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Файл:Singapore education
.txt History
Pre-independence
Starting education in Singapore under the British rule was Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles who founded the Singapore Institution (now known as Raffles Institution) in 1823. Later, in Singapore was appeared three main types of schools: Malay schools, Chinese and Tamil (together) schools, and English schools. Malay schools were provided free for all students by the British, while English schools, which used English as the main medium of instruction, were set up by missionaries and charged school fees. Chinese and Tamil schools largely taught their respective mother tongues.
During World War II, many students in Singapore dropped out of school, causing a huge backlog of students after the war. However, in 1947 was formulated the Ten Years Programme for Education Policy. This called for a universal education system that would prepare for self-governance. During the 1950s and 1960s, when Singapore started to develop its own economy, Singapore adapted a "survival-driven education" system to provide a skilled workforce for Singapore's industrialisation programme as well to as to lower unemployment. The bilingualism policy in schools was officially introduced in 1960. Universal education for children of all races and background started to take shape, and more children started to attend schools. However, the quality of schools set up during this time varied considerably. The first Junior College was opened in 1969.
Post-independence
Thanks to 20 years of effort, in the 1980s, Singapore's economy started to prosper, and the focus of Singapore's education system shifted from quantity to quality. More differentiation for pupils with different academic abilities were implemented, such as splitting of the Normal stream in secondary schools into Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) streams. The Gifted Education Programme was also set up to cater to more academically inclined students. In 1997, the Singapore education system started to change into an ability-driven. Under this policy, more emphasis was given to national education, creative thinking, collaborative learning as well as ICT literacy. Schools became more diverse and were given greater autonomy in deciding their own curriculum and developing their own niche areas. Differences between the various academic streams became blurred.
In recent years, the goal of the education sector, and in particular tertiary education is actively being developed by the Singapore government as a source of revenue. The government's plan is to make Singapore a "Global Schoolhouse", attracting revenue-generating international students. In 2002, the education sector accounted for 3.6% of Singapore's economy. At the moment, this number continues to increase.
The school year is divided into two semesters. January-May and July-November.
Kindergartens
Kindergartens provide an environment for children to learn how to interact with others, and to prepare them for formal education at Primary school. Activities include learning language – written and oral – and numbers, development of personal and social skills, games, music, and outdoor play. Children learn two languages, English and their official Mother Tongue (Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil). Many private or church-based kindergartens might not offer Malay and/or Tamil, so non-Chinese pupils might also learn some Standard Mandarin in these kindergartens.
Primary education
Primary education is compulsory and free for all Singapore citizens, normally starting at age seven, is a four-year foundation stage (Primary 1 to 4) and a two-year orientation stage (Primary 5 to 6). Exemptions are made for pupils who are homeschooling (up to SGD 13 per month for student), attending a full-time religious institution or those with special needs who are unable to attend mainstream schools.
The foundation stage is the first stage of formal schooling. The four years, from primary 1 to 4, provide a foundation in English, mother tongue, Mathematics and Science. Other subjects include Civics and Moral Education, arts and crafts, music, health education, social studies, and physical education, which are taught throughout Primary 1 to 6. Science is taught from Primary 3 (age 9) onwards.
All pupils advance to the orientation stage after Primary 4, where they are streamed according to the pupil's ability - under a scheme known as "Subject-based banding". Students take subjects at different levels based on their scores in the respective subjects at the end of Primary 4. The Mother Tongue subjects are offered at the higher, standard or foundation levels; Science and Maths can be taken at the standard or foundation levels.
After six years of Primary education, students will have to sit for the national Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE). According to the results of which students will be able to choose a secondary school of their choice. Students are also admitted into a secondary school under a separate "Direct School Admission" scheme, whereby secondary schools are able to choose a certain number of students based on their special talents before these students take the PSLE.
Secondary education
Based on results of the PSLE, students are placed into three different secondary education tracks or streams: "Express", "Normal (Academic)", or "Normal (Technical)" till 2023.
"Express" is a four-year course leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE O Level examination. The difference between Express and these two courses is only in the Mother Tongue courses - Higher and Standard, respectively. A foreign different language can be taken in addition to the mother tongue or can replace it, that is especially popular with students who are struggling with their mother tongues or students returning from abroad. The Ministry of Education Language Centre (MOELC) provides free language education for most additional languages that other schools may not cover, and provides the bulk of such education, admitting several thousand students each year.
"Normal (Academic)" is a four-year course leading up to the Normal (Academic) level (N(A)-level) exam, with the possibility of a fifth year leading up to the GCE O-level exam. The Normal (Academic) course is geared towards preparing students for the O-level exam in the fifth year, subject to good performance in the N(A)-level exam in the fourth year, and students take academic subjects such as Principles of Accounting.
