методичка 1999г

wards a lot of freedom; to bargain about local matters; to complete for; the work of setting disputes; to look after trade union interests; to publicize the activities; to receive a grant of money; sponsored MPs.

4.Find in the text the equivalents in the following: члены профсоюза;

служащий; наниматель; вести переговоры; в результате; независимость управляющих производством; неофициальная забастовка; приводить к; посещать отраслевые собрания; решать споры; влиять на правительство; заключать сделки; укреплять; готовить освобожденных работников профсоюза; получать особую плату.

5.Find the answers in the text.

1.How does high unemployment in Britain influence the number of trade union members?

2.Why don’t all the employees in some industries belong to the same union?

3.Who discusses matters involving a whole industry?

4.Why is the number of local agreements increasing?

5.How are trade disputes settled in a factory?

6.Is it necessary for trade union members to attend branch meetings?

7.What institution looks after trade union interests? What do you know about it?

8.What are the relations between the TUC and the Government?

9.Who finances the TUC in training full-time union officials?

10.What can you say about sponsored MPs?

6.Finish the following sentences using the text.

1.The number of trade union members was reduced by...

2.Not all employees in some factories belong to...

3.The employers and the full-time trade union officials working at the Head Office of the union discuss matters...

4.A lot of freedom is left to shop stewards and...

5.The union Head Office does not authorize...

6.The work of setting disputes in a factory is done by...

7.The TUC looks...

8.The Government of Britain is under the influence of...

9.The industrial problems are discussed by...

10.The TUC receives money from the Government to train...

11.Trade unions give special payment to some...

12.The number of sponsored MPs is...

7.Correct the following wrong statements. Use the phrases: “You are wrong” or “I can’t agree with you” and “As far as I know...” or “According to the text...”.

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1.High unemployment in Britain strengthens the membership of trade unions.

2.The membership of all trade unions is the same in Britain.

3.The full-time trade union officials together with the employees discuss matters involving a whole industry.

4.Trade unions and employers’ associations negotiate only about local matters.

5.Trade union officials themselves bargain about all local matters.

6.The number of local agreements is very restricted.

7.It is compulsory for trade union members to attend branch meetings.

8.The TUC is the central institution which has many powers.

9.British Parliament gives money to train full-time union officials.

8.Be ready to speak on the topic. Use the questions as a plan.

Text 8. Solicitors and Barristers

England is almost unique in having two different kinds of lawyers with separate jobs in the system. The two kinds of lawyers are solicitors and barristers.

If a person has a legal problem he will go and see a solicitor. Almost every town will have at least one. In fact there are at least 45000 in Britain, and the number is increasing.

Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates’ Courts, the lowest Courts. He prepares the case and the evidence. He actually speaks In Court for you. In a civil action he can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. In the County Courts the solicitor wears a black gown over his ordinary clothes.

A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for you and carries one’s legal arguments outside Court. If you want to make a will, the best man to advise you is a solicitor.

To qualify as a solicitor, a young man or woman joins a solicitor as a “clerk” and works for him whilst studying part time for the “Law Society” exams. Interestingly enough, it is not necessary for you to go to university. When you have passed all necessary exams, you can “practice” which means you can start business on your own.

Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art of presentating cases of Court). Indeed, if you desire presentation in any court except the Magistrates’ Court, you must have a barrister, with one or two exceptions.

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To qualify as a barrister you have to take the examinations of the Bar Council. These are different from solicitors’ examinations. There are over 5000 barristers in the country. A good one can earn £30000 a year. Only barristers can become judges in an English Court above a Magistrates’ Court.

3.Translate the following word-combinations: at least; in fact; for instance; to deal with petty crimes; to prepare the evidence; to wear a black gown; legal work; legal arguments; to study part-time; to present cases in Court; to earn money.

4.Find in the text the equivalents in the following: уникальный; в

правовой системе; вопросы брака и семьи; суды первого звена; возмещать долги; составить завещание; начать самостоятельное дело; толкование закона; сдать все необходимые экзамены.

5.Find the answers in the text.

1.What kind of lawyers are there in England?

2.In what courts can a solicitor speak?

3.What cases does a solicitor deal with?

4.How is he dressed in the County Court?

5.What matters are solved by a solicitor outside Court?

6.What is necessary for a young person to qualify as a solicitor?

7.When is it possible for the beginning solicitor to start business on his own?

8.Can solicitors become judges in English Courts?

9.In what way are barristers different from solicitors?

10.What problems do barristers deal with?

11.What is necessary for qualifying as a barrister?

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12. What is the number of solicitors and barristers in Britain?

6.Finish the following sentences using the text.

1.Solicitors and barristers have separate jobs in...

2.A person will see a solicitor if he or she has...

3.A number of solicitors is...

4.In Magistrates’ Courts the solicitor deals with...

5.In the County Court the solicitor tries cases dealing with...

6.A solicitor also deals with matters...

7.A young man or a woman joins a solicitor as a “clerk” a works for him whilst...

8.To qualify as a solicitor it is not necessary for you...

9.Having passed all exams you can start...

10.Barristers are experts in...

11.Barristers present cases in any court except...

12.Only barristers can become...

7.Correct the following wrong statements. Use the phrases: “You are wrong” or “I can’t agree with you” and “As far as I know...” or “According to the text...”.

