1. Classification of law 3

2. The system of law in Russia 3

3. Branches of Russian law 3

4. The system of law in UK 4

5. What is the crime? Types of crimes 4

Crime is a breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a punishment. Modern societies generally regard crime as offences against the public or the state. There are different types of crimes. 4

Crimes against persons also called personal crimes, include murder, assault, rape, and robbery. 4

Property crimes involve theft of property without bodily harm, such as burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson. 4

Hate crimes are crimes against persons or property that are committed while invoking prejudices of race, gender or gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Crimes against morality are also called victimless crimes because there is no complainant or victim. Prostitution, illegal gambling, and illegal drug use are all examples of victimless crimes. 4

White-collar crimes are crimes committed by people of high social status who commit their crimes in the context of their occupation. This includes embezzling (stealing money from one’s employer), insider trading, tax evasion, and other violations of income tax laws. Organized crime is committed by structured groups typically involving the distribution and sale of illegal goods and services. 4

Types of crimes: 1. crimes against persons; 2. crimes in the field of Economics; 3. crimes against public safety and order; 4. crimes against state power; 5. crimes against military service; 6. crimes against the peace and security of mankind. 4

6. Categories of crime in UK 4

7. British police 5

8. Criminal procedure in the UK 5

9. Types of punishment 5

10. Russian police 6

11. Foundation principles of civil legislation of the Russian federation 6

12. What is the tort. Types of torts 6

13. Civil procedure in the UK 6

14. Civil procedure in the USA 7

15. What is international law 7

16. Sources of international law 7

17. Subjects of international community 8

1. Classification of law

Numerous classifications vary from country to country, but there are the most common divisions singled out by contemporary jurists.

Law is frequently classified into public and private and substantive and procedural. Public law governs the relationship between the state and an individual, who is either a company or a citizen. Public law covers three subdivisions: constitutional, administrative and criminal law.

Constitutional law deals with the structure of the government and the relations between private citizens and the government.

Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government.

Criminal law, or penal law, is the body of law that relates to crime (illegal conduct that is prohibited by the state). The state considers anti-social behavior as a danger to the well-being and order of society.

Private law is also known as civil law. It involves relationships between individuals, or private relationships between citizens and companies. The main branches of private law:

• Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between people or companies.

• Tort law deals with civil wrongs which result in physical, emotional or financial harm to a person or property.

• Family law is an area of the law that deals with family-related issues.

• Employment law is law relating to the employment of workers, their contracts, conditions of work etc. Employment law is also called labour law.

• Land law is the law which deals with rights and interests related to owning and using land.

The next classification is subdivision of law into substantive and procedural. Substantive law is the part of the law that defines rights, and procedural law establishes the procedures which enforce and protect these rights.

2. The system of law in Russia

The system of law in the Russian Federation is presented by norms, institutions and branches of law which together make a single unity. Branches of law are supposed to be one of the basic units in the whole system of law.

Traditionally Russian lawyers single out fundamental, specialised and composite or complex branches of law.

Fundamental branches regulate the most general and important relations in different spheres of social life. This category involves branches of substantive law such as civil law, criminal law, administrative law, as well as procedural law including civil, criminal and administrative procedural law. Constitutional law doesn’t belong to the group of fundamental branches. It is traditionally considered to have the leading position among other branches.

Specialised branches of law deal with special areas of social relations such as family relations, financial relations, labour relations, etc. Their norms are presented in special codes, for example the Family Code; the Labour Code,the Land Code.

Composite or complex branches of law usually don’t have their own codes. The relations arising in these spheres of law are usually regulated either by the norms of fundamental law or by norms of specialised branches of law. This group includes such branches as business law, environmental law, maritime law, agricultural law, etc.