"Normal (Technical)" is a four-year course leading up to the N(T)-level exam. In Normal (Technical), students take subjects of a more technical nature, such as Design and Technology, and they generally proceed to the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) after the exam.
With the exception of schools offering the Integrated Programme, which leads to either an International Baccalaureate Diploma or to an A-level exam, most students are streamed into a wide range of course combinations at the end of their second year, bringing the total number of subjects they have to sit at O-level to between six and ten, with English, Mother Tongue or Higher Mother Tongue Language, Mathematics, one Science and one Humanities Elective being compulsory.
Junior colleges and centralised institutes
The pre-university centres of Singapore such as Junior Colleges and Centralized institute are designed for students who wish to pursue a local university degree after two-three years of pre-university education.
Junior colleges
Junior colleges (JCs) in Singapore are accelerated alternative to the traditiona - the two-year programme become the norm for students pursuing university education.
JC accept students based on their GCE "O" Level results; an L1R5 score of 20 points or less must be attained for a student to gain admission. JCs provide a 2-year course leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level (A level) examination or the International Baccalaureate Diploma.
Centralised Institutes
The Centralised Institutes accept students based on their GCE O level results. Their L1R4 score must be 20 points or below in order to be admitted. A Centralised Institute provides a three-year course leading up to the GCE A level examination.
There currently remains only one Centralised Institute in Singapore, the Millennia Institute, which was formed following the merger of Jurong and Outram Institutes. Only this Institute offer the Commerce Stream offering subjects such as Principles of Accounting and Management of Business.
Polytechnics
Polytechnics in Singapore provide 3-year diploma courses. They accept students based on their GCE O Level, GCE N(A) Level, Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or GCE A level results.
Polytechnics offer a wide range of courses in various fields, including engineering, business studies, accountancy, tourism and hospitality management, mass communications, digital media and biotechnology. There are also specialised courses such as marine engineering, nautical studies, nursing, and optometry. They provide a more industry-oriented education as an alternative to junior colleges for post-secondary studies.
Most graduates of polytechnics continue to pursue further tertiary education at overseas and local universities. Those with good grades are given exemptions for university modules completed in Polytechnic.
Institute of Technical Education
The Institute of Technical Education (ITE) is a vocational school that accepts students based on their GCE "O" level or GCE "N" level results and they provide two-year courses leading to a locally recognised "National ITE Certificate". There are three ITE colleges in Singapore. ITE colleges offer apprenticeships for the skilled trades and diplomas in vocational education for skilled technicians and workers in support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and law. The ITE is highly recognised vocational institution in producing highly skilled graduates that are in demand by employers. ITE provides apprenticeships, professional certificates, licences and diplomas in almost sphers. As of 2014, 87% of ITE graduates are hired in their fields within six months of graduation.
ITE provides four main levels of certification:
Master National ITE Certificate (Master Nitec)
Higher National ITE Certificate (Higher Nitec)
National ITE Certificate (Nitec)
Work Learn Technical Diploma (WLTD)
Specialist Nitec (Marine)
Technical Engineer Diploma (TED)
Universities
Autonomous Universities
As of 2016, The National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are ranked among the Top 13 in the world by QS World University Rankings for the second consecutive year and Top 54 globally by THE World University Rankings.
A third university, Singapore Management University (SMU), opened in 2000, is home to more than 7,000 students and comprises six Schools offering undergraduate, graduate, and PhD programmes in Business Management, Accountancy, Economics, Information Systems Management, Law and the Social Sciences. The University has an Office of Research, a number of institutes and centres of excellence, and provides public and customised programmes for working professionals through its Office of Executive and Professional Education.
Private Education Institutions
Other foreign universities offer external degree programmes (EDPs) through private education institutions. Universities have established such external degree programmes in Singapore to provide local and foreign (in particular, Asian) students the opportunity to obtain a Western university education at a fraction of the cost it would take to study in Canada, the UK, the USA or Australia.
1. Bilingualism In Singapore, all schools are bilingual in English and Chinese (emphasis on English);
2. a tolerant and welcoming attitude towards people and children of different nationalities and religions;
3. Priority areas of education are technical, natural sciences and mathematics;
4. The principle of separating children into streams according to their educational abilities, and teaching the streams according to their level. 5;
5. Every child in Singapore aged 6 to 16, regardless of nationality and religion, receives 10 years of general education: 6 years in elementary school, and 4 years in secondary school.
