Obstetrics_by_Ten_Teachers_19E_-_Kenny_Louise
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316 |
Index |
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neural tube defects |
patient-controlled analgesic device |
morbidly adherent, 246 |
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case history, 80–1 |
(PCA), 204 |
normal placentation, 120 |
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screening, 57 |
Peel Report, 14 |
placenta accreta, 246–7 |
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neurological disorders, 147–9 |
pelvic floor exercises, 269 |
placenta increta, 246–7 |
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Neville Barnes forceps, 232 |
pelvic inflammatory disease, 4 |
placenta percreta, 246–7 |
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Newborn Life Support Course, 283–4 |
pelvic organs, abnormalities of, 87–8 |
placenta praevia, 65, 103, 103, 104 |
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NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA), |
pelvis |
emergencies, 245–7, 246 |
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305, 306 |
anatomy, 186–8, 186–8, 189 |
risk factors, 103 |
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nifedipine, 97, 124, 139, 250 |
android, 211 |
placental abruption (abruptio placentae), |
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nipples, 268 |
examination, 10–11 |
103, 103, 104, 120, 128–9 |
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nitrazine testing, 137 |
female, 190 |
aetiology, 128 |
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nitrous oxide (NO), 204 |
pemphigoid gestationis (PG), 167 |
antenatal, 93 |
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non-steroidal anti-inflammatory |
penicillin, 151, 171, 179 |
clinical presentation, 129 |
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drugs, 162 |
peptic ulcer disease, 158–9 |
definition, 128 |
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nuchal lucency, 79–80, 83 |
peptides, 33 |
diagnosis, 129 |
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nuchal translucency, 114–15 |
perinatal death, 270, 270 |
effects of, 129 |
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perinatal mortality |
emergencies, 247 |
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obstetric palsy, 261 |
placental abruption, 129 |
incidence, 128 |
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odours, sensitivity to, 24–5 |
twins, 111–12 |
management, 129 |
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oedema, extremities, 11, 87 |
perineum |
risk factors, 129 |
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oestrogens, 31 |
anatomy, 188, 189 |
placental clock theory, 34 |
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oligohydramnios, 9, 66, 94 |
infections, 259 |
placental disorders, key points, 129 |
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omega-3 fatty acids, 35–6 |
repair, 226–7, 226 |
placental mosaicism, 78 |
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operative intervention, 224–40 |
trauma, 225–6 |
plasma |
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assisted delivery, 228 |
periods, regularity of, 4 |
oncotic pressure, 21 |
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case history, 239–40 |
periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), 299 |
osmolality, 21 |
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instrument types, 230–4, 231, 232 |
persistent pulmonary hypertension |
plasminogen conversion, 22 |
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overview, 224 |
(PPHN), 297–8 |
Plasmodium falciparum, 175 |
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prerequisites for instrumental |
pethidine, 204 |
Plasmodium malariae, 175 |
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delivery, 229 |
phaeochromocytoma, 166 |
Plasmodium ovale, 175 |
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opiates, 93, 204 |
phenobarbitone, 148 |
Plasmodium vivax, 175 |
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opioids, 93 |
phenylketonuria, 291 |
platelet count, 22 |
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Oracle Study, 139 |
phenytoin, 148 |
platelets |
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oral changes, 28 |
phosphatidylcholine, 41 |
reference values, 23 |
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Ortolani-Barlow tests, 290 |
physiological changes, 20–37 |
see also thrombocytopenia |
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ovarian cysts, 88 |
blood, 22–4 |
pneumonia |
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ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, 5 |
cardiovascular system, 26–8 |
aspiration pneumonia, 262 |
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oxygen consumption, 26 |
early pregnancy, 20–1 |
preterm labour, 134–5 |
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oxygenation, 25–6 |
endocrinology, 32–4 |
viral/bacterial, 151 |
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oxytocin, 32, 249, 258, 266 |
gastrointestinal changes, 29–30 |
warning signs, 151 |
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in labour, 208, 209, 211, 212, 221 |
kidneys, 29–30 |
polycystic ovarian syndrome, 4 |
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maternal brain, 24 |
polyhydramnios, 9, 66, 94, 164 |
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palsy, 261, 296, 299 |
metabolism, 34–6 |
causes, 94–5 |
