- •Contents
- •Figures
- •Tables
- •Preface to the second edition
- •1. Economics and the living environment
- •2. Global conservation strategies and concerns
- •3. Markets and government intervention in environmental conservation
- •4. Environmental conservation in developing countries
- •5. Preservation of wildlife and genetic diversity
- •7. Economics of conserving natural areas and valuation techniques
- •8. Forestry, trees and conservation
- •9. Agriculture and the environment
- •10. Tourism, outdoor recreation and the natural environment
- •11. Sustainable development and conservation
- •12. Population, economic growth, globalisation and conservation: a concluding perspective
- •Index
Economics of Evironmental Conservation,
Second Edition
Economics of
Environmental
Conservation, Second
Edition
Clement A. Tisdell
Professor of Economics, School of Economics, The University of Queensland, Australia
Edward Elgar
Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA
© Clement A. Tisdell 2005
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Published by
Edward Elgar Publishing Limited
Glensanda House
Montpellier Parade
Cheltenham
Glos GL50 1UA
UK
Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
136 West Street
Suite 202
Northampton
Massachusetts 01060
USA
A catalogue record for this book
is available from the British Library
ISBN 1 84376 614 0 (cased)
Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
Contents
List of figures |
x |
|
List of tables |
|
xv |
Preface to the second edition |
xvi |
|
Preface to the first edition |
xviii |
|
1. Economics and the living environment |
1 |
|
1.1 |
Introduction |
1 |
1.2 |
Welfare economics, environment and the biosphere |
2 |
1.3Ethics, values and environmental economics:
alternative views |
7 |
1.4Economic growth, dynamics, uncertainty and the
|
environment: di ering views |
12 |
1.5 |
Uncertainty, welfare and environmental issues |
19 |
1.6 |
Conclusion |
20 |
2. Global conservation strategies and concerns |
25 |
|
2.1 |
Introduction |
25 |
2.2 |
A classification of conservation policies |
26 |
2.3The World Conservation Strategy and Caring for the
Earth: origins, aims and basic principles |
30 |
2.4Ecological processes and life-support systems:
|
agriculture, forests, marine and freshwater systems |
33 |
2.5 |
Preservation of genetic diversity |
38 |
2.6 |
Sustainable utilisation of species and ecosystems |
41 |
2.7Significant di erences between Caring for the Earth
|
and the World Conservation Strategy |
44 |
2.8 |
International conservation concerns and priorities |
47 |
2.9 |
Concluding comments |
49 |
3.Markets and government intervention in environmental
conservation |
52 |
3.1Introduction – choices about resource use and
|
conservation |
52 |
3.2 |
Market e ciency and externalities |
56 |
3.3 |
Government policies ‘to correct’ for externalities |
65 |
v
vi |
Economics of environmental conservation |
3.4Public or collective good characteristics associated
with the conservation of nature |
70 |
3.5Option demands, transaction costs, more on existence
|
values, bequest, irreversibility and uncertainty |
73 |
3.6 |
Discount rates as grounds for government intervention |
75 |
3.7 |
Monopolies and conservation |
76 |
3.8 |
Common-property and intervention |
78 |
3.9Failure of political and administrative mechanisms in
|
relation to conservation |
79 |
3.10 |
Concluding comment |
81 |
4. Environmental conservation in developing countries |
84 |
|
4.1 |
Introduction |
84 |
4.2 |
Basic conservation problems in the Third World: origin |
85 |
4.3 |
Population growth and income aspirations |
86 |
4.4 |
Expansion of the market system |
88 |
4.5 |
New technology |
89 |
4.6 |
Problems illustrated by some cases |
90 |
4.7 |
High e ective rates of discount |
93 |
4.8Di culties in enforcing conservation measures and
questions of social structure |
94 |
4.9Policies for influencing and improving conservation
practices in the Third World |
95 |
4.10 Provision of information and education |
96 |
4.11Appropriating greater gains nationally from
conservation |
96 |
4.12Tourism as a means of appropriating gains from
conservation |
98 |
4.13Improving the distribution of gains from conservation
|
within LDCs |
99 |
4.14 |
International aid and assistance, loans and trade |
101 |
4.15 |
Global public good/externality considerations |
103 |
4.16 |
Concluding observations on conservation in LDCs |
105 |
5. Preservation of wildlife and genetic diversity |
109 |
|
5.1 |
Introduction |
109 |
5.2Total economic value and the valuation of wildlife and
|
biodiversity |
110 |
5.3 |
Managing wildlife as a mixed good: simple analytics |
113 |
5.4Some economic consequences of interdependence
|
between species |
118 |
5.5 |
