диафрагмированные волноводные фильтры / 2a4347b3-f170-4ec5-be26-a2a242f534dc

Dual-polarized operations are required in many multiple-antenna wireless communication systems.

stable radiation patterns across the entire tuning range. The configuration and S-parameters of the DRA are presented in Figures 14 and 15. The fundamental TE111 mode of the DRA is excited by the differential feeding scheme of a slot etched on the ground plane and a 50-Ω microstrip feed line with differential ports 1 and 2 at

(c)

Figure 16. The dual-polarized, hook-shaped, probe-excited DRA [28]. The (a) 3D view, (b) top view with feeding networks, and (c) simulated S-parameters.

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each end. The resonance frequency of the TE111 mode decreases as the capacitance increases or the bias voltage of the varactors decreases, forming a frequencytunable differentially fed DRA.

In addition to various other antenna applications, dual-polarized operations are required in many multiple-antenna wireless communication systems, including those for diversity implementation and multiple-input, multiple-output systems. Dual-polarized DRAs are also being introduced as possible replacements for metallic antennas. A dual-polarized antenna generates two polarizations on a single antenna element and maintains reasonable isolation between ports. In addition to the aforementioned merits, exciting a dual-polarized DRA by a pair of balanced signals is one effective solution to improve isolation. Differential cylindrical [28] DRAs excited by hookor J-shaped probes [pictured in Figure 11(d)] are designed for dual-polarization applications with high-level port isolations. The configurations of the DRAs and the simulated S-parameters appear in Figure 16(a)–(c), indicating isolation greater than 45 dB.

The authors of [40] proposed a differential dualband, dual-polarized DRA using a cross-shaped DR with the configuration shown in Figure 17(a). The principle behind its high isolation is investigated in [40] and revealed to be derived from the fact that one differential excitation forms a virtual ground plane that has no effect on the corresponding modes while suppressing the orthogonal modes, as illustrated in Figure 17(b). The S-parameters of the differential dual-band, dual-polarized DRA are depicted in Figure 17(c), which also indicates the elimination of in-phase higher-order modes, a benefit of the differential feed scheme.

Conclusions

DRs are widely used in modern wireless communication systems due to their advantages of low loss, high power capacity, and excellent temperature stability. Compared with traditional single-ended excitation, the differential feeding method can achieve excellent performance, such as high immunity to interference, greater reliability, significant output power, and superior harmonic suppression. This article investigated differentially fed DR approaches based on the characteristics of DR and differential circuit technologies and summarized several typical applications in filter and antenna designs, showing excellent performance, such as reduced insertion loss, higher passband selectivity in filters or broader bandwidths, symmetric and stable radiation patterns, and low cross-polarization in antennas.

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–80

–100

f4 f2

Frequency (GHz)

(c)

Simulated S11dd and S22dd

Simulated S21dd

Simulated S11 and S22

Simulated S21

Measured S11dd

Measured S22dd

Measured S21dd

Measured S11

Measured S22

Measured S21

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