praktikum_meh_gidk_gaz_01

72

AZimkd b jZ[hlZ =L hkms_kl\eyxlky ke_^mxsbf h[jZahf. <gZqZe_ ijbgm^bl_evgh hldju\Z_lky k[jhkghc deZiZg 3. Ijb wlhf \h^Z ba \h^h_fZ 6 ih ih^\h^ys_c ljm[_ 5 ih^ g_[hevrbf gZihjhf G1 ih^Z_lky \ \h^hijb_fgbd 1 k jZkoh^hf Q = Q1 + Q2. ;hevrZy qZklv wlh]h jZkoh^Z (khklZ\eyxsZy Q1) ijhoh^bl q_j_a k[jhkghc deZiZg 3 k \hajZklZxs_c kdhjhklvx, ijb\h^ys_c d ih\ur_gbx ^Z\e_gby, ^_ckl\mxs_]h gZ deZiZg. Dh]^Z kbeZ ^Z\e_gby gZ deZiZg ij_\urZ_l _]h \_k, deZiZg [ukljh aZdju\Z_lky. < j_amevlZl_ f]gh\_gghc hklZgh\db ^\b`ms_cky `b^dhklb \ \h^hijb_fgbd_ 1 \hagbdZ_l ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc m^Zj, ^_ckl\b_ dhlhjh]h gZ gZqZevghc klZ^bb khijh\h`^Z_lky nhjfbjh\Zgb_f \hegu ih\ur_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby. Ihke_^gyy jZkijhkljZgy_lky k [hevrhc kdhjhklvx hl \h^hijb_fgbdZ 1 ih ih^\h^ys_c ljm[_ 5 \ gZijZ\e_gbb d j_a_j\mZjm 6. Ijb wlhf aZ kq_l \hagbdr_]h \ \h^hijb_fgbd_ 1 ih\ur_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby ijhbkoh^bl hldjulb_ gZihjgh]h deZiZgZ 2, q_j_a dhlhjuc f_gvrZy qZklv jZkoh^Z Q (khklZ\eyxsZy Q2)

ihklmiZ_l \ \ha^mrguc dheiZd 4.

Ihkdhevdm ]b^jhm^Zj y\ey_lky dhe_[Zl_evguf ijhp_kkhf, lh wlh ijb\h^bl d lhfm, qlh q_j_a hij_^_e_gguc ijhf_`mlhd \j_f_gb (\j_fy nZau ]b^jhm^ZjZ)

\ke_^ aZ \heghc ih\ur_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby ih \h^hijb_fgbdm 1 b ih^\h^ys_c ljm[_

5 gZqbgZ_l jZkijhkljZgylvky \hegZ ihgb`_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby. < j_amevlZl_

kgb`_gby ^Z\e_gby \ `b^dhklb, gZoh^ys_cky \ mdZaZgguo maeZo ]b^jhlZjZgZ, gZihjguc deZiZg 2 aZdju\Z_lky, Z k[jhkghc deZiZg 3 hldju\Z_lky. Wlh ijb\h^bl d lhfm, qlh q_j_a deZiZg 3 \gh\v ijhbkoh^bl bkl_q_gb_ \h^u, khijh\h`^Z_fh_ j_adbf aZdjulb_f ihke_^g_]h. <gh\v ijb wlhf \hagbdZ_l ih\ur_ggh_ ^Z\e_gb_ \ \h^hijb_fgbd_ 1, ih^ ^_ckl\b_f dhlhjh]h hldju\Z_lky deZiZg 2 b \h^Z k jZkoh^hf Q2 ihklmiZ_l \ \ha^mrguc dheiZd 4. Ih f_j_ gZiheg_gby \h^hc \ha^mrgh]h dheiZdZ ^Z\e_gb_ gZoh^ys_]hky \ g_f \ha^moZ \hajZklZ_l. < j_amevlZl_ ih^ ^Z\e_gb_f \ha^moZ \h^Z k jZkoh^hf Q2 gZqbgZ_l ihklmiZlv

(kjZ\gbl_evgh jZ\ghf_jgh) ba dheiZdZ 4 ih gZ]g_lZl_evghc ljm[_ 7 \ gZihjguc j_a_j\mZj 8, gZoh^ysbcky gZ \ukhl_ G2 , agZqbl_evgh [hevr_c, q_f G1.

73

LZdbf h[jZahf, ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc lZjZg iha\hey_l \ Z\lhfZlbq_kdhf j_`bf_,

[_a ijbf_g_gby ^\b]Zl_e_c (we_dljbq_kdbo, \gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgby b l.^.) ijhba\h^blv ih^t_f \h^u ba \g_rg_]h bklhqgbdZ \ gZihjguc j_a_j\mZj, mjh\_gv \h^u \ dhlhjhf fh`_l gZ 80 f b \ur_ gZoh^blvky \ur_, q_f \ \h^hijb_fgbd_.

Fhsghklv, aZljZq_ggZy gZ ijb\_^_gb_ ]b^jhlZjZgZ \ ^_ckl\b_ fh`_l [ulv gZc^_gZ ba \ujZ`_gby

beb, ij_g_[j_]Zy ihl_jyfb gZihjZ,

Q1H1

74

Ihfbfh ijhklhlu, kh\f_sZ_fhc k Z\lhfZlbq_kdbf j_`bfhf jZ[hlu,

]b^jhlZjZg bf__l _s_ h^gh ij_bfms_kl\h – _]h oZjZdl_jbklbdb fh]ml baf_gylvky \ rbjhdhf ^bZiZahg_. Ijb gZ^e_`Zs_f \u[hj_ \_kZ k[jhkgh]h deZiZgZ ]b^jhlZjZg fh`_l jZ[hlZlv ijb ex[uo iblZl_evguo jZkoh^Zo, h[_ki_qb\Zy ijb wlhf ^hklZlhqgh \ukhdb_ agZq_gby ihe_aghc \ukhlu G2. H]jZgbq_gb_ \ukhlu G2

^ey ^Zggh]h lZjZgZ [m^_l k\yaZgh g_ k ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbfb j_`bfZfb, Z lhevdh ebrv k iZjZf_ljZfb f_oZgbq_kdhc ijhqghklb fZl_jbZeh\, bkihevah\Zgguo ^ey ba]hlh\e_gby _]h maeh\, ljm[hijh\h^h\, deZiZgh\ b l.^.

HIBK:GB? HIULGHC MKL:GH<DB

Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy mklZgh\dZ (jbk. 8.2) khklhbl ba \ha^mrgh]h dheiZdZ 1, k[jhkgh]h 2 b gZ]g_lZl_evgh]h 3 deZiZgh\, kfhglbjh\Zgguo \ \h^hijb_fgbd_ 4.

>ey ih^Zqb \h^u \ \h^hijb_fgbd bkihevam_lky ih^\h^ysZy ljm[Z 5, kgZ[`_ggZy j_]mebjmxs_c aZ^\b`dhc 6.

Jbk. 8.2

75

Ih^\h^ysZy ljm[Z 5 k\yaZgZ k gZihjguf [Zdhf 7, aZiheg_gb_ dhlhjh]h ijhba\h^blky ijb ihfhsb p_gljh[_`gh]h gZkhkZ 8. >ey ih^^_j`Zgby ihklhyggh]h mjh\gy \ gZihjghf [Zd_ bkihevam_lky ljm[Z ohehklh]h k[jhkZ 9, hkgZs_ggZy aZ^\b`dhc 10. >ey hij_^_e_gby mjh\gy \h^u \ gZihjghf [Zd_ bkihevam_lky iv_ahf_lj 11. >ey ijb_fZ \h^u, ih^Z\Z_fhc ih gZ]g_lZl_evghc ljm[_ 12, bkihevam_lky gZihjguc [Zqhd 13. Ihke_^gbc ijb ihfhsb keb\ghc ljm[u 14 k ]b[dbf gZdhg_qgbdhf 15 fh`_l kh_^bgylvky eb[h k f_jguf [Zqdhf

16, eb[h k ljm[hc ohehklh]h k[jhkZ 9. >ey j_]mebjh\Zgby jZkoh^Z gZ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ljm[_ 12 bf__lky djZg 17.