Pre-independence
Starting education in Singapore under the British rule was Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles who founded the Singapore Institution (now known as Raffles Institution) in 1823. Later, in Singapore was appeared three main types of schools: Malay schools, Chinese and Tamil (together) schools, and English schools. Malay schools were provided free for all students by the British, while English schools, which used English as the main medium of instruction, were set up by missionaries and charged school fees. Chinese and Tamil schools largely taught their respective mother tongues.
During World War II, many students in Singapore dropped out of school, causing a huge backlog of students after the war. However, in 1947 was formulated the Ten Years Programme for Education Policy. This called for a universal education system that would prepare for self-governance. During the 1950s and 1960s, when Singapore started to develop its own economy, Singapore adapted a "survival-driven education" system to provide a skilled workforce for Singapore's industrialisation programme as well to as to lower unemployment. The bilingualism policy in schools was officially introduced in 1960. Universal education for children of all races and background started to take shape, and more children started to attend schools. However, the quality of schools set up during this time varied considerably. The first Junior College was opened in 1969.
Post-independence
Thanks to 20 years of effort, in the 1980s, Singapore's economy started to prosper, and the focus of Singapore's education system shifted from quantity to quality. More differentiation for pupils with different academic abilities were implemented, such as splitting of the Normal stream in secondary schools into Normal (Academic) and Normal (Technical) streams. The Gifted Education Programme was also set up to cater to more academically inclined students. In 1997, the Singapore education system started to change into an ability-driven. Under this policy, more emphasis was given to national education, creative thinking, collaborative learning as well as ICT literacy. Schools became more diverse and were given greater autonomy in deciding their own curriculum and developing their own niche areas. Differences between the various academic streams became blurred.
In recent years, the goal of the education sector, and in particular tertiary education is actively being developed by the Singapore government as a source of revenue. The government's plan is to make Singapore a "Global Schoolhouse", attracting revenue-generating international students. In 2002, the education sector accounted for 3.6% of Singapore's economy. At the moment, this number continues to increase.
The school year is divided into two semesters. January-May and July-November.
Kindergartens
Kindergartens provide an environment for children to learn how to interact with others, and to prepare them for formal education at Primary school. Activities include learning language – written and oral – and numbers, development of personal and social skills, games, music, and outdoor play. Children learn two languages, English and their official Mother Tongue (Mandarin, Malay, or Tamil). Many private or church-based kindergartens might not offer Malay and/or Tamil, so non-Chinese pupils might also learn some Standard Mandarin in these kindergartens.
Primary education
Primary education is compulsory and free for all Singapore citizens, normally starting at age seven, is a four-year foundation stage (Primary 1 to 4) and a two-year orientation stage (Primary 5 to 6). Exemptions are made for pupils who are homeschooling (up to SGD 13 per month for student), attending a full-time religious institution or those with special needs who are unable to attend mainstream schools.
The foundation stage is the first stage of formal schooling. The four years, from primary 1 to 4, provide a foundation in English, mother tongue, Mathematics and Science. Other subjects include Civics and Moral Education, arts and crafts, music, health education, social studies, and physical education, which are taught throughout Primary 1 to 6. Science is taught from Primary 3 (age 9) onwards.
All pupils advance to the orientation stage after Primary 4, where they are streamed according to the pupil's ability - under a scheme known as "Subject-based banding". Students take subjects at different levels based on their scores in the respective subjects at the end of Primary 4. The Mother Tongue subjects are offered at the higher, standard or foundation levels; Science and Maths can be taken at the standard or foundation levels.
After six years of Primary education, students will have to sit for the national Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE). According to the results of which students will be able to choose a secondary school of their choice. Students are also admitted into a secondary school under a separate "Direct School Admission" scheme, whereby secondary schools are able to choose a certain number of students based on their special talents before these students take the PSLE.
Secondary education
Based on results of the PSLE, students are placed into three different secondary education tracks or streams: "Express", "Normal (Academic)", or "Normal (Technical)" till 2023.
"Express" is a four-year course leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE O Level examination. The difference between Express and these two courses is only in the Mother Tongue courses - Higher and Standard, respectively. A foreign different language can be taken in addition to the mother tongue or can replace it, that is especially popular with students who are struggling with their mother tongues or students returning from abroad. The Ministry of Education Language Centre (MOELC) provides free language education for most additional languages that other schools may not cover, and provides the bulk of such education, admitting several thousand students each year.
"Normal (Academic)" is a four-year course leading up to the Normal (Academic) level (N(A)-level) exam, with the possibility of a fifth year leading up to the GCE O-level exam. The Normal (Academic) course is geared towards preparing students for the O-level exam in the fifth year, subject to good performance in the N(A)-level exam in the fourth year, and students take academic subjects such as Principles of Accounting.