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pancreas, 42 |
overview, 20 |
multiple pregnancies, 113 |
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pancreatitis, 159 |
reproductive organ, 30–2 |
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 172 |
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papilloedema, 11 |
respiratory tract, 25–6 |
polymorphic eruption of pregnancy |
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parametritis, puerperal, 264 |
senses, 24–5 |
(PEP), 167 |
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parasitaemia, 171 |
skin, 36 |
port wine stains, 288 |
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parathyroid disease, 165–6 |
summary, 37 |
post-mortems, 270 |
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parathyroid hormone (PTH), 165 |
urinary tract, 29–30 |
post-natal depressive disorder/illness |
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parathyroidectomy, 165 |
volume homeostasis, 21 |
adverse sequelae, 280 |
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parentcraft, 52 |
pituitary gland, 32–3 |
risk factors, 279 |
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parity, 4 |
pituitary tumours, 166 |
symptoms, 279 |
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paroxetine, 277 |
placenta, 33 |
postpartum affective disorders, |
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partograms, 199, 200, 211, 211 |
abnormal placentation, 121 |
pathophysiology, 280 |
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parvovirus, 174–5 |
disorders, 120–31 |
postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), 247–9 |
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Patau’s syndrome, 39 |
localization, 65 |
causes, 248 |
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Index |
317 |
definition, 247 |
high-risk asymptomatic women, |
psychosis |
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diagnosis, 248 |
140–2 |
postpartum, risk factors, 278 |
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key points, 249 |
key points, 142 |
puerperal, 278 |
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management, 248–9, 249 |
new developments, 142 |
psychotropic medications, 277 |
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primary/secondary, 247 |
origin of, 132 |
puerperal fever, 262 |
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risk factors, 248 |
prevalence, 132–4 |
puerperium, 258–80 |
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secondary, 261 |
worries after, 133–4 |
breasts, 265–9 |
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potassium, 30 |
preterm delivery, twins, 111 |
case history, 271 |
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reference values, 23 |
preterm labour (PTL) |
contraception, 269 |
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Potter’s syndrome, 43 |
clinical features, 135–6 |
disorders, 259–62 |
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pre-eclampsia, 121–5, 166 |
differential diagnosis, 136 |
genital infections, 264 |
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aetiology, 122–3 |
examination, 136 |
infection, risk factors, 264 |
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case history, 130 |
fetal assessment, 140 |
key points, 271 |
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clinical presentation, 123 |
investigations, 136 |
overview, 258 |
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definition, 121–2 |
multiple pregnancies, 115–16 |
parametritis, 264 |
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differentiation from systemic lupus |
spontaneous, 132, 132 |
pelvic floor exercises, 269 |
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erythematosus (SLE), 161 |
symptomatic women, 138–40 |
pelvic infection, 264 |
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emergencies, 249–51 |
vaginal examination, 136 |
perinatal death, 270, 270 |
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epidemiology, 122 |
preterm pre-labour rupture of the |
physiological changes, 258–62 |
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history taking, 4, 11 |
membranes (PPROM), 132, |
postnatal examination, 270 |
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incidence, 122 |
132, 262 |
psychiatric disorders, 272–80 |
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investigations for, 124 |
clinical features, 137 |
pyrexia, 262–5, 263 |
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management, 124, 125 |
differential diagnosis, 137 |
sepsis, 262, 264, 265 |
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overview, 120 |
examination, 137 |
spread of infection, 264 |
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pathophysiology, 122–3 |
history, 137 |
pulmonary embolism, emergencies, |
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prevention, 125 |
investigations, 137–8 |
252–3 |
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risk factors, 122, 156 |
risk factors, 135 |
pulmonary embolus (PE), 91 |
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screening, 57–8, 58, 125 |
symptomatic women, 138–40 |
pulmonary hypertension (PH), 154–5 |
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superimposed, risk factors, 156 |
primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), 160 |
classification, 155 |
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symptoms and signs, 250 |
primary dysfunctional labour, 212 |
pulmonary hypoplasia, fetal, 41 |
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treatment, 124 |