1.In all countries solicitors and barristers are two kinds of lawyers in the legal system.

2.Only a few towns in Britain have solicitors.

3.A solicitor deals only with the most serious offenses.

4.The solicitor prepares the case and the evidence so that you could speak in Court.

5.The cases of divorce or recovering some debts are presented by a solicitor only in the lowest courts.

6.If you want to qualify as a solicitor you have to become a full-time student of the university.

7.While studying as a solicitor you can start business on your own.

8.Matters outside Court are dealt with by a barrister.

9.The barrister presents your case only in a Magistrates’ Court.

10.Solicitors and barristers can become judges in an English Court above a Magistrate's Court.

8.Be ready to speak on the topic. Use the questions as a plan.

Text 9. Criminal Justice in Britain

The aim of the British criminal justice is to protect the community from disorder and anti-social behavior while ensuring that offenders who break the law are detected and dealt with according to well-defined legal principles. Broadly speaking there are four stages: the enactment of criminal legislation which defines prohibited acts, establishes criminal courts and provides for

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the treatment of offenders; the prevention of crime and the enforcement of the law - largely matters for the police service; the determination by the courts of the guilt or innocence of offenders and the selection of appropriate sentences for those found guilty; and the treatment of convicted offenders.

The law undergoes constant reform in the courts as established principles are interpreted or refashioned to meet new conditions. Substantial changes are the responsibility of Parliament where proposals can be introduced either by the Government or by an individual member of Parliament.

Crime prevention, crime investigation, the preservation of the peace and the arrest and bringing to trial of offenders are the concern of the police. Policeman, like all citizens, are subject to the rule of law, and are legally responsible for their actions.

The judiciary is independent of the Government and is not subject to ministerial controle. Another safeguard against corruption or prejudice in the administration of the criminal law is provided by the jury system under which a panel of ordinary independent citizens decides the guilt or innocence of people accused of the most serious crimes.

The criminal courts are responsible for sentencing an offender found guilty of a criminal offense. There are systems of remission of sentence and release on parole for well-behaved prisoners. Most offenders are sentenced to one of several alternatives to custodial treatment. The most common punishment is fine. Another is probation or, for many young offenders, supervision by a social worker or a probation officer. A recent innovation is a sentence of community service for offenders who might otherwise have been sent to prison.

Exercises to the text

1. Learn the words and expressions:

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3.Translate the following word-combinations: anti-social behavior; well-defined principles; the determination of the guilt or innocence; for those found guilty; to undergo constant reform; substantial changes; to introduce proposals; to clarify; crime investigation; to be subject to the rule of law; administration of the criminal law; a panel of citizens; crime prevention; well-behaved prisoners; a sentence of community service.

4.Find in the text the equivalents in the following: защищать от бес-

порядков; нарушать закон; запрещенные действия; вынесение приговора преступнику; предупреждение преступления; отвечать новым условиям; обновлять; толковать; поддержание порядка; компетенция полиции; подчиняться министерскому контролю; гарантия от коррупции; суд присяжных; решать вопрос о вине или невиновности; приговорить к тюремному режиму; недавнее нововведение; привлечение к суду; нести ответственность по закону.

5.Find the answers in the text.

1.What is the aim of the British criminal justice?

2.How many stages does the British criminal justice comprise?

3.What is the first stage?

4.What organ is responsible for substantial changes in criminal legislation?

5.Who may introduce a proposal to Parliament?

6.What is the second stage in the British criminal justice?

7.What are the matters for the police service?

8.What is the police responsible for?

9.What is the third stage in the British criminal justice?

10.What organ is the British judiciary subject to?

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11.What serves as a safeguard against corruption or prejudice in the administration of the criminal law?

12.What does the jury decide?

13.What is the fourth stage in the British criminal justice?

14.What organ is responsible for sentencing an offender?

15.What measures of coercion are usually taken against most of the offenders in Britain?

16.What measure is applied to well-behaved prisoners?

17.What is considered to be a recent innovation?

6.Finish the following sentences using the text

1.To protect the community from disorder and anti-social behavior is the aim of...

2.The law undergoes constant reform to meet...

3.The Government or an individual MP can introduce proposals to...

4.British Parliament is responsible for...

5.Crime prevention and crime investigation are the matters...

6.The police service is subject to...

7.The judiciary in Britain is not subject to...

8.The jury system provides another safeguard against...

9.There are systems of remission of sentence and release on parole for...

10.Probation or supervision by a probation officer is the most common punishment for many...

11.A sentence of community service for some offenders is a recent...

7.Correct the following wrong statements. Use the phrases: “You are wrong” or “I can’t agree with you” and “As far as I know...” or “According to the text...”.

1.There is no need to change the law in Britain.

2.The Government is responsible for all substantial changes in the current legislation.

3.Only MPs may introduce proposals to Parliament.

4.The judiciary in Britain is subject to Government.

5.Under the jury system a panel of qualified justices decides people’s quilt or innocence.

6.The criminal courts are responsible for crime investigation and bringing to trial of offenders.

7.Custodial treatment is the most common punishment in Britain.

8.A sentence of community service is a recent innovation for dangerous criminals.

8.Be ready to speak on the topic. Use the questions as a plan.

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