Criteria for deciding on species to save from extinction |
121 |
Contents |
vii |
5.6Property rights in genetic material, GMOs, and the
conservation of biodiversity |
126 |
5.7Globalisation, market extension and genetic diversity
|
of domesticated animals and plants |
128 |
5.8 |
Concluding comments |
129 |
6.Open-access, common-property and natural resource
management |
132 |
|
6.1 |
Types of property and general consequences |
132 |
6.2 |
Open-access: economic failures and their consequences |
135 |
6.3 |
Policies for managing open-access resources |
140 |
6.4Further discussion of features of open-access to
resources and its regulation |
143 |
6.5Ranching and farming as means to overcome open-
|
access problems and conserve species |
146 |
6.6 |
Concluding comment |
150 |
7. Economics of conserving natural areas and valuation techniques |
153 |
|
7.1 |
Introduction: nature and availability of natural areas |
153 |
7.2 |
Benefits and uses of natural protected areas |
155 |
7.3 |
An overview of approaches to estimating the |
|
|
economic value of non-marketed commodities |
156 |
7.4Travel cost method of estimating the value of a
|
natural area |
158 |
7.5 |
Contingent valuation of natural areas |
163 |
7.6 |
Hedonic price valuation of natural areas |
167 |
7.7 |
Some additional economic valuation techniques |
169 |
7.8Using total economic values for social choices about
|
resource use |
169 |
7.9 |
Back to some fundamentals of economic valuation |
171 |
7.10Government versus non-government provision of
|
natural areas |
173 |
7.11 |
Concluding comments |
175 |
8. Forestry, trees and conservation |
179 |
|
8.1 |
Introduction: forest cover and uses |
179 |
8.2 |
Commercial forestry for timber production |
181 |
8.3 |
Multiple purpose management of forests |
186 |
8.4 |
Forests and trees in less developed countries |
188 |
8.5 |
Economic policies, pollution, forests and trees |
192 |
8.6 |
Forest plantations versus natural forests: a discussion |
195 |
8.7 |
Concluding remarks |
196 |
viii |
Economics of environmental conservation |
|
9. Agriculture and the environment |
199 |
|
9.1 |
Introduction |
199 |
9.2 |
Externalities and agriculture |
200 |
|
9.2.1 Agricultural externalities on agriculture |
200 |
|
9.2.2 Agricultural spillovers on non-agricultural |
|
|
sectors and interests |
206 |
|
9.2.3 Spillovers from other sectors on agriculture |
207 |
9.3 |
Sustainability of agricultural systems |
208 |
9.4The Green Revolution, organic agriculture,
|
permaculture |
211 |
9.5 |
Pest and disease control in agriculture |
216 |
9.6Agriculture, biodiversity, trees and wildlife
conservation |
218 |
9.7Genetically modified organisms in agriculture:
|
economic and biodiversity issues |
220 |
9.8 |
Concluding observations |
222 |
10. Tourism, outdoor recreation and the natural environment |
225 |
10.1Introductory issues, dependence of tourism on the
natural environment |
225 |
|
10.2 Tourism destroys tourism and tourist assets |
226 |
|
10.2.1 |
Congestion or crowding and tourism |
227 |
10.2.2 |
Destruction of tourism resources by visitors |
229 |
10.3Tourism area cycle and more on the dynamics of
tourism |
231 |
10.4Impact of pollution and environmental damage on
tourism and benefits from pollution control |
234 |
10.5Tourism, conservation and the total economic value
of a natural area and economic impact analysis |
237 |
10.6 Sustainability, ecotourism and economics |
239 |
10.7Conflicts between tourists, variety in tourist areas,
|
public finance issues and national gains |
240 |
10.8 |
Concluding observations |
241 |
11. Sustainable development and conservation |
243 |
|
11.1 |
Background |
243 |
11.2 |
Sustaining intergenerational economic welfare |
244 |
11.3Capital, natural resource conversion and human
welfare: further considerations |
248 |
11.4 Survival of the human species for as long as possible |
251 |
11.5Issues raised by the views of Daly and Georgescu-
Roegen about sustainability |
253 |
Contents |
ix |
11.6Resilience of production and economic systems and
|
stationarity of their attributes |
256 |
11.7 |
Cost–benefit analysis and sustainability |
258 |
11.8 |
Sustainability of community |
260 |
11.9 |
Sustaining biodiversity |
261 |
11.10 |
Concluding remarks |
263 |
12. Population, economic growth, globalisation and conservation: a |
|
|
concluding perspective |
267 |
|
12.1 |
Introduction |
267 |
12.2Global population levels: characteristics and
projections |
268 |
12.3Environmental consequences of population growth
and economic demands |
269 |
12.4Environmental Kuznets curves: do they provide
grounds for environmental optimism? |
270 |
12.5Is economic globalisation favourable or unfavourable
to environmental conservation? |
273 |
12.6 Concluding observations |
274 |
Index |
277 |