doc_012
.pdf, , = ! !
! ,8, 8 , = ,8 , A -
8 " " 8 8.
Z 8 " " A, 8 =
. C " 8 = ! # 8, =
8 S " . ,,
(6 23.4) " , A 8-
8 8 ,
8 :
.-C1-%1-C2-%2-C3-E1-C4-%3-C5-%4-C6-E2-C7-%5-C8-%6-C9-., (23.6)
C – 8.
1 ! " ! # $# , – -
8 8 . , -
" = " 6:
, = |
, |
|
, |
(23.7) |
|
nc + n + no +1 |
|||||
|
|
|
n – 8, " -
.
1 ! "$ $# , –
("), 8-
. , " = " 6-
:
, = |
,8 |
|
= |
, |
|
, |
(23.8) |
|
n +1 |
n +1 |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
,8 – 8, ;
n – ("),
8 8.
* ! # R –
8. . "- = 8.
V 8 "
8 " . , & #
-" 1.62 "
200 1000 . V 8 -
11R . "
8 8 8
111
, 1/11 8 -
.
Y ! ! # 8 " -
" " " A
0,6 . . 8 - " , 8 1R .
S " # ! # R
8 8, -
= (" ) 50 .
# ! # R ! 8 -
8, -
= 12,5 .
", ! # -
8- 8 " = -
, = 8. +,
8 ": 12R 8R , 7R 2R A.
1 # ,7 ( - ), 8-
8 $ !, " = " 6:
,7 = (t + nc t + n t + n o t ) R ( ) , |
(23.9) |
t , t , t , t , – " 8 -
, , "
, - ;
n , n , n , – ,
, " ;
R ( ) – (8 -
) 8.
%. V = S 8 t =(0,56…0,6)t , t =(0,18…0,2)t [1, E. 386].
/ # # ,7 ( - -
), 8 8, "- = " 6:
,7 = |
,7 |
, |
(23.10) |
|
|||
|
, ( ) |
|
|
, ( ) – ( ). |
|
||
! # ,7" |
( - - |
), 8 $ ! #! ! #-
, = =, " = " 6:
|
m |
|
,7 " |
= (t + nc t + n t + no t ) R ( )i , |
(23.11) |
=1
112
m – 8;
R ( ) – (8 -
) - 8.
! # # ,7" (
- ), 8 #! ! #, = -
=, " = " 6:
m |
|
,7 " = ,7 (i) , |
(23.12) |
=1
,7 ( ) – 8, 8
8 - , - .
%. Z A 8 8 " " , , # !, -
A, " 6 (23.9…23.12) " , A " " 8 t , t , t , t " $# !
8, . % 8 " " -
8 8
" 8 " -
8 23.1.
, 8 23.1 – + 8
8 , .-
|
E |
|
] S 8 |
|
|
8 |
8 |
|
|
% |
0,35 |
- |
- |
0,35 |
|
|
|
|
|
% |
0,4 |
- |
- |
0,4 |
|
|
|
|
|
C |
0,75 |
0,1 |
- |
0,85 |
% |
4,0 |
2,0 |
0.1 |
6,1 |
E |
16,0 |
7,0 |
0,5 |
23,5 |
. |
23,0 |
10,0 |
2,0 |
35,0 |
1 # $ # !
,78( ) ( ), 8 -
= $ #! # ! #, " = " 6-
:
,7 |
8 (i) = |
e |
|
R ( ) , |
(23.13) |
|
+ 8 ( ) |
||||||
|
|
|
|
e – 6 6 8 8 ,
; e = 1750…1850 ;
– ";
R ( ) – (8 -
) 8;
113
+8( ) – 8
8.
+ 8 " = +8( ), -
+8( ), " A +8(") S +8(S) 8 -
( . .). %%7 +8( )=1650 . .,
+8( )=500 . ., +8(")=1000 . ., +8(S) = 3390 . . [8, E. 106].
1 # ! ,78 (
), 8 = $
#! # ! #, " = " 6:
,78 = ,78( )+,78( )+,78(")+,78(S), |
(23.14) |
,78( ) – 8,
8, .- ;
,78( ) – 8,
8, .- ;
,78(") – " A 8, -
8, .- ;
,78(S) – S 8,
8, .- .
! # $ # !-
,78" ( ) ( ), 8
= $ #! ! #, " = " 6-
:
|
m |
e |
|
|
|
,7 8" |
(i) = |
R ( )i , |
(23.15) |
||
|
|||||
|
=1 |
+ 8 ( ) |
|
m – 8;
R ( ) – (8 -
) - 8.
! # !
,78" ( ), 8 =-
$ #! ! #, " = " 6:
,78" = ,78" |
( ) + ,78" |
( ) + ,78" |
(") + ,78" |
(S) , |
(23.16) |
,78" ( ) – 8 " 8-
, 8, -- ;
,78" ( ) – 8 " 8-
, 8, -
- ;
114
,78" (") – " A 8 " 8-
, 8, -
- ;
,78" (S) – S 8 " 8-
, 8, - -
.
* ! ! . , 8 -
8 8-
8, = =, " = " 6-
:
|
,7 |
" |
+ ,7 |
" |
|
|
. = |
|
(c ) |
|
8 ( ) |
, |
(23.17) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
e . |
|
,7"( ) – " -
8, 8 #! ! #, = -
=, - ; ,78" ( ) – " 8 " 8-
, 8 = $
#! ! #, - ;
. – 6 = , . = 1,02…1,1.
%. I 8 " = -
, " A A, 8 -
8 8 8. * ! E , 8 -
8 " 8 8, =
=, " = " 6:
|
,7 |
" |
+ ,7 |
" |
|
|
C = |
|
( ) |
|
8 ( ) |
, |
(23.18) |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
F . |
|
,7"( ) – " -
8, 8 #! ! #, = -
=, - ; ,78" ( ) – " 8 " 8-
, 8 = $
#! ! #, - ;
F – 6 6 8 8 -
, ; F = 1750…1850 .
X $ $#$ $ # ! Q ( ),
8 " 8
8, = =, " = " 6:
115
Q ( ) = " + ( ) [ R + R c + R ], |
(23.19) |
" – 6 =, =
8, " =1,12…1,15;
+ ( ) – " -
8, = , / . .;
– 6 =, " = S
; =0,6;
– 6 =, " = S -
; =0,2;
R – 8, - = ; . .;
R c – 8, =
; . .;
R – 8, -
= ; . .
! D $ $#$ # ! Q ,
8 " 8
8, = =, " = " 6:
n |
|
Q = Q ( ) , |
(23.20) |
1 |
|
Q ( ) – A 8 = - , ; n – .
! D $ $#$ # ! Q ,
8 " 8
8, = =, 8 " $D
#. X 8 =, A 1 -
, " 8, 10 . ,:
Q =10 E , |
(23.21) |
E – , A " 8
8.
23.2 $ "". $ . % !* " ) " "".
8 23.2 A 44 ( ) ,
. X ; -
R ; , 8 " n , n , n
n , 8 " 8 " " -
116
%%7,
I ( ).
, 8 23.2 – V ( ) ,
+ |
|
. |
. |
I, |
|||
- |
( ) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n |
n |
n |
n |
|
|
|
R |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1.62 |
11,0 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
24000 |
2 |
1.62- |
12,5 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
23000 |
3 |
1.62V |
14,5 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
22000 |
4 |
1 63 |
13,0 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
23500 |
5 |
1 63- |
14,0 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
22500 |
6 |
1 65 |
16,5 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
21500 |
7 |
1 42- |
17,5 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
22000 |
8 |
1I124 |
14,5 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
20000 |
9 |
1I136 X |
14,0 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
19500 |
10 |
1t140% |
17,5 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
24000 |
11 |
1V112 |
18,0 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
23000 |
12 |
1Y125 |
15,5 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
22000 |
13 |
1-265+%-8. |
50,0 |
1 |
4 |
10 |
15 |
23500 |
14 |
1-290+%-6. |
41,0 |
1 |
4 |
15 |
20 |
22500 |
15 |
6927-1 |
12,5 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
21500 |
16 |
te2380 |
13,0 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
22000 |
17 |
6+13X |
14,0 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
20000 |
18 |
6,82t-1 |
12,5 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
19500 |
19 |
6783t |
11,0 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
18000 |
20 |
6,83t-1 |
11,5 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
17500 |
21 |
2E132 |
9,5 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
17000 |
22 |
2t125 |
4,5 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
24000 |
23 |
2+135-1 |
6,0 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
23000 |
24 |
.V-26 |
5,5 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
22000 |
25 |
2.52 |
7,0 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
23500 |
26 |
2 55 |
20,0 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
22500 |
27 |
2I576 |
17,5 |
1 |
4 |
10 |
15 |
21500 |
28 |
3 10 |
15,5 |
1 |
4 |
15 |
20 |
22000 |
29 |
3 10I |
19,5 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
20000 |
30 |
3 195 |
38,5 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
19500 |
31 |
3Y711 -1 |
15,0 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
18000 |
32 |
3Y711 e-1 |
17,5 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
18500 |
33 |
3.225 |
17,5 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
24000 |
34 |
3.225I |
16,5 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
23000 |
35 |
3.227 |
12,5 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
22000 |
36 |
3Y642 |
10,0 |
1 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
23500 |
37 |
3Y642Y |
12,5 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
22500 |
38 |
2620 |
28,0 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
21500 |
39 |
2620t |
18,0 |
1 |
3 |
12 |
16 |
22000 |
40 |
7-64 |
17,5 |
1 |
3 |
16 |
20 |
20000 |
41 |
7-67 |
24,5 |
1 |
4 |
10 |
15 |
19500 |
42 |
8t662 |
16,0 |
1 |
4 |
15 |
20 |
19000 |
43 |
8t681 |
17,5 |
1 |
2 |
12 |
15 |
18000 |
44 |
8-66 |
8,0 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
12 |
17000 |
117
8 23.3 A , ( ) -
" 8 8 "
". ; , D " # ! # !