procoagulant factors, 22 |
pyelonephritis, 88, 89 |
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prednisolone, 158, 159 |
professional bodies, involvement in |
preterm labour, 134–5 |
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pregnancy |
maternity care, 15–16 |
pyrexia, puerperal, 262–5, 263 |
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confirmation of, 52 |
progesterone, 141 |
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dating, 53 |
prolactin, 31, 32–3, 266 |
quadruplets, 118 |
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expected date of delivery (EDD), 53 |
propylthiouracil (PTU), 165 |
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see also multiple pregnancies; |
prostaglandins, 139, 221 |
reassurance, 49–52 |
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twin pregnancies |
proteinuria, 7 |
red cell destruction, fetal, 106 |
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prelabour rupture of membranes |
maternal, 72 |
relaxation, 204 |
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(PROM), 220 |
testing for, 124 |
renal disease, 156–8 |
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premature infants, 45 |
Proteus, 89 |
pre-pregnancy counselling, 156–7 |
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case history, 45–6 |
prurigo of pregnancy, 167 |
renal failure, placental abruption, 129 |
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prematurity, main problems of, 299 |
pruritic folliculitis, 167 |
renal plasma flow (RPF), 29 |
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prenatal diagnosis, 75–84 |
pruritus, 36 |
renal transplants, 158 |
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classification, 75–6 |
Pseudomonas, 89 |
respiratory disease, 149–51 |
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definition, 75 |
psychiatric disorders, 272–80 |
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), |
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invasive, 76–9 |
antenatal, 278 |
41, 47, 281, 297, 298–9, 299 |
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key points, 83 |
case histories, 274–5, 276, 277 |
neonatal, 138 |
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new developments, 84 |
key points, 280 |
respiratory system |
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non-invasive, 75, 76 |
management of pre-existing, 274–7 |
fetal, 41 |
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overview, 75 |
maternal mortality, 272–3 |
premature infants, 45 |
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pre-test counselling, 76–7 |
new-onset, 277–80 |
respiratory tract, 25–6 |
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reasons for, 75 |
normal emotional and psychological |
restitution, 194 |
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preterm births |
changes, 273 |
resuscitation, 244–5 |
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aetiology, 134 |
overview, 272 |
neonatal, 283–4, 283, 284–6 |
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classification, 134 |
post-natal, 278 |
Resuscitation Council, 285 |
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definition, 132 |
psychiatric problems, antenatal, 60 |
retroversion of the uterus, 88 |
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318 |
Index |
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Rhesus disease |
Short Report, 14 |
syphilis, 170–1, 170 |
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aetiology, 104–5 |
shoulder dystocia, 254–6, 255 |
in antenatal care, 56 |
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key points, 108 |
risk factors, 255 |
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), |
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management in sensitized woman, |
sickle-cell anaemia, 144–5 |
161–2 |
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107–8 |
sickle-cell disease, neonatal, 291 |
classification criteria, 161 |
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prevalence, 105 |
sickle-cell disease (SCD), 144–5 |
differentiation from pre-eclampsia, |
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sensitizing events, 105 |
in antenatal care, 56 |
161 |
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severity assessment, 71 |
sight, 25 |
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Rhesus iso-immunization, 104–5 |
Simpson forceps, 232, 232 |
tachycardia, fetal, 213, 213 |
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prevention, 105–6 |
skin |
tacrolimus, 158 |
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Rhesus sensitization, 106 |
disease, 167 |
telogen effluvium, 36 |
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rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 162 |
fetal, 43–4, 45 |
teratogenicity, 277 |
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ribavirin, 183 |
maternal, 36 |
term, definition, 132 |
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risk, identification, 6 |
premature infants, 46 |
Term Breech Trial, 98 |
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risk management, clinical (CRM), |
skin tags, 288 |
tetracyclines, 179 |
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223 |
small for gestational age (SGA), |
thalassaemia, 44, 145 |
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ritodrine, 138–9 |
case history, 73 |
in antenatal care, 56 |
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rotation, in labour, 193, 194 |
