Саушкин О. В. Тяговый расчет трактора
.pdf
11
Hij_^_e_ggmx ih nhjfme_ fhsghklv N g ke_^m_l hdjm]eblv \ klh-
jhgm m\_ebq_gby ^h [eb`Zcr_]h agZq_gby fhsghklb k_jbcgh]h ^\b]Zl_eykf ijbe b \ ^Zevg_cr_f \ jZkq_lZo bkihevah\Zlv ^Zggu_ ih \u[jZgghfm ^\b]Zl_ex
>ey ih^h[jZggh]h lZdbf h[jZahf ^\b]Zl_ey k ghfbgZevghc fhsghklvx Ng' dhwnnbpb_gl aZ]jmadb ^\b]Zl_ey ka ih fhf_glm khijhlb\e_gby ijb jZ- [hl_ ljZdlhjZ k djxdh\hc gZ]jmadhc Pdj = Pdjg [m^_l g_kdhevdh hlebqZlvky hl _]h jZkq_lgh]h agZq_gby k a = 0,9 Gh\h_ agZq_gb_ dhwnnbpb_glZ aZ]jmadb
k ^hklZlhqghc ^ey bg`_g_jguo jZkq_lh\ lhqghklvx fh`gh hij_^_eblv ih kh- hlghr_gbx
k a = 0,9 |
N g |
||
|
|
. |
|
N |
' |
||
|
g |
||
|
|
||
Hij_^_e_gb_ iZjZf_ljh\ \g_rg_c kdhjhklghc oZjZdl_jbklbdb<KO ^\b]Zl_ey
IZjZf_ljZfb <KO y\eyxlky N _ , M ^ , GT b ge Wlb iZjZf_lju hlh-
[jZ`Zxlky gZ ]jZnbdZo <KO dZd nmgdpbb qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ ^\b]Zl_ey Ih^kq_l iZjZf_ljh\ <KO hkms_kl\ey_lky ^ey oZjZdl_jguo agZq_gbc
qZklhlu \jZs_gby \ZeZ nf , ng b n oo Z lZd`_ ^ey jy^Z ijhf_`mlhqguo agZ-
q_gbc n^ ih ke_^mxsbf nhjfmeZf |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
• |
ijb n^ |
= |
ng : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ω |
|
= |
π |
|
ng |
; M g |
= |
|
Ng |
|
; |
GTg = |
geg N g |
; |
||
|
g |
|
30 |
|
ϖ g |
|
1000 |
||||||||||
ijb n^ = nf : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
• |
ω f |
= π nf ; |
M f = |
|
kf M f ; |
N f = ω f M f ; |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
GTf = |
|
|
|
GLg |
|
|
|
gef = |
1000 |
GTf |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
(1,25...1,30) |
; |
|
|
|
|
; |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
N |
f |
|
||||||||||
|
|
= |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
• |
ijb n^ |
noo : |
M oo = |
|
|
|
|
|
= (0,25...0,30) GTg ; geo → ∞ ; |
||||||||
|
N oo = |
|
0 ; |
0 ; |
|
GTo |
|||||||||||
•ijb ng > n^ > nf [_aj_]meylhjgZy \_l\v <KO
]jZnbdb M ^ b hljZ`Zxlky ieZ\gufb djb\ufb Z agZq_gby Ne b ge ^ey jy^Z agZq_gbc ω ^ ih^kqblu\Zxlky ih nhjfmeZf
|
|
12 |
|
|
N e = ω ^ M ^ ; |
ge |
= 1000 |
GL |
. |
|
||||
|
|
|
Ne |
|
Djhf_ lh]h jZkq_l \k_o iZjZf_ljh\ <KO fh`_l ijhba\h^blky gZ W<F ih ijh]jZff_ ”Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ´jZajZ[hlZgghc gZ dZn_^j_ LjZd- lhju´nZce C\MAMI\TEORIA\tjaga.exe); j_amevlZlu jZkq_lZ ih wlhc ijh]jZff_ ^ey ]mk_gbqgh]h ljZdlhjZ kf gZijbf_j \ ijbe
•ijb noo > n^ > ng j_]meylhjgZy \_l\v <KO
]jZnbdb M ^ b N e hljZ`Zxlky hlj_adZfb ijyfuo Z ]jZnbdb GT b ge - hlj_adZfb ieZ\guo djb\uo kf ijbe ijbf_j jbk
AgZq_gby jZkq_lguo iZjZf_ljh\ <KO k\h^ylky \ lZ[ebpm
JZkq_l iZjZf_ljh\ ihl_gpbZevghc ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ILO
JZkq_l iZjZf_ljh\ ILO hkms_kl\ey_lky ijb Ne = Ng = const ihke_^h- \Zl_evgh ih ke_^mxsbf nhjfmeZf l_hjbb ljZdlhjZ [1, 7, 8, 14]:
• fhsghklv f_oZgbq_kdbo ihl_jv \ ljZgkfbkkbb b ^\b`bl_e_ b khhl\_l- kl\_ggh fhsghklv ih^\h^bfZy d \_^msbf dhe_kZf ljZdlhjZ
N f = (1 − η f ) N g ; N d = N g − N f ;
•l_hj_lbq_kdZy b ^_ckl\bl_evgZy kdhjhklb ljZdlhjZ
vT = |
Nd |
|
; |
v = v (1 − δ ) ; |
|
(Pdj + |
Pf ) |
||||
|
|
T |
|||
|
|
|
•ly]h\Zy fhsghklv djxdh\Zy fhsghklv ljZdlhjZ b khhl\_lkl\_ggh fhsghklv aZljZq_ggZy gZ ij_h^he_gb_ khijhlb\e_gby dZq_gbx ljZd- lhjZ
Ndj = Pdj v ; N f = Pf v ;
•fhsghklv aZljZq_ggZy gZ [mdkh\Zgb_ ljZdlhjZ
Nδ = N g − N f − N dj − N f ;
•ly]h\uc DI> ljZdlhjZ
η T = |
N dj |
|
|
. |
|
|
||
|
N g |
|
AgZq_gby wlbo iZjZf_ljh\ ih^kqblu\Zxlky ^ey g_kdhevdbo agZq_gbc djxdh\hc kbeu ly]b Pdj \ ^bZiZahg_ 0... N djij ) gZ W<F ih mdZaZgghc \ur_
ijh]jZff_ b ih wlbf ^Zgguf kljhblky ILO kf ijbe ijbf_j jbk
Ih ]jZnbdm ILO hij_^_ey_lky fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ ly]h\h]h DI> η T = η Tf b khhl\_lkl\mxs__ _fm agZq_gb_ Pdj Z lZd`_ hp_gb\Z_lky ^bZiZ- ahg baf_g_gby Pdj ijb dhlhjhf ly]h\uc DI> m^h\e_l\hjy_l mkeh\bx
η T > 0,95 η Tf .
13
Hij_^_e_gb_ i_j_^Zlhqguo qbk_e ljZgkfbkkbb
J_r_gb_ wlhc aZ^Zqb hkms_kl\ey_lky \ ke_^mxs_c ihke_^h\Zl_evgh-
klb
•Hij_^_ey_lky ih aZ^Zgbx l_hj_lbq_kdZy kdhjhklv vT1 ljZdlhjZ gZhc i_j_^Zq_ hkgh\gh]h jZ[hq_]h ^bZiZahgZ ljZgkfbkkbb ijb jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey \ ghfbgZevghf j_`bf_
•Hij_^_ey_lky i_j_^Zlhqgh_ qbkeh u21 ljZgkfbkkbb gZ hc i_j_^Zq_ d aZ^gbf \_^msbf dhe_kZf ih nhjfme_ ^ey \k_o lbih\ ljZdlhjh\
u21 = |
ω |
g r2 |
|
ω |
|
= |
π |
ng |
|
r = |
0,5 D |
|
; |
( |
g |
|
|
, |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
30 |
2 |
2 ) |
||||
|
|
vT1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A^_kv b ^Ze__ ih l_dklm \ h[hagZq_gbyo i_j_^Zlhqguo qbk_e Zy pbn- jZ gb`g_]h bg^_dkZ ghf_j \_^ms_]h fhklZ Zy ghf_j i_j_^Zqb
•>ey ljZdlhjh\ D Z [_a fmnlu k\h[h^gh]h oh^Z \ ijb\h^_ d i_j_^gbf dhe_kZf i_j_^Zlhqgh_ qbkeh ljZgkfbkkbb gZ hc i_j_^Zq_ d i_j_^- gbf \_^msbf dhe_kZf ih^kqblu\Zxl ih nhjfme_
u11 = u21 r1 ;
r2
Z ^ey ljZdlhjh\ D [ m dhlhjuo k\h[h^gu_ jZ^bmku jZ\gu l _ r1 = r2 , ijbgbfZxl u11 = u21 ;
•Hij_^_ey_lky agZf_gZl_ev ]_hf_ljbq_kdh]h jy^Z i_j_^Zlhqguo qbk_e ljZgkfbkkbb [8, 14]
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
||
|
|
vT 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
n− |
1 |
|
|||||
q = |
|
|
, |
(8) |
||||
|
||||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
vTn |
|
|
|
|||
]^_ n qbkeh i_j_^Zq jZ[hq_]h ^bZiZahgZ kf aZ^Zgb_ vTn l_hj_lbq_- kdZy kdhjhklv ljZdlhjZ gZ n hc \ukr_c i_j_^Zq_ jZ[hq_]h ^bZiZahgZ ijb jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey \ ghfbgZevghf j_`bf_
Kdhjhklv vTn gZ \ukr_c i_j_^Zq_ klm^_glZfb hij_^_ey_lky kZfhklhy- l_evgh Ijb \u[hj_ agZq_gby wlhc kdhjhklb gZ^h h[_ki_qblv lZdh_ __ fZdkb- fZevgh \hafh`gh_ agZq_gb_ qlh[u agZf_gZl_ev ih^kqblZgguc ih nhjfme_