! $ 30 #. C S , A -
%%7.
, 8 23.3 – % "
- |
+ - |
|
|
|
|
V , |
|
," |
e , |
F , |
. |
+ |
- |
, - |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- |
- |
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1,2,3,4,5 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
250 |
1 |
8 |
1750 |
1760 |
1,1 |
14 |
2 |
3,4,5,6,7 |
1,3 |
0,8 |
1 |
1,4 |
251 |
2 |
8,1 |
1751 |
1765 |
1,01 |
13 |
3 |
5,6,7,8,9 |
1,5 |
0,7 |
0,7 |
1,7 |
253 |
3 |
8,12 |
1752 |
1770 |
1,03 |
12 |
4 |
7,8,9,10,11 |
1 |
1,3 |
1 |
1,2 |
253 |
2 |
8,05 |
1754 |
1775 |
1,05 |
11 |
5 |
9,10,11,12,13 |
1,3 |
1 |
1 |
1,1 |
254 |
1 |
8,06 |
1755 |
1780 |
1,07 |
10 |
6 |
11,12,13,14,15 |
1,5 |
0,8 |
0,7 |
1 |
255 |
2 |
8,07 |
1756 |
1785 |
1,09 |
9 |
7 |
13,14,15,16,17 |
1 |
0,7 |
1 |
1,4 |
256 |
3 |
8,08 |
1758 |
1790 |
1,08 |
8 |
8 |
15,16,17,18,19 |
1,3 |
1,3 |
1 |
1,7 |
257 |
2 |
8,09 |
1760 |
1795 |
1,06 |
9 |
9 |
17,18,19,20,21 |
1,5 |
1 |
0,7 |
1,2 |
258 |
1 |
8,1 |
1765 |
1750 |
1,04 |
10 |
10 |
19,20,21,22,23 |
1 |
0,8 |
1 |
1,1 |
259 |
1 |
8 |
1770 |
1751 |
1,02 |
11 |
11 |
21,22,23,24,25 |
1,3 |
0,7 |
1 |
1 |
260 |
2 |
8,1 |
1775 |
1752 |
1,1 |
12 |
12 |
23,24,25,26,27 |
1,5 |
1,3 |
0,7 |
1,4 |
250 |
3 |
8,12 |
1780 |
1754 |
1,01 |
13 |
13 |
25,26,27,28,29 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1,7 |
251 |
3 |
8,05 |
1785 |
1755 |
1,03 |
14 |
14 |
27,28,29,30,31 |
1,3 |
0,8 |
1 |
1,2 |
253 |
2 |
8,06 |
1790 |
1756 |
1,05 |
15 |
15 |
29,30,31,32,33 |
1,5 |
0,7 |
0,7 |
1,1 |
253 |
1 |
8,07 |
1795 |
1758 |
1,07 |
16 |
16 |
31,32,33,34,35 |
1 |
1,3 |
1 |
1 |
254 |
1 |
8,08 |
1750 |
1760 |
1,09 |
14 |
17 |
33,34,35,36,37 |
1,3 |
1 |
1 |
1,4 |
255 |
2 |
8,09 |
1751 |
1765 |
1,08 |
13 |
18 |
35,36,37,38,39 |
1,5 |
0,8 |
0,7 |
1,7 |
256 |
2 |
8,1 |
1752 |
1770 |
1,06 |
12 |
19 |
37,38,39,40,41 |
1 |
0,7 |
1 |
1,2 |
257 |
3 |
8 |
1754 |
1775 |
1,04 |
11 |
20 |
39,40,41,42,43 |
1,3 |
1,3 |
1 |
1,1 |
258 |
2 |
8,1 |
1755 |
1780 |
1,02 |
10 |
21 |
41,42,43,44,1 |
1,5 |
1 |
0,7 |
1 |
259 |