<h^Z, \ul_dZxsZy q_j_a k[jhkghc deZiZg 2, fh`_l gZijZ\eylvky ijb ihfhsb ljm[u 18 k dhgp_\uf ]b[dbf gZdhg_qgbdhf 19 eb[h \ f_jguc [Zqhd 16, eb[h \ ljm[m 9 ohehklh]h k[jhkZ.

IHJY>HD <UIHEG?GBY J:;HLU

1. <dexqZ_lky p_gljh[_`guc gZkhk 8, dhlhjuc ih^Z_l \h^m \ gZihjguc

[Zd 7.

2.Ihke_ mklZgh\e_gbb ihklhyggh]h mjh\gy \ gZihjghf [Zd_ hldju\Z_lky aZ^\b`dZ 6 gZ ih^\h^ys_c ljm[_ 5. Ijb wlhf k[jhkghc deZiZg 2 b djZg 17 ^he`gu [ulv aZdjulu.

3.>ey aZimkdZ lZjZgZ \ jZ[hlm g_h[oh^bfh gZ`Zlv gZ k[jhkghc deZiZg 2

jmdhc b himklblv _]h \gba ^h mihjZ. Ijb g_h[oh^bfhklb wlm hi_jZpbx ih\lhjyxl g_kdhevdh jZa ^h l_o ihj ihdZ lZjZg g_ gZqg_l jZ[hlZlv \ Z\lhfZlbq_kdhf j_`bf_

(\uoh^ gZ lZdhc j_`bf jZ[hlu ih^l\_j`^Z_lky i_jbh^bqghklvx \hagbdZxsbo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo m^Zjh\). Ihke_ \uoh^Z lZjZgZ gZ jZ[hqbc j_`bf g_h[oh^bfh hldjulv djZg 17.

4. Ihke_ aZiheg_gby gZihjgh]h [ZqdZ 13 ijhba\h^yl ke_^mxsb_ baf_j_gby:

Z) mjh\gy \h^u G1 \ gZihjghf [Zd_ 7 ih iv_ahf_ljm 11;

[) jZkoh^Z \h^u Q2 \ gZ]g_lZl_evghc ljm[_ 12 ]b^jhlZjZgZ;

76

\) jZkoh^Z \h^u Q1 \ul_dZxs_c q_j_a k[jhkghc deZiZg 2.

JZkoh^u Q1 b Q2 hij_^_eyxlky h[t_fguf kihkh[hf. >ey wlh]h

hij_^_eyxlky h[t_fu \h^u W1 b W2, ihklmib\rb_ \ f_jguc [Zqhd 16, Z lZd`_

ih\ur_gby lhqghklb baf_j_gb_ jZkoh^h\ ijhba\h^yl ih ^Zgguf 2 - 3-o hiulh\.

H;J:;HLD: HIULGUO >:GGUO

1. Hij_^_ey_lky ihe_agZy \ukhlZ gZ]g_lZgby

G2 = G – G1 ,

77

J:;HL: 9

BKKE?>H<:GB? BKL?Q?GBY @B>DHKLB Q?J?A F:EU? HL<?JKLBY

< LHGDHC KL?GD? B Q?J?A G:K:>DB

P_ev jZ[hlu. 1. Wdki_jbf_glZevgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glh\ jZkoh^Z, kdhjhklb, k`Zlby b khijhlb\e_gby ijb bkl_q_gbb `b^dhklb ba fZeh]h djm]eh]h hl\_jklby \ lhgdhc kl_gd_ b q_j_a gZkZ^hd <_glmjb ijb ihklhygghf gZihj_ b kjZ\g_gb_ ihemq_gguo agZq_gbc kh kijZ\hqgufb.