h[_ki_qb\Ze kh[ex^_gb_ ke_^mxs_]h khhlghr_gby [ 7 ]:
q ≤ |
1 |
, |
(9) |
|
|||
|
kf |
|
|
]^_ kf dhwnnbpb_gl ijbkihkh[ey_fhklb \u[jZggh]h ^\b]Zl_ey ih fhf_glm
•Ih^kqblu\Zxlky i_j_^Zlhqgu_ qbkeZ ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq
u |
= u q j− 1 |
; |
u |
2 j |
= |
u |
22 |
q j− 1 |
. |
1 j |
11 |
|
|
|
|
AgZq_gby jZkq_lguo i_j_^Zlhqguo qbk_e k\h^ylky \ lZ[ebpm
14
Hij_^_e_gb_ iZjZf_ljh\ ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ljZdlhjZ
GZ ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ hljZ`Zxlky dZd nmgdpbb djxdh\hc kbeu ly]b Pdj ke_^mxsb_ iZjZf_lju
•kdhjhklgu_ dbg_fZlbq_kdb_ iZjZf_lju qZklhlZ \jZs_gby \ZeZ ^\b-
]Zl_ey n^ l_hj_lbq_kdZy kdhjhklv vT ^_ckl\bl_evgZy kdhjhklv v b dhwnnbpb_gl [mdkh\Zgby ljZdlhjZ δ ;
•fhsghklgu_ iZjZf_lju wnn_dlb\gZy fhsghklv ^\b]Zl_ey N e djx-
dh\Zy fhsghklv ljZdlhjZ N dj ly]h\uc DI> ljZdlhjZ η T ;
•lhieb\gh wdhghfbq_kdb_ iZjZf_lju qZkh\hc jZkoh^ ^\b]Zl_e_f lhi- eb\Z GT m^_evguc djxdh\hc jZkoh^ lhieb\Z g dj .
Wlb iZjZf_lju hij_^_eyxlky ^ey gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jguo j_`bfh\ jZ-
[hlu ^\b]Zl_ey ljZdlhjZ n^ = |
nf , |
n^ = |
ng b n^ = |
noo gZ \k_o i_j_^ZqZo b bo |
||||||||||
jZkq_l hkms_kl\ey_lky \ ke_^mxs_c ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Hij_^_e_gb_ dZkZl_evghc b djxdh\hc kbe ly]b |
|
|
||||||||||||
• ijb n^ = ng : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pd1 = |
P |
= |
Pdjg + |
Pf |
|
= P |
q j − 1 |
|
|
= P |
− |
|
|
|
dg |
|
|
|
P |
|
P |
P |
|
||||||
|
|
; |
; |
f ; |
||||||||||
|
k a |
|
k a |
dM |
d1 |
|
djM |
dM |
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
•ijb n^ = nf :
P |
= k |
P |
; |
P |
= |
P |
q j − 1 ; |
P |
= |
P |
− |
P |
; |
df1 |
|
f d1 |
|
dfM |
|
df1 |
|
djf |
|
dfM |
|
f |
|
•ijb n^ = noo :
Pd = 0 ; Pdj = − Pf mkeh\gh_ agZq_gb_
Hij_^_e_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdbo b ^_ckl\bl_evguo kdhjhkl_c
• |
ijb n^ |
= |
ng : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
v |
= |
vT1 |
; |
|
|
|
( |
− δ |
|
) |
; |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
j− 1 |
|
|
|
j |
||||||||
|
|
|
Tj |
|
q |
v j = vTj 1 |
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
• |
ijb n^ |
= |
nf : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vLfM |
= |
|
vTj |
|
; |
vfM |
= |
v j |
; |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
= |
kn |
kn |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
• |
ijb n^ |
noo : |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
vTxj |
= |
|
vTj |
noo |
; |
voM = |
vTxj l d δ = 0 ). |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
ng |
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
15
Ijbf_qZgb_ AgZq_gby iZjZf_ljh\: l_hj_lbq_kdhc vToo b ^_ckl\bl_evghc voM kdhjhkl_c y\eyxlky mkeh\gufb l d ijb n^ = noo dZkZl_evgZy kbeZ ly]b ljZd- lhjZ Pd = 0 .
Hij_^_e_gb_ fhsghklguo iZjZf_ljh\
Wnn_dlb\gZy fhsghklv ^\b]Zl_ey N e ^ey oZjZdl_jguo agZq_gbc qZk- lhlu n^ hij_^_ey_lky ih ]jZnbdZf <KO ly]h\Zy fhsghklv N dj b ly]h\uc DI> η T ih^kqblu\Zxlky ^ey dZ`^hc i_j_^Zqb ih nhjfmeZf
NdjM = v j PdjM ; η T = |
N djM |
|
|
. |
|
|
||
|
Ne |
|
Hij_^_e_gb_ lhieb\gh wdhghfbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\
AgZq_gby qZkh\h]h jZkoh^Z lhieb\Z GTj hij_^_eyxlky ih <KO ^\b]Z-
l_ey ijb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo agZq_gbyo n^ Z agZq_gb_ djxdh\h]h m^_evgh]h jZkoh^Z ljZdlhjZ ih^kqblu\Zxlky ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq ih nhjfme_
gdjM = 1000 GTj .
NdjM
AgZq_gby \k_o jZkq_lguo iZjZf_ljh\ k\h^ylky \ lZ[ebpm ih ^Zgguf dhlhjhc kljhylky ]jZnbdb ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb
>ey [he__ lhqgh]h ihkljh_gby ]jZnbdh\ ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb hij_- ^_eyxlky ^hihegbl_evgh g_h[oh^bfu_ ^Zggu_ jZkq_lhf gZ W<F ih mdZaZg- ghc \ur_ ijh]jZff_
Ihkljh_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdhc ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb
|
GZ ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbd_ ljZdlhjZ hlh[jZ`Zxlky ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq |
]jZnbdb aZ\bkbfhkl_c hl djxdh\hc kbeu ly]b Pdj ke_^mxsbo \_ebqbg |
|
• |
kdhjhklguo iZjZf_ljh\ n^ , v , δ ; |
• |
fhsghklguo iZjZf_ljh\ N e , N dj , η T ; |
•lhieb\gh wdhghfbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ GT , g dj .
Ihkljh_gb_ l_hj_lbq_kdhc ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb ih ^Zgguf ly]h\h- ]h jZkq_lZ j_dhf_g^m_lky ijh\h^blv \ ^\Z wlZiZ I_j\uc wlZi y\ey_lky ih^- ]hlh\bl_evguf Z gZ \lhjhf wlZi_ hkms_kl\ey_lky ijhp_^mjZ ihkljh_gby kh- hl\_lkl\mxsbo ]jZnbdh\ ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb
16
I_j\uc wlZi
•Gh hkb Z[kpbkk kf jbk ijbf_j hl gZqZeZ dhhj^bgZl l \ijZ\h hldeZ^u\Zxlky jZkq_lgu_ agZq_gby kbe ly]b gZ djxd_ Pdj Z \e_\h kbeZ khijhlb\e_gby dZq_gbx ljZdlhjZ Pf e_\uc dhg_p ihemq_ggh]h
hlj_adZ l 1 khhl\_lkl\m_l agZq_gbyf Pdj = − Pf beb Pd = 0 ).
•Ih hkb hj^bgZl hldeZ^u\Zxlky
S |
kdhjhklgu_ iZjZf_lju n^ , vT , v , δ |
; |
S |
fhsghklgu_ iZjZf_lju N e , N dj , η |
T ; |
Slhieb\gh wdhghfbq_kdb_ iZjZf_lju GT , g dj .
