книги / Английский язык

the kinetic energy of entering gas into a static pressure rise. The

chamber. There fuel nozzles feed fuel continuously and continu­ ous combustion takes place at approximately constant pressure. The high temperature and high pressure gases then enter the turbine, where they expand to provide power for the turbine. The -turbine proves to be directly connected to the compressor, and all the power developed by the turbine is absorbed by the compressor and the auxiliary apparatus. The main function of the turbine is to provide power for the mechanical compressor. After the gases leave the turbine, they expand further in the exhaust nozzle and are ejected with a velocity greater than the flight velocity to produce a thrust for propulsionv It is clear that this engine is not greatly different from the ramjet engine12. In the turbojet engine a compressor and a turbine are employed to provide the additional pressure rise which could not be obtained in a ramjet engine. As the turbojet engine has a mechanical compressor, it is capable of operating under static conditions; however, increases in flight velocity improve its performance because of the ram pressure3 achieved by the diffuser.

1 diffuser — диффузор

2 ramjet engine — прямоточный воздушно-реактивный дви­ гатель

3 ram pressure давление скоростного напора

63. Прочтите и переведите со словарем:

Some Design Requirements of Long-Range Ballistic Missiles

A long-range ballistic missile, although it has to traveLio an impact pointvwhich is thousands of miles from its'“launch, point, only uses propulsion and guidance for a' few hundred miles of its trajectory. The end of the thrust period is supposed' to...take place, outside the appreciable atmosphere of the Earth so that afterwards the missile is undisturbed by random influen­ ces such as wind gusts. It follows The ЪаШзНс trajectory to a predictable impact point.'A missile has to be designed for the trajectory which it is expected to follow. So that the design can be perfected to the stage where the missile will hit its predeter­

this consists of investigating the general trajectory equations required to carry the payload from the launch point to the target. Then the most favourable trajectory is selected, not necessarily

41

УРОК 5

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

device converting chemical energy into kinetic energy and so producing a propulsive effect or a thrust. 6. When constructing this engine he used the latest achievements in this field of scien­ ce. 7. Propellants being used in rocket vehicles can be stored in either solid or liquid form. 8. All rocket engines use the energy

10. Different materials being investigated in this laboratory will be employed in future space vehicles.

65. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод причастия II:

1.There are some types of propellants used in solid-propel­

43

targets over distances from 3,000 to 5,000 miles long-range mis­ siles required a high navigational accuracy. 5. The radio signals transmitted by the satellite were used not only for the ionosphe­ ric measurements but also for sending to the Earth measurements made by instruments on the satellite itself. 6. When used for the meteorological investigation this satellite was effective. 7. If placed in an equatorial orbit a satellite will travel at the same rate as the rotation of the Earth.

a specific missile, specific characteristics; permissible [pa'misobl], the amount of permissible acceleration; complexity [kam'pleksiti], the complexity of the guidance equipment; comparable

[vai'brei/an], to withstand vibration; to allow [a'lau], to allow

prior to firing; reconnaissance [ri'komsons], enemy reconnais­ sance, to conceal the firing site from enemy reconnaissance

T E XT

LAUNCHERS

Guided missiles are fired from mechanical structures called

provide initial guidance by constraining the vehicle to move in

its flight characteristics; and the thrust being developed by its

44

length of the launcher itself. Missiles which develop large amounts of thrust and which can tolerate high acceleration require much shorter launchers than are necessary for low acceleration, low thrust missiles of comparable operating speed. Rocket-propelled missiles can be launched from simple platforms. The atmospheric jets require fairly long launchers and also the assistance of an outside thrust producing device. The auxiliary thrust .may be provided by the launcher itself, acting as a cata­ pult, or else boosters may be used.