smoking, 3 |
prenatal diagnosis, 76 |
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Royal College of Obstetricians and |
antenatal care, 52 |
theophylline, 150 |
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Gynaecologists (RCOG), 15–16, |
antenatal complications, 93, 94 |
thirst threshold, 21 |
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293 |
fetal growth restriction, 126, 128 |
thrombocytopenia, 145–6 |
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rubella, 169–70 |
social history, history taking, 2–3, 12 |
autoimmune, 146 |
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in antenatal care, 56 |
sodium, 21, 30 |
thromboembolic disease, risk factors, 90 |
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reference values, 23 |
thromboembolism, 262 |
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Sabin-Feldman dye test, 172 |
sodium valproate, 148 |
venous, 16 |
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sacral pits, 288–9 |
special educational needs (SEN), 298 |
thrombophilia, 90 |
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salmetrerol, 150 |
speculum examination, 10 |
thromboprophylaxis risk assessment |
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sarcoidosis, 150–1 |
spina bifida, 303 |
and management |
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schizophrenia, 275–6 |
screening, 57 |
antenatal, 92 |
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scleroderma, 162 |
spinal anaesthesia, 207 |
postnatal, 92 |
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screening |
spiramycin, 172 |
thyroid disease, 164–5 |
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antenatal, 57–8 |
Staphylococcus aureus, 268 |
thyroid function, 33 |
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chlamydia, 57 |
steroids, 148, 162 |
thyroid storm, 165 |
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diabetes, 57 |
maternal, 138 |
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 33 |
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Down’s syndrome, 57, 79 |
systemic lupus erythematosus, 162 |
reference values, 23 |
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fetal abnormalities, 57, 114–15 |
Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society |
thyrotrophin-releasing hormone |
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neonatal, 289–92, 294–5 |
(SANDS), 270 |
(TRH), 33 |
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pre-eclampsia, 57–8, 58, 125 |
stockings, elastic, 91 |
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 22 |
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prenatal diagnosis, 75–84 |
streptococci, 89 |
tocolytics, 115–16 |
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see also ultrasound |
streptococcus, Group B (GBS), 141 |
external cephalic version, 97 |
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sebaceous glands, 36 |
Streptococcus agalactiae, 178 |
miscarriage, 138–9 |
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secondary postpartum haemorrhage |
Streptococcus viridans, 268 |
Toxoplasma gondii, 171, 172 |
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(PPH), 261 |
stretch marks, 36 |
toxoplasmosis, 171–2 |
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seizures, causes, 148 |
striae gravidarum, 36 |
tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF), |
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
Sturge-Weber syndrome, 288 |
fetal, 42, 42 |
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(SSRIs), 277, 278, 279 |
substance abuse, 93–4, 273 |
traction plane, 231, 231 |
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self-examination, 7 |
suckling, 31, 32 |
transcutaneous electrical nerve |
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senses, 24–5 |
suicides, 272–3 |
stimulation (TENS), 204 |
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severe acute respiratory syndrome |
sulphasalazine, 162 |
transient neonatal pustular |
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(SARS), 151 |
sulphonamides, 262 |
melanosis, 288 |
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sex steroid hormones, 33 |
surfactant, 41, 47 |
transient tachypnoea of the newborn |
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sexing fetus, 84 |
sutures, 142, 142 |
(TTN), 297, 297 |
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shingles, 174 |
symphysiotomy, 261–2 |
traumatic neuritis, 261 |
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shock |
symphysis pubis diastasis, 261–2 |
Treponema pallidum, 170, 171 |
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endotoxic, 265 |
symphysis pubis dysfunction, 85 |
Trichomonas vaginalis, 141 |
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septic, 265 |
symphysis-fundal height (SFH), 8, 8, 9 |
tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 275, |
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septicaemic, 265 |
Syntometrine, 249 |
277, 279 |
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Index |
319 |
triglycerides, reference values, 23 |
biophysical profiles (BPPs), 69–70, 69 |
over-distension, 134 |
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triplets, 109, 118–19 |
case history, 73–4 |
retroversion of, 88 |
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trisomies, 113, 114 |
cervical, 141 |
rupture, 217 |
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Edward’s syndrome, 39 |
clinical applications, 62–6 |
scars, 217 |
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Patau’s syndrome, 39 |
compression ultrasound, 91 |
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see also Down’s syndrome |
diagnostic, 61–2 |
VACTERL, 42 |
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twin pregnancies |
early pregnancy scan, 72 |
vaginal birth after Caesarean (VBAC), |
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amniocentesis, 114 |
fetal well-being, 66–73 |
217 |
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case history, 119 |
guiding invasive procedures, 72 |
vaginal examination, 136, 196–7 |
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chromosomal defects, 113 |
multiple pregnancies, 115 |
valproate, 277 |
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complications, 111–13, 112 |
as new intervention, 13 |
varicella zoster immunoglobulin |
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death of one fetus, 112 |
overview, 61 |
(VZIG), 173, 174 |
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delivery requirements, 118 |
pregnancy dating by, 2, 53 |
varicella zoster virus (VZV), 173 |
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incidence, 109 |
in prenatal diagnosis, 76 |
varicose veins, 86–7 |
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intrapartum management, 116–18 |
preterm pre-labour rupture of the |
vasa praevia, 103–4 |
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maternal physiology, 111 |
membranes, 137 |
venography, 91 |
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physiology, 111 |
probes, 61, 62 |
venous thromboembolism (VTE), |
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postpartum haemorrhage, 118 |
puerperium, 261 |
16, 90–3 |
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prevalence, 109 |
scanning, 2, 49 |
diagnosis, 91 |
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ultrasound identification of, 64–5, |
scanning schedule in clinical |
key points, 93 |
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65 |
practice, 66 |
prevention of, 91, 92 |
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see also multiple pregnancies |
third trimester, 73 |
treatment, 91 |
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twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome |
transvaginal, 61–2 |
ventilation, 25 |
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(TTTS), 65, 71, 95, 113–14, 115 |
20 week scan, 72–3 |
ventouse delivery, 228, 228–9, |
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twins |
see also Doppler ultrasound |
230–2, 231 |
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conjoined (Siamese), 111 |
umbilical artery, Doppler investigation, |
viability, diagnosis and |
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delivery, 116–18 |
70–2, 70–1 |
confirmation in early |
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dichorionic, 110, 112–13, 114, 115 |
umbilical cord accidents, emergencies, |
pregnancy, 62–3, 62 |
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dizygotic, 110, 110, 113 |
253–4 |
violence, domestic, 3 |
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fetal abnormalities, 113 |
under-nutrition, maternal, 126 |
viral hepatitis, 159–60, 160 |
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fetal growth restriction, 112 |
urate, 29, 30 |
viral serology, 75 |
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fraternal, 110 |
urea, 29 |
vitamin K deficiency bleeding |
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identical, 110 |
reference values, 23 |
(VKDB), 292 |
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monoamniotic, 110, 114 |
ureaplasm, 141 |
volume homeostasis, physiological |
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monochorionic, 110, 112–14, 115 |
uric acid, reference values, 23 |
changes, 21 |
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monozygotic, 110, 110–11, 110, 113 |
urinalysis, in antenatal care, 56 |
von Willebrand disease, 146–7 |
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non-identical, 110 |
urinary examination, 7 |
von Willebrand factor (VWF), |
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perinatal mortality, 111–12 |
urinary tract, 29–30 |
22, 147 |
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preterm, 118 |
fetal, 43 |
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see also multiple pregnancies; twin |
infections (UTIs), 88–9 |
warfarin, 91, 152 |
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pregnancies |
uterine anomalies, congenital, 88 |
weight |
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Twins and Multiple Birth Association |
uterine atony, 248 |
fetal, 38–9 |
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(TAMBA), 116 |
uterine inversion, 252, 252 |
maternal, 6, 34–5 |
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uterine rupture, 251–2 |
white cell count, reference |
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ulcerative colitis, 159 |
risk factors, 251 |
values, 23 |
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ultrasound, 12 |
uterus, 30–1, 31, 33 |
World Health Organization |
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aims, 72–3 |
abnormal cavity, 135 |
(WHO), 295, 295 |
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assessment of fetal well-being, 66, |
dysfunctional activity, 208–9 |
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66–72 |
involution, 258–9 |
zidovudine, 181 |
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