•GZ hkb Z[kpbkk hldeZ^u\Zxlky ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq jZkq_lgu_ agZq_gby djxdh\uo kbe ly]b
S |
PdjM \ j_`bf_ jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey ijb n^ = |
ng ; |
S |
Pdjf \ j_`bf_ jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey ijb n^ = |
nf . |
Q_j_a wlb lhqdb ijh\h^ylky \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ lhgdb_ \_jlbdZevgu_ eb- gbb GZ wlbo ebgbyo [m^ml jZkiheZ]Zlvky lhqdb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ \k_f jZk- q_lguf iZjZf_ljZf \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_`bfZo jZ[hlu ljZdlhjZ Ijb hdhgqZl_evghf hnhjfe_gbb ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ \_jlb- dZevgu_ ebgbb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ lhqdZf P djf m^Zeyxlky
•GZ \kihfh]Zl_evghc \_jlbdZevghc ebgbb Pdj = − Pf hldeZ^u\Zxlky hj^bgZlu jZkq_lguo iZjZf_ljh\ ijb jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey
S\ ohehklhf j_`bf_ noo , vTxj , GTo ;
S\ ghfbgZevghf j_`bf_ ng , N g , GTg ;
S\ j_`bf_ fZdkbfZevgh]h fhf_glZ nf, N^f , GTf .
Q_j_a lhqdb khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ ghfbgZevghfm j_`bfm M ^ = M g b j_-
`bfm jZ[hlu ^\b]Zl_ey ijb M ^ = M f ijh\h^ylky \kihfh]Zl_evgu_ lhg-
db_ ]hjbahglZevgu_ ebgbb I_j_k_q_gb_ wlbo ebgbc k khhl\_lkl\mxsbfb \kihfh]Zl_evgufb \_jlbdZevgufb ebgbyfb h[_ki_qb\Z_l ]jZnbq_kdh_ hlh[jZ`_gb_ agZq_gbc jZkq_lguo iZjZf_ljh\ \ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_`b- fZo jZ[hlu ^\b]Zl_ey
<lhjhc wlZi
•< i_j\mx hq_j_^v kljhylky ]jZnbdb kdhjhklguo iZjZf_ljh\ Wlh ih- kljh_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky \ ke_^mxs_c ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb
KgZqZeZ ih ^Zgguf jZg__ ijh\_^_ggh]h jZkq_lZ kljhblky djb\Zy
[mdkh\Zgby δ = δ (Pdj ) Z aZl_f ]jZnbdb n^ = n^M (Pdj ), vT = vTj (Pdj ) b
17
v = v j (Pdj ) Ijb wlhf mqblu\Z_lky qlh ]jZnbdb lj_o ihke_^gbo aZ\b- kbfhkl_c bf_xl ^\_ \_l\b ebg_cgmx ijb baf_g_gbb Pdj hl 0 ^h PdjM , qlh khhl\_lkl\m_l jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey ih j_]meylhjghc \_l\b hl n^ = 0 ^h nf ) b g_ebg_cgmx ijb baf_g_gbb Pdj hl PdjM ^h agZq_gby djxdh-
\hc kbeu Pdjf khhl\_lkl\mxs_c jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey \ j_`bf_ fZdkb- fZevgh]h fhf_glZ gZ dZ`^hc i_j_^Zq_ qlh khhl\_lkl\m_l jZ[hl_ ^\b- ]Zl_ey ih [_aj_]meylhjghc \_l\b \ j_`bf_ i_j_]jmadb hl ng ^h nf ).
