Механика.Методика решения задач
.pdfȽɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ. ȼɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɢ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ? ɋɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɭ ɞɧɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ.
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Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ |
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I. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɨɫɶ X ɞɟɤɚɪɬɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫ- |
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ɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ, ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɰɢ- |
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ɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ, |
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ |
ɜɧɢɡ |
(ɫɦ. |
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ɪɢɫ. 3.21). Ȼɭɞɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ |
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X1 |
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ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ- |
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ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɪɨɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɜ |
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X0 |
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ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɠ- |
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ɧɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɲɚɪɢɤɢ ɦɚɥɵ, |
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ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ |
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ |
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ɧɢɦɢ. |
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Ɋɢɫ. 3.21 |
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II. Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ |
ɦɟɯɚ- |
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ɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ:
mX |
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mgH |
mX |
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(3.121) |
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ɝɞɟ X0 ɢ X1 – ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɭ ɞɧɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, H – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ
ɢɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ.
ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ X ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ
ǻp 2mX1 . |
(3.122) |
Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ t0 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɞɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ N ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ N ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ, ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ t0 ɪɚɜɧɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɢɥɵ F, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ:
ǻpN Ft0 . |
(3.123) |
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɫɥɨ- |
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ɜɢɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ: |
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Mg F 0 . |
(3.124) |
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ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɢɥ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ g, ɦɨɞɭɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɭ ɞɧɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ:
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g |
t0 |
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(3.125) |
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III. Ɋɟɲɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ (3.121) – (3.125) ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ |
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ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ H ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ: |
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H |
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(mN 2M )mN |
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(3.126) |
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ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ H2 ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ:
H2 |
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(mN 4M )mN |
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(3.127) |
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ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ ɢ ɞɧɨɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɜ k ɪɚɡ:
k |
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(mN 4M )(mN M )2 |
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(3.128) |
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ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ mN = M, ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
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(3.129) |
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3.4. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 1
Ɍɪɢ ɥɨɞɤɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɢɥɶɜɚɬɟɪ (ɞɪɭɝ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ) ɫ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ X . ɂɡ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɨɞɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɥɨɞɤɢ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ u ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɨɞɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m1. Ʉɚɤɨɜɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɛɪɨɫɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ? ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: X1 |
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m1 |
u , X2 X , X3 X |
m1 |
u . |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 2
ɇɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɚɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɲɚɪɢɤɚ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ m0, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɜɟɫɨɦɨɣ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɤɨɣ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɫɬɶɸ k ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ l0 ɜ ɧɟɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȼ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɥɟɬɹɳɚɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ X ɩɭɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m ɢ ɡɚɫɬɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɚɪɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: lmax = l0 + 'l, lmin = l0 – 'l, ɝɞɟ ǻl Xm |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 3
ɋ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ Ɇ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ l, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɜɫɬɪɟɱɭ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɛɟɝɭɬ ɞɜɚ ɡɚɣɰɚ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ m ɢ 2m ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɹɰ (ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 2m) ɛɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɚ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ. ɇɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɹɰ ɞɨɛɟɠɢɬ ɞɨ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɰɚ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: x |
3m |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 4
ɇɚ ɧɢɬɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɦɭ ɲɚɪɭ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ M, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɢɫɹɳɟɦɭ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ, ɫɢɞɢɬ ɠɭɤ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ U ɜɜɟɪɯ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɲɚɪɚ ɢ ɠɭɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ȣ |
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U , ȣ |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 5
ɇɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɤɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ: ɟɫɥɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɩɪɵɝɧɭɬ ɫ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ɬɟɥɟɠɤɚ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɟɫɥɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɩɪɵɝɧɭɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ.
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ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 6
Ɍɪɢ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɲɚɪɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɚɦɢ m1, m2 ɢ m3 ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ. Ⱦɜɢɝɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɪ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m1 ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɟ cɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɲɚɪɨɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m2. ɑɟɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɦ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɢɦɫɹ ɲɚɪɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: m2 m1m3 .
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 7
ɇɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɤɥɢɧ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ M ɫ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ a. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɥɢɧ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m ɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ b < a ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɤɚɥɶɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɥɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɠɟ-
ɧɢɹ, ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ. ɇɚ |
b |
ɤɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ |
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ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɥɢɧ ɤ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ |
m |
ɤɚɫɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɥɢɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ- |
M |
ɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ? ɋɢɥɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ |
a |
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ. |
m |
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Ɉɬɜɟɬ: ɜɥɟɜɨ ɧɚ ǻx |
(a b) . |
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m M |
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 8
ɑɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ Ɇ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥ S/2, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɭɝɨɥ D = 30q ɫ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ M/m = 5?
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: |
ǻE k |
1 |
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ª m |
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2 |
º |
2 |
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1 |
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« |
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sin |
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D» |
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k |
cos |
2 |
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5 |
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E0 |
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D ¬M |
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¼ |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 9
ɑɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m1 ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ.