2.GZ[ex^_gb_ bg\_jkbb kljmb, \ul_dZxs_c ba hl\_jklbc jZaebqgh]h hq_jlZgby; bkke_^h\Zgb_ oZjZdl_jZ bkl_q_gby ba jZaebqguo gZkZ^dh\.

3.Baf_j_gb_ \ZdmmfZ \ gZkZ^d_ <_glmjb b gZ[ex^_gb_ _]h kju\Z.

4.Wdki_jbf_glZevgh_ hij_^_e_gb_ \j_f_gb qZklbqgh]h hihjh`g_gby gZihjgh]h [ZdZ b kjZ\g_gb_ _]h k l_hj_lbq_kdbf.

H;SB? K<?>?GBY

FZeuf gZau\Z_lky lZdh_ hl\_jklb_, ijb jZkq_l_ bkl_q_gby ba dhlhjh]h ij_g_[j_]Zxl kdhjhklvx ih^oh^Z b kqblZxl f_klgu_ kdhjhklb \h \k_o lhqdZo k`Zlh]h k_q_gby ijZdlbq_kdb h^bgZdh\ufb, qlh gZ[ex^Z_lky ijb h (beb d) ” 0,1

G, ]^_ h \_jlbdZevguc jZaf_j \ kemqZ_ g_djm]eh]h hl\_jklby; d – ^bZf_lj djm]eh]h hl\_jklby; G – gZihj hlghkbl_evgh iehkdhklb kjZ\g_gby 0-0, ijh\_^_gghc q_j_a p_glj ly`_klb iehsZ^b & hl\_jklby (jbk. 9.1).

Kl_gdZ kqblZ_lky \ ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhf kfuke_ lhgdhc, _keb __ lhesbgZ / ”

(2-2,5)d. < wlhf kemqZ_ lhesbgZ kl_gdb g_ \eby_l gZ bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhklb, b \ jZkq_l ijbgbfZ_lky lhevdh f_klgh_ khijhlb\e_gb_, \hagbdZxs__ ijb k`Zlbb kljmb. < qZklghf kemqZ_ djZy hl\_jklby fh]ml bf_lv aZhklj_ggmx djhfdm.

K`Zlh_ k_q_gb_ iehsZ^vx &k h[jZam_lky gZ jZkklhygbb l # (0,5-1)d. K`Zlb_ h[mkeh\eb\Z_lky bg_jpb_c qZklbp `b^dhklb, ^\b`msboky ih djb\hebg_cgu

78

Jbk. 9.1

g_iZjZee_evguf ljZ_dlhjbyf ijb ih^oh^_ d hl\_jklbx. >\b`_gb_ `b^dhklb \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb ijZdlbq_kdb ieZ\gh baf_gyxs__ky; iehsZ^v wlh]h k_q_gby hij_^_ey_lky aZ\bkbfhklvx

]^_ 0 – dhwnnbpb_gl k`Zlby kljmb; & – iehsZ^v hl\_jklby.

Kl_i_gv k`Zlby kljmb \eby_l gZ ijhimkdgmx kihkh[ghklv hl\_jklby: q_f [hevr_ k`Zlb_, l_f f_gvr_ jZkoh^ ijb ijhqbo jZ\guo mkeh\byo bkl_q_gby.

JZaebqZxl lbiu k`Zlby: g_ihegh_ – kljmy k`bfZ_lky g_ ih \k_fm i_jbf_ljm hl\_jklby, ihegh_ – k`Zlb_ ih \k_fm i_jbf_ljm. < k\hx hq_j_^v ihegh_ k`Zlb_ fh`_l [ulv kh\_jr_gguf b g_kh\_jr_gguf. Lbi k`Zlby kljmb hij_^_ey_lky jZkiheh`_gb_f hl\_jklby hlghkbl_evgh [hdh\uo kl_ghd b ^gZ j_a_j\mZjZ.

?keb jZkkfZljb\Zlv bkl_q_gb_ ijb ihklhygghf gZihj_ b gZibkZlv mjZ\g_gb_ ;_jgmeeb ^ey k_q_gbc 1-1- b 2-2 hlghkbl_evgh iehkdhklb kjZ\g_gby 0-0 (jbk. 9.1), lh fh`gh ihemqblv ke_^mxsb_ jZkq_lgu_ nhjfmeu:

79

]^_ V - kdhjhklv \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb; g – mkdhj_gb_ kbeu ly`_klb; M -

[_ajZaf_jguc dhwnnbpb_gl kdhjhklb; G – gZihj; Q – jZkoh^; P - [_ajZaf_jguc dhwnnbpb_gl jZkoh^Z.

Dhwnnbpb_glu M b P hij_^_eyxlky ih aZ\bkbfhklyf:

]^_ ] - dhwnnbpb_gl khijhlb\e_gby.

Nbabq_kdbc kfuke dhwnnbpb_glZ kdhjhklb M klZgh\blky hq_\b^guf ihke_ ij_h[jZah\Zgby nhjfmeu (9.2):

l._. M ij_^klZ\ey_l hlghr_gb_ ^_ckl\bl_evghc kdhjhklb bkl_q_gby d kdhjhklb bkl_q_gby b^_Zevghc `b^dhklb. Qbke_ggh_ agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ M fh`gh lZd`_ hij_^_eblv, bkoh^y ba iZjZ[hebq_kdhc ljZ_dlhjbb iZ^_gby kljmb, iml_f j_r_gby kbkl_fu mjZ\g_gbc:

80

]^_ o b m – dhhj^bgZlu p_gljZ ly`_klb ijhba\hevgh]h k_q_gby n-n kljmb \ kbkl_f_ dhhj^bgZl, gZqZeh dhlhjhc kh\iZ^Z_l k p_gljhf ly`_klb k`Zlh]h k_q_gby; t – \j_fy ^\b`_gby qZklbp `b^dhklb hl k_q_gby k`Zlby ^h k_q_gby n-n.

Ih^klZ\eyy agZq_gb_ kdhjhklb V ba mjZ\g_gbc (9.7) b (9.8) \ nhjfmem (9.6), ihemqZ_f

2 Gm

>ey \uykg_gby nbabq_kdh]h kfukeZ dhwnnbpb_glZ jZkoh^Z P b hij_^_e_gby _]h qbke_ggh]h agZq_gby fh`gh \hkihevah\Zlvky nhjfmehc (9.3)

Dhwnnbpb_gl P ij_^klZ\ey_l hlghr_gb_ ^_ckl\bl_evgh]h jZkoh^Z `b^dhklb d l_hj_lbq_kdb \uqbke_gghfm, jZ\ghfm jZkoh^m b^_Zevghc `b^dhklb [_a mq_lZ k`Zlby kljmb. LZdbf h[jZahf, wlhl dhwnnbpb_gl mqblu\Z_l b ihl_jx gZihjZ, b k`Zlb_ kljmb, \ul_dZxs_c ba hl\_jklby.

Dhwnnbpb_gl khijhlb\e_gby hij_^_ey_lky ih nhjfme_ (9.4):

DZd ihdZaZeb hiulu, ^ey fZeuo djm]euo hl\_jklbc \ lhgdhc kl_gd_ ijb kh\_jr_gghf k`Zlbb b lmj[me_glghf j_`bf_ (d\Z^jZlbqgZy ahgZ khijhlb\e_gby)

81

i_j_qbke_ggu_ dhwnnbpb_glu bf_xl ke_^mxsb_ qbke_ggu_ agZq_gby: P = 0,62;

M = 0,97; 0 = 0,64; ] = 0,06.

Bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhklb ba hl\_jklbc khijh\h`^Z_lky bg\_jkb_c kljmb, l._. baf_g_gb_f nhjfu ihi_j_qgh]h k_q_gby ih ^ebg_ kljmb. LZd, gZijbf_j, ijb bkl_q_gbb ba d\Z^jZlgh]h hl\_jklby kljmy \ k`Zlhf k_q_gbb bf__l nhjfm \hkvfbm]hevgbdZ, Z aZ k`Zluf k_q_gb_f – dj_klhh[jZagmx nhjfm.

Bkl_q_gb_ `b^dhkl_c ba hl\_jklbc qZklh \klj_qZ_lky \ ]b^jhl_ogbq_kdbo khhjm`_gbyo, gZijbf_j, k[jhk \h^u ba \_jog_]h [v_nZ q_j_a jZaebqgu_ ^hggu_ hl\_jklby b q_j_a hl\_jklby ^ey gZiheg_gby rexah\uo dZf_j. Khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ bkl_q_gbx ba fZeuo hl\_jklbc jZkq_lgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb bkihevamxlky ^ey hij_^_e_gby jZkoh^Z b ihl_jv ^Z\e_gby \ f_jguo rZc[Zo, ahehlgbdh\uo jZkij_^_ebl_eyo, \ jZaebqguo deZiZgZo, \ ^bZnjZ]f_gguo ^jhkk_eyo b \h fgh]bo ^jm]bo mkljhckl\Zo ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbo kbkl_f.

GZkZ^dhf gZau\Z_lky dhjhldZy gZihjgZy ljm[Z ^ebghc l = (3-4)d, ijbkh_^bg_ggZy d hl\_jklbx. Ijb ]b^jZ\ebq_kdhf jZkq_l_ gZkZ^dZ mqblu\Zxlky lhevdh f_klgu_ ihl_jb gZihjZ (ihl_jyfb gZihjZ ih ^ebg_ ij_g_[j_]Zxl \\b^m bo fZehklb). JZaebqZxl ke_^mxsb_ hkgh\gu_ lbiu gZkZ^dh\: pbebg^jbq_kdb_, dhgbq_kdb_ (jZkoh^ysb_ky b koh^ysb_ky) b dhghb^Zevgu_. MdZaZggu_ gZkZ^db fh]ml jZkiheZ]Zlvky gZ \gmlj_gg_c beb \g_rg_c kl_gd_ j_a_j\mZjZ. GZkZ^db m\_ebqb\Zxl ijhimkdgmx kihkh[ghklv hl\_jklby b ijb^Zxl \ul_dZxs_c kljm_ hij_^_e_ggu_ k\hckl\Z. GZijbf_j, dhgbq_kdb jZkoh^ysbcky gZkZ^hd nhjfbjm_l kbevgh Zwjbjh\Zggmx kljmx k [hevrbf jZkoh^hf, gh k fZehc dbg_lbq_kdhc wg_j]b_c b g_agZqbl_evghc ^Zevghklvx hle_lZ kljmb. GZkZ^db rbjhdh bkihevamxlky \ l_ogbd_ – wlh \k_\hafh`gu_ nhjkmgdb b `bde_ju, \h^hk[jhkgu_ hlkZku\Zxsb_ ljm[u, khieZ Zdlb\guo lmj[bg, gZdhg_qgbdb [jZg^kihclh\ b ]b^jhfhgblhjh\; ijbf_gyxlky \ kljmcguo gZkhkZo, \ ]b^jhwe_\ZlhjZo, \ jZd_lguo ^\b]Zl_eyo, ^h`^_\Zevguo mklZgh\dZo b l.i.

JZkq_lgu_ aZ\bkbfhklb ijb bkl_q_gbb `b^dhklb q_j_a gZkZ^db l_ `_, qlh b ijb bkl_q_gbb ba hl\_jklbc. Ke_^m_l ih^q_jdgmlv, qlh \ nhjfme_ (9.3) \_ebqbgZ