G_ebg_cgu_ \_l\b wlbo ]jZnbdh\ \ dmjkh\hc jZ[hl_ k p_evx kh- djZs_gby h[t_fZ \uqbke_gbc kljhylky ijb[eb`_ggh \k_]h ih ^\mf lhqdZf K wlhc p_evx khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ lhqdb e_`Zsb_ gZ \kihfh]Z-
l_evguo \_jlbdZevguo ebgbyo Pdj = PdjM b Pdj = Pdjf gZ dZ`^hc i_j_- ^Zq_ kh_^bgyxlky ieZ\ghc ebgb_c kf jbk ijbf_j ijbe Ijb hdhgqZl_evghf hnhjfe_gbb ]jZnbdh\ hgb h[\h^ylky hkgh\ghc lheklhc ebgb_c
•<h \lhjmx hq_j_^v kljhylky ]jZnbdb fhsghklguo iZjZf_ljh\ Wlh ih- kljh_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky \ ke_^mxs_c ihke_^h\Zl_evghklb
KgZqZeZ kljhylky djb\u_ aZ\bkbfhklb Ne j (Pdj ) Wlb djb\u_
lZd`_ dZd b djb\u_ jZg__ ihkljh_gguo aZ\bkbfhkl_c bf_xl ^\_ \_l- \b khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey ih j_]meylhjghc b [_aj_]mey- lhjghc oZjZdl_jbklbdZf b h[_ wlb \_l\b y\eyxlky g_ebg_cgufb H^-
gZdh g_ebg_cghklv i_j\hc \_l\b e_`Zs_c \ bgl_j\Ze_ hl 0 ^h PdjM , y\ey_lky keZ[hc ihwlhfm wlm \_l\v [_a kms_kl\_gguo ih]j_rghkl_c fh`gh Ziijhdkbfbjh\Zlv ijyfhc ebgb_c >ey ihkljh_gby wlhc \_l\b
j_dhf_g^m_lky gZ ]hjbahglZevghc \kihfh]Zl_evghc ebgbb Ne = N g gZg_klb mkeh\gu_ lhqdb gZ jZkklhygbyo 1...2 ff hl khhl\_lkl\mxsbo \kihfh]Zl_evguo \_jlbdZevguo ebgbc Pdj = PdjM b kh_^bgblv wlb lhq- db k lhqdhc H1 Z aZl_f \ jZkq_lguo lhqdZo khhl\_lkl\mxsbo ghfb- gZevghc fhsghklb ^\b]Zl_ey N g ijhba\_klb ³hdjm]e_gb_´ ^Zgghc
\_l\b kf jbk ijbf_j ijbe b ^Ze__ ihkljhblv g_ebg_cgu_ \_l- \b gZ mqZkldZo ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb khhl\_lkl\mxsbo j_`bfZf jZ-
[hlu ^\b]Zl_ey hl ng ^h n f ih ZgZeh]bb k jZg__ baeh`_gghc f_lh^b- dhc
AZl_f kljhylky ]jZnbdb aZ\bkbfhkl_c Ndj (Pdj ) ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq
\ khhl\_lkl\mxsbo bgl_j\ZeZo baf_g_gby Pdj hl 0 ^h Pdjf Ijb wlhf ^ey \k_o i_j_^Zq Z[kpbkku fZdkbfZevguo agZq_gbc aZ\bkbfhkl_c Ndj (Pdj ) jZ\gu agZq_gbyf PdjM H^gZdh ^ey dhe_kguo ljZdlhjh\ ijb
jZ[hl_ bo gZ hc i_j_^Zq_ \ j_`bf_ i_j_]jmadb l _ ijb Pdj > Pdjg , \
18
kbem agZqbl_evgh]h [mdkh\Zgby (δ > δ g ) fZdkbfZevgh_ agZq_gb_ Ndj
fh`_l kf_klblvky \ ahgm hij_^_ey_fmx g_jZ\_gkl\hf Pdj > Pdjg .
Ih jZg__ jZkkqblZgguf ^Zgguf kljhblky ijb ihfhsb imgdlbj- ghc ebgbb ihl_gpbZevgZy ly]h\Zy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ Ndj (Pdj ) ijb khhl- \_lkl\mxs_f \u[hj_ fZkrlZ[Z wlZ oZjZdl_jbklbdZ y\ey_lky lZd`_ b ihl_gpbZevghc oZjZdl_jbklbdhc ly]h\h]h DI> ljZdlhjZη T Ihkljh- _ggZy djb\Zy ILO y\ey_lky h]b[Zxs_c djb\uo
•< lj_lvx hq_j_^v kljhylky ]jZnbdb baf_g_gby lhieb\gh wdhghfbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ GT b g dj Ijb wlhf ]jZnbdb aZ\bkbfhkl_c