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ |
115 |
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: |
ǻE k |
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4m m |
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1 |
2 |
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. |
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E0k |
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m1 m2 |
2 |
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 10
ɑɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m1 ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɧɚɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɫɤɨɱɢɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɤ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: |
ǻE k |
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2m |
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1 |
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. |
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E k |
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m m |
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0 |
1 |
2 |
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Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 11
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m1 ɫ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɨɣ m2 ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɥɟɬɟɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ, ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɡɥɟɬɚ D = 60q. ɇɚɣɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɫ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
m1 2 . m2
Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ 12
ɉɪɢ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɢɪɨɜɤɟ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɝɟɥɢɹ D-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɫ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ EĮ 0 1Ɇɷȼ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɝɨɥ M 60q ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ. ɋɱɢɬɚɹ ɭɞɚɪ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɚɬɨɦɚ ɝɟɥɢɹ EHe ɢ D-ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ EĮ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɭɞɚɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɬɜɟɬ: E |
He |
E |
Į0 |
sin2M 0,75 Ɇɷȼ , E |
Į |
E |
Į0 |
cos2M 0,25 Ɇɷȼ . |
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116 |
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
ȽɅȺȼȺ 4 Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɖɇɈɃ ɌɈɑɄɂ ȼ ɇȿɂɇȿɊɐɂȺɅɖ-
ɇɕɏ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɏ ɈɌɋɑȿɌȺ. ɋɂɅɕ ɂɇȿɊɐɂɂ
4.1. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S ɢ S', ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɞɢɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S' ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɢ- ɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ R(t) ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S' ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ Ȧ(t) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S' ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ (ɪɢɫ. 4.1).
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r(t) M |
dD |
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O' |
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Ɋɢɫ. 4.1. ȼɡɚɢɦɧɚɹ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɟɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ
S ɢ S'.
Ɋɢɫ. 4.2. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ c , ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S'.
Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S' (ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ) ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ dD (ɪɢɫ. 4.2). ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɨɫɶɸ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɛɭɪɚɜɱɢɤɚ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ dD { °dD° ɪɚɜɟɧ ɭɝɥɭ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.
ɇɚɣɞɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ c , ɠɟɫɬɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S'. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɢɫ. 4.2
ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ c ɪɚɜɟɧ: |
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dc |
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dD c sin J , |
(4.1) |
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ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ |
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dc |
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>dĮ, c@ |
(4.2) |
ɢ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ |
117 |
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ªdĮ |
º |
{ >Ȧc@, |
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c» |
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¬ d t |
¼ |
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ɝɞɟ Ȧ { ddĮt – ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪ r(t) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ M ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪ R(t) ɧɚɱɚɥɚ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S' ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S ɢ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪ |
c |
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r (t) |
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c |
(ɪɢɫ. 4.1): |
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ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ M ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S |
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(4.4) |
r(t) R(t) r (t) . |
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ɉɪɨɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɭɟɦ ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ (4.4) ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɬɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 1), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ:
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y j |
z k |
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ȣ r |
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wt |
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Aac >Ȧȣc@ >Ȧrc@ >Ȧ, ȣc >Ȧrc@@
Aac 2>Ȧȣc@ >Ȧrc@ >Ȧ>Ȧrc@@.
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɵ S ɢ S' ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɬɚɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ S ɢ Sc ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, V – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ A
–ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Sc ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ S.
ȼɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ (ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ) ɪɚɞɢɭɫ-ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ r(t) ɢ rc(t) , ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ȣ(t) ɢ ȣc(t) , ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɤɨ-
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ɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S ɢ S': |
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118 ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ
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aɩɟɪ aɄɨɪ ac . |
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Ɂɞɟɫɶ ȣɩɟɪ V >Ȧr |
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ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ; aɄɨɪ |
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ɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɨɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ S',
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ɰɟɧɬɪɨɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɨɟ
ɍɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ
ɉɭɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 2). Ɂɚɩɢɲɟɦ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ M, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɢɥɵ Fi , ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S – 2-ɨɣ
ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ: |
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ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ (4.13) ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ (4.9) ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S' ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦ: |
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mA m>Ȧr @ m>Ȧ>Ȧr @@ 2m>Ȧȣ @ ma |
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F mA m>Ȧrc@ m>Ȧ>Ȧrc@@ 2m>Ȧȣc@, |
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ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɚɹ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ |
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mac ¦Fi Fɩɟɪ FɄɨɪ . |
(4.15) |
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ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S'. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɢɦ, ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɤ "ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ" ɫɢɥɚɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ:
ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɭɸ –
mA m>Ȧrc@ m>Ȧ>Ȧrc@@ mA m>Ȧrc@ Fɰɛ , (4.16)
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(4.17) |
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FɄɨɪ 2m>Ȧȣ |
Ɂɚɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ "ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ" ɫɢɥ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɬɟɥɚ, ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 2).
ɉɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S', ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ. ɋɢɥɚ Ʉɨɪɢɨɥɢɫɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ S'.
Ʌɸɛɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɛɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ (ɫɦ. Ƚɥɚɜɭ 3). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɢɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ "ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ" ɫɢɥ – ɫɢɥ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
4.2. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
4.2.1. Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹɦ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɥ ɜ:
120 |
ɆȿɏȺɇɂɄȺ. ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə ɁȺȾȺɑ |
1) ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬ-
ɫɱɟɬɚ,
2)ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ.
4.2.2.Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ
I.Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
1. ɇɚɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɪɬɟɠ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ.
2. ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɟɠɟ ɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ (ɢɡ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ).
3. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɵ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
4. ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɬɟɥ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ).
II.Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ.
1.Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɢɧɟɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɟɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
2.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜ ɩ. 3.
3.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɢɥ.
4.Ɂɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ.
5.ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
III.ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɨɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɚɯ.
1.Ɋɟɲɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ.
2.ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɥɢɲɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɨɫɬɢ).
3.ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ.