Translation accuracy of, 28 adequacy of, 173

basic drafts of, I 84 bias in, 99

comprehension of, 173 correctness of, I, 173 critical examination of, 23 cultural, I3

decision-making procedures of, ISs, I86

distribution of drafts of, r86 errors of, II2

ignorance, IOI, 102 imagination for, 99 intelligibility of, 22, 182 length of, 163-165 levels of, 2

linguistic, IJ literal, I 64 objectivity in, 99 principles of, I

sample set of principles of, 182 technicalities, 99, IOO

testing the, 163-173

Translationese, 13, roo, 124, 125, 140, 142

Translations Consultant, 103, IJ7, 178, 179, I8o, I85

Translations, contrasts in, 142 Translators

adjustments of, 4 considerations of, I20 institute, r8o, ISI number of, I remuneration, r86

Roman Catholic and Protestant, II8 task of, 69, 127

transfer within, 99 Translators' Translation, 182 Turfloop, rSr

Tmkey, 84

Types of discourse, I3I-I33 Types of expansion, 165-167 Tzeltal, ro6

United Bible Societies, 182, I83

United States, 20, 92, 93

Upper Volta, 109

Venezuela, 98, I 16

Verbal consistency, 14-22, IOI, r82 Vocabulary, 182

average, 56 level, 142 usage, 123

Vulgar language, 124 Vulgarisms, avoidance of, 97

Women, speech of, 32 Wonderly, William L., 127 Word and phrase order, II3 \Vord structure, II5·1 r8 Words

appropriate, 97, 149

archaic, 149 associations of, 91

common components of, 77. 82 with complex structures, 41 componential features of, 64

configuration of components of, 78 connotations of, 91, 92

contrasting, 1SO

contrastive features of, 6s, 66 dated, I')O

diagnostic components of, 6-J., 77. 83.

ss

distinctions of, 83

distinctive components of, 79 familiar combinations of, 149 hierarchical relationships of, 68 hierarchical structure, 87

high-frequency, 149 infrequent, rso

in juxtaposition, 93, 94 little-known, 150 mechanisms of, 87 relationships between, 72-74

semantic domains of, 87 shared components of, 79

supplementary components of, 64, 6s. 71, n. 78, 79, ss

supplementary features of, 66 synonymous, 93

taboos, 91

techniques for determining components of, 78

unusual combinations, rso well-known, q9

Writing for

different levels, 160, 161 impact, 161

response, 161

Young people, 127, rS::

Younger persons vs. older, 32

Yucatan, 86

Zambia, 21

Zulu, 65