GTj (Pdj ) khhl\_lkl\mxsb_ jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey ih j_]meylhjghc \_l\b
hlh[jZ`Zxlky hlj_adZfb ijyfuo Z ijb jZ[hl_ ih [_aj_]meylhjghc \_l\b djb\ufb
Ijb |
ihkljh_gbb ]jZnbdh\ g dj g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv qlh ijb |
N dj → |
0 m^_evguc jZkoh^ gdjM klj_fblky d [_kdhg_qghklb |
Ijbf_qZgb_ ?keb ijb jZ[hl_ ljZdlhjZ gZ i_j\hc i_j_^Zq_ hdZ`_lky qlh Pdjf > Pdjij lh ]jZnbdb \k_o iZjZf_ljh\ ^h agZq_gby Pdj = Pdjij ijh\h^ylky
kiehrgufb ebgbyfb Z gZ bgl_j\Ze_ hl Pdjij ^h Pdjf imgdlbjgufb LZd`_ imgdlbjgufb ebgbyfb hlh[jZ`Zxlcy ]jZnbdb \ bgl_j\Ze_ baf_g_gby Z[k- pbkku hl l H1 ^h l H \ wlhf bgl_j\Ze_³g_l ^\b`_gby´wlb qZklb ]jZnbdh\ y\eyxlky mkeh\gufb
:gZeba ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jbklbdb
Ihkljh_ggZy l_hj_lbq_kdZy ly]h\Zy oZjZdl_jbklbdZ ^he`gZ [ulv ijh- ZgZebabjh\ZgZ b kjZ\g_gZ k ly]h\ufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb k_jbcguo ljZdlh- jh\ lh]h `_ ly]h\h]h deZkkZ ihemq_ggufb \ j_amevlZl_ ly]h\uo bkiulZgbc ljZdlhjZ KjZ\g_gb_ hkms_kl\ey_lky ih \k_f iZjZf_ljZf ly]h\hc oZjZdl_jb- klbdb \ gZb[he__ oZjZdl_jghf j_`bf_ jZ[hlu k_evkdhohayckl\_ggh]h ljZd- lhjZ gZ ly]_ gZ dZ`^hc j hc i_j_^Zq_ dh]^Z hg jZa\b\Z_l gZb[hevrmx ly]h-
\mx fhsghklv NdjM J_amevlZlu kjZ\g_gby hnhjfeyxlky \ \b^_ lZ[ebpu kf
ijbf_ju b
Wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ ly]h\u_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb b hkgh\gu_ ly]h\u_ ihdZ- aZl_eb k_jbcguo ljZdlhjh\ ijb\h^ylky \ Zev[hf_ kijZ\hqgbd_> @?keb ^ey ^Zggh]h ly]h\h]h deZkkZ \ wlhf Zev[hf_ ijb\h^ylky ^Zggu_ ^ey g_kdhevdbo fh^bnbdZpbc ljZdlhjh\ lh ^ey kjZ\g_gby \ dZq_kl\_ ljZdlhjZ ijhlhlbiZ \u[bjZ_lky lhl ljZdlhj m dhlhjh]h agZq_gb_ wdkiemZlZpbhgghc fZkku [eb`_ \k_]h d jZkq_lghfm agZq_gbx b ly]h\u_ ihdZaZl_eb ^ey aZ^Zggh]h ly]h\h]h
19
deZkkZ khhl\_lkl\mxl lj_[h\Zgby =HKL kf ijbe lZ[e
EBL?J:LMJ:
1. :gbeh\bq < Y <h^heZ`q_gdh X L Dhgkljmbjh\Zgb_ b jZkq_l k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo ljZdlhjh\ KijZ\hqgh_ ihkh[b_ F FZrbghkljh_-
gb_
=bga[mj] X < IZjn_gh\ : I R\_^ : B Ly]h\u_ oZjZdl_jbklb- db ]mk_gbqguo b dhe_kguo ijhfure_gguo ljZdlhjh\ <uimkd F PGBBLWljZdlhjk_evohafZr
>biehfgh_ ijh_dlbjh\Zgb_ Ih^ j_^ < < ;m^vdh F <ukrZy rdheZ
?nbfh\ F : b ^j Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ k f_oZgbq_kdhc ljZgk- fbkkb_c F_lh^. mdZaZgby :efZ :lZ GZmq.-f_lh^ dZ[bg_l
5.AZ[jh^kdbc < F b ^j Oh^h\u_ kbkl_fu ljZdlhjh\ KijZ\hqgbd
F :]jhijhfba^Zl
Dheh[h\ = = IZjn_gh\ : I Ly]h\u_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb ljZdlhjh\
F FZrbghkljh_gb_
7.Dmlvdh\ = F Hkgh\u l_hjbb ljZdlhjZ b Z\lhfh[bey F F=:LM bf =hjyqdbgZ < I
Ev\h\ ? > L_hjby ljZdlhjZ Mq_[gbd F FZr]ba
Ihe_lZ_\ : N Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjh\ Mq_[g ihkh[b_ F
F:FB
Ijhfure_ggu_ ljZdlhju X < =bga[mj] : B R\_^ : I IZj- n_gh\ F FZrbghkljh_gb_
11.JZ^qbg F J Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ F_lh^. ihkh[b_ ;ZjgZme
:IB
KZ\hqdbg < : Dhgp_ipby b gZagZq_gb_ ljZdlhjZ Nbabdh f_oZgbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ]jmglh\ Dhgki_dl e_dpbc F F:FB
Kblgbdh\ < J b ^j JZkq_l ly]h\uo oZjZdl_jbklbd e_khaZ]hlh\b- l_evguo fZrbg k ijbf_g_gb_f K:IJ F_lh^. mdZa ;ZjgZme :IB
LjZdlhju L_hjby Mq_[gbd ^ey klm^_glh\ \mah\ Ih^ j_^ < < =mkvdh\Z F FZrbghkljh_gb_
15.Lj_i_g_gdh\ B B WdkiemZlZpbhggu_ ihdZaZl_eb k_evkdhohayckl- \_gguo ljZdlhjh\ F =hk gZmqgh l_og ba^Zl_evkl\h
Ly]h\u_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb k_evkdhohayckl\_gguo ljZdlhjh\ :ev[hf kijZ\hqgbd F Jhkk_evohaba^Zl
17.Q_jgurh\ < : Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ F FBBKI
18.RZjbih\ < F L_i_j J : Dhehfb_p K G JZa]hg ljZdlhjgh]h Z]- j_]ZlZ Mq_[g ihkh[b_ F F:FB
20
IJBEH@?GBY
Ijbeh`_gb_
AZ^Zgby gZ dmjkh\u_ jZ[hlu ih l_hjbb ljZdlhjZ
gZ l_fm³Ly]h\uc jZkq_l ljZdlhjZ´
AZ^Zgb_ dZ`^hfm klm^_glm aZ^Z_lky \ lZ[e \ \b^_ qbkeh\h]h rbnjZ bf_xs_]h nhjfm $% & ']^_
•$ ghf_j dhehgdb \ lZ[e dhlhjuc ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc rbnj lbiZ oh^h\hc kbkl_fu ljZdlhjZ
•dhe_kguc ljZdlhj D ;
•dhe_kguc ljZdlhj D Z k jZagufb i_j_^gbfb b aZ^gbfb dhe_kZfb
•dhe_kguc ljZdlhj D [ k h^bgZdh\ufb i_j_^gbfb b aZ^- gbfb dhe_kZfb ;
•]mk_gbqguc ljZdlhj
•%ghf_j kljhdb lZ[e \ dhlhjhc aZ^ZgZ ghfbgZevgZy ly]h\Zy kbeZ
Pdjg gZ djxd_ ljZdlhjZ
•& ghf_j kljhdb lZ[e \ dhlhjhc aZ^ZgZ l_hj_lbq_kdZy kdhjhklv ljZdlhjZ gZ hc i_j_^Zq_ ijb jZ[hl_ ^\b]Zl_ey \ ghfbgZevghf j_-
`bf_ l _ ijb n^ = ng^ ;
• 'qbkeh i_j_^Zq ljZgkfbkkbb hkgh\gh]h jZ[hq_]h ^bZiZahgZ Ijbf_j AZ^Zg ‹ aZ^Zgby Wlhfm ‹ aZ^Zgby kh]eZkgh ^Zgguf lZ[e khhl\_lkl\mxl ke_^mxsb_ bkoh^gu_ iZjZf_lju ^ey ijh_dlbjm_fh]h ljZdlh-
jZ dhe_kguc ljZdlhj D [ 7- Pdjg = 33 dG ; 23- vT1 = 9 df / q qbkeh i_j_^Zq n = 4 .
JZkij_^_e_gb_ aZ^Zgbc ih mq_[guf ]jmiiZf b ih klm^_glZf
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
‹ |
Rbnj aZ^Zgby |
‹ |
Rbnj aZ^Zgby |
‹ |
Rbnj aZ^Zgby |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
1 |
1-6-4-4 |
1 |
4-14-7-5 |
1 |
2-17-20-4 |
2 |
2-2-18-4 |
2 |
3-1-13-4 |
2 |
1-20-18-4 |
3 |
3-19-8-4 |
3 |
2-12-23-4 |
3 |
4-3-10-5 |
4 |
4-13-12-5 |
4 |
1-8-7-4 |
4 |
3-6-10-4 |
5 |
1-11-6-4 |
5 |
4-12-6-5 |
5 |
2-15-21-4 |
6 |
2-4-19-4 |
6 |
3-3-14-4 |
6 |
1-19-17-4 |
7 |
3-17-9-4 |
7 |
2-14-24-4 |
7 |
4-5-12-5 |
8 |
4-15-13-5 |
8 |
1-13-9-4 |
8 |
3-18-12-4 |
9 |
1-16-16-4 |
9 |
4-10-5-5 |
9 |
2-13-22-4 |