"Normal (Technical)" is a four-year course leading up to the N(T)-level exam. In Normal (Technical), students take subjects of a more technical nature, such as Design and Technology, and they generally proceed to the Institute of Technical Education (ITE) after the exam.
With the exception of schools offering the Integrated Programme, which leads to either an International Baccalaureate Diploma or to an A-level exam, most students are streamed into a wide range of course combinations at the end of their second year, bringing the total number of subjects they have to sit at O-level to between six and ten, with English, Mother Tongue or Higher Mother Tongue Language, Mathematics, one Science and one Humanities Elective being compulsory.
Junior colleges and centralised institutes
The pre-university centres of Singapore such as Junior Colleges and Centralized institute are designed for students who wish to pursue a local university degree after two-three years of pre-university education.
Junior colleges
Junior colleges (JCs) in Singapore are accelerated alternative to the traditiona - the two-year programme become the norm for students pursuing university education.
JC accept students based on their GCE "O" Level results; an L1R5 score of 20 points or less must be attained for a student to gain admission. JCs provide a 2-year course leading up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level (A level) examination or the International Baccalaureate Diploma.
Centralised Institutes
The Centralised Institutes accept students based on their GCE O level results. Their L1R4 score must be 20 points or below in order to be admitted. A Centralised Institute provides a three-year course leading up to the GCE A level examination.
There currently remains only one Centralised Institute in Singapore, the Millennia Institute, which was formed following the merger of Jurong and Outram Institutes. Only this Institute offer the Commerce Stream offering subjects such as Principles of Accounting and Management of Business.
Polytechnics
Polytechnics in Singapore provide 3-year diploma courses. They accept students based on their GCE O Level, GCE N(A) Level, Institute of Technical Education (ITE) or GCE A level results.
Polytechnics offer a wide range of courses in various fields, including engineering, business studies, accountancy, tourism and hospitality management, mass communications, digital media and biotechnology. There are also specialised courses such as marine engineering, nautical studies, nursing, and optometry. They provide a more industry-oriented education as an alternative to junior colleges for post-secondary studies.
Most graduates of polytechnics continue to pursue further tertiary education at overseas and local universities. Those with good grades are given exemptions for university modules completed in Polytechnic.
Institute of Technical Education
The Institute of Technical Education (ITE) is a vocational school that accepts students based on their GCE "O" level or GCE "N" level results and they provide two-year courses leading to a locally recognised "National ITE Certificate". There are three ITE colleges in Singapore. ITE colleges offer apprenticeships for the skilled trades and diplomas in vocational education for skilled technicians and workers in support roles in professions such as engineering, accountancy, business administration, nursing, medicine, architecture, and law. The ITE is highly recognised vocational institution in producing highly skilled graduates that are in demand by employers. ITE provides apprenticeships, professional certificates, licences and diplomas in almost sphers. As of 2014, 87% of ITE graduates are hired in their fields within six months of graduation.
ITE provides four main levels of certification:
Master National ITE Certificate (Master Nitec)
Higher National ITE Certificate (Higher Nitec)
National ITE Certificate (Nitec)
Work Learn Technical Diploma (WLTD)
Specialist Nitec (Marine)
Technical Engineer Diploma (TED)
Universities
Autonomous Universities
As of 2016, The National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University are ranked among the Top 13 in the world by QS World University Rankings for the second consecutive year and Top 54 globally by THE World University Rankings.
A third university, Singapore Management University (SMU), opened in 2000, is home to more than 7,000 students and comprises six Schools offering undergraduate, graduate, and PhD programmes in Business Management, Accountancy, Economics, Information Systems Management, Law and the Social Sciences. The University has an Office of Research, a number of institutes and centres of excellence, and provides public and customised programmes for working professionals through its Office of Executive and Professional Education.
Private Education Institutions
Other foreign universities offer external degree programmes (EDPs) through private education institutions. Universities have established such external degree programmes in Singapore to provide local and foreign (in particular, Asian) students the opportunity to obtain a Western university education at a fraction of the cost it would take to study in Canada, the UK, the USA or Australia.
1. Bilingualism In Singapore, all schools are bilingual in English and Chinese (emphasis on English);
2. a tolerant and welcoming attitude towards people and children of different nationalities and religions;
3. Priority areas of education are technical, natural sciences and mathematics;
4. The principle of separating children into streams according to their educational abilities, and teaching the streams according to their level. 5;
5. Every child in Singapore aged 6 to 16, regardless of nationality and religion, receives 10 years of general education: 6 years in elementary school, and 4 years in secondary school.
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