2 |
8,12 |
1756 |
1785 |
1,1 |
9 |
22 |
1,4,8,12,18 |
1 |
0,8 |
1 |
1,4 |
260 |
1 |
8,05 |
1758 |
1790 |
1,01 |
8 |
23 |
2,10,20,30,40 |
1,3 |
0,7 |
1 |
1,7 |
250 |
2 |
8,06 |
1760 |
1795 |
1,03 |
9 |
24 |
3,6,13,17,21 |
1,5 |
1,3 |
0,7 |
1,2 |
251 |
2 |
8,07 |
1765 |
1750 |
1,05 |
10 |
25 |
5,12,19,31,41 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1,1 |
253 |
2 |
8,08 |
1770 |
1751 |
1,07 |
11 |
26 |
6,14,18,25,29 |
1,3 |
0,8 |
1 |
1 |
253 |
3 |
8,09 |
1775 |
1752 |
1,09 |
12 |
27 |
7,16,31,35,39 |
1,5 |
0,7 |
0,7 |
1,4 |
254 |
2 |
8,1 |
1780 |
1754 |
1,08 |
13 |
28 |
9,14,27,36,44 |
1 |
1,3 |
1 |
1,7 |
255 |
3 |
8,15 |
1785 |
1755 |
1,06 |
14 |
29 |
10,14,22, 28,37 |
1,3 |
1 |
1 |
1,2 |
256 |
2 |
8 |
1790 |
1756 |
1,04 |
15 |
30 |
11,21,31,41,7 |
1,5 |
0,8 |
0,7 |
1,1 |
257 |
3 |
8,1 |
1795 |
1758 |
1,02 |
16 |
. 8 23.2 23.3, 8:
1., 8 .
2.6 (23.2) " ( )
8, A .
3.6 (23.3) " ( ) -
8, A .
4.6 (23.5) (23.7) " ( )
8, A .
118
5.6 (23.9) " 8 (
- ) 8,
. + " " 8 23.1.
6.6 (23.10) "
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
7.6 (23.11) " " -
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
; $$. 7, 8, 9, 12 13 , D # ! -
! $ 30 # " # ! #.
8.6 (23.12) " " -
8 ( - ), 8
8, A .
9.. 6 (23.9…23.12), " " -
! 8 ( - -
), 8 8, A -
.
10.. 6 (23.13), " ( -- ) , , " A S 8 " -
8, 8
8. + 8 8. 23.1.
11.. 6 (23.14), " ( -
- ) 8 " 8, 8 -
8.
12.. 6 (23.15), " " -
( - ) , , " A S 8 " 8, 8
8, A .
13. . 6 (23.16), " " -
( - ) 8 " 8, - 8 8, A
.
14. . 6 (23.17), " "
, , " A S, 8
8 8
8, A .
%. % " " A S
, A 8 " 8
8, 8 – .
15. . 6 (23.18), " ,
8 8 "
8 8, A .
119
16. 7 " 8,
= , -
. V :
) " 8 23.2
= 8, "
8, , -
, , -
, A " $ !, "-
8;
8) 8, -, " # ,
, , A " $ -
. V " , . 16. , " ( ) 8-, " . 3;
) " , -
, , A " $
# ! #, ! # !, 8
": R , R R .
% . 16. , A
30 8.
17. . 6 (23.19), " A 8 -
= , 8 " -
8 8, A .
18.8 .
23.3 ! "". $ . % "!& 4 ! 5'&' *& " "
1.E " =.
2.V " "- - 8 =.
3.+ " " =
8 .
4.C " " - -
, " =. -
= %%7?
5.V " “ 8”. + " -
8 .
6.V " “ 8”. + "
.
7.8 " %%7.
" = " ?
8.V 6 "
8, A =.
120