Guided missile boosters are known to be thrust producing devices which can be attached to the missile to give it initial acceleration. The booster is usually an unrestricted burning, solid-propellant rocket motor к The booster is similar in principle to jet assisted takeoff units used with aircraft. In most cases, it drops from the missile after the thrust which it delivers has ceased. Most ground launched missiles are fired with the aid of

must meet the requirements of combat in addition to providing the means for getting the vehicle into flight. The ideal tactical launcher is maneuverable, it permits the weapon to be fired in

strength to support the missile; and it must be able to withstand shock, vibration, and the rearward blast of the propellant. The

that the structure must be easily covered to conceal the location of the firing site from enemy reconnaissance.1

1 unrestricted burning, solid-propellant rocket motor — твер­ дотопливный ракетный двигатель с горением заряда по всей поверхности

45

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

67, Прочтите и переведите словосочетания:

1.an exhaust stream; 2 . rocket engine components; 3. a sta­

68. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода причастия II в функции определения:

1.The properties of the materials influenced by space

interplanetary flights dealt with in this article must be thoroughly studied by rocket engineers. 4. A rocket engine unaffected by its environment operates successfully. 5. The first satellite followed

on reaction principle. 7. The parts of the system acted upon by an external pressure must be properly protected. 8. The first A-l geophysical rocket followed by many rockets ofthis type was sent up to an altitude of 1 1 0 km.

69. Из вариантов перевода, данных в скобках после каждого предложе­ ния, укажите номер, соответствующий переводу выделенной грамматической формы:1

missiles launched from an aircraft used a radar receiver ( 1 . за­ пустили; 2. запускаемые; 3. запущенные). 4. The thrust being produced by the propulsion system at launching is a very important parameter ( 1 . вырабатывалась; 2 . вырабатываемая; 3. выработанная). 5. The data obtained enlarged the information about these phenomena (1. полученные; 2. получили; 3. получае­ мые). 6. The scientists obtained the desired information about some characteristics of the atmosphere ( 1 . получаемые; 2 . полу­ ченные; 3. получили). 7. The problems of jet propulsion and gas dynamics being discussed are of great importance (1 . обсужда­ лись; 2. обсужденные; 3. обсуждаемые). 8. The scientific investigations carried out with the Kosmos satellites provided

46

necessary data for designing spaceships and achieving manned space flights (1. выполняемые; 2. выполненные; 3. выполнялись).

70.Прочтите. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих причастие II

вфункции определения. Переведите все предложения:

1.The amount of permissible acceleration determines the period of time during which the vehicle is controlled by the launcher. 2. All the rockets being used at present are known to derive their energy from the chemical reaction of solid or liquid

fuels. 3. The re-entry body, referred to as the nose cone, is a major subsystem of the ballistic missile. 4. The capsule separa­ ted landed successfully in the vicinity of this town. 5. The booster dropped from the missile after the thrust which it delivered had ceased. 6. The thrust delivered is a complex function of the burning rate of the solid charge, the viscosity of the propellants

directed into a ground target is known as an air-to-surface missile. 9. The astronaut received instructions and was recommended* to reduce his cabin temperature to 18 degrees Centigrade. 10. This Moon reflected signal seemed to be very weak. 11. The rocket system is defined as propulsion by ejection of matter, all of which is originally carried within the vehicle being propelled.

71. Прочтите. Укажйте номера предложений, в которых выделенное сло­ во является сказуемым. Переведите все предложения:

1. The programmed turn is preparatory to establishing the flight conditions for injection of the payload into the free-flight path. 2. Bodies turn around their .axes. 3. The resultant high temperature gases are used to drive the turbine which in turn drives the compressor. 4. If bodies turn on a fixed axis, they have

a motion of rotation. 5. The chemical reaction produces very high pressure and high temperature gases, which are in turn expanded in the nozzle to produce a high supersonic exit velocity. 6. The diffuser passes its air to the mechanical compressor which further compresses the air and in its turn passes it to the combustion chamber. 7. Thermocouples turn the heat into electric current.

72. Переведите без словаря глаголы и образованные от них существнтельные:1

1. to adjust, adjustment; 2. to assist, assistance; 3. to boost, booster; 4. to attach, attachment; 5. to conceal, concealment; 6. to deliver, delivery; 7. to tolerate, tolerance; 8. to require, requirement; 9. to provide, provision; 10. to produce, production

47

73. Укажите дробью синонимы (синонимичные сочетания): к каждому слову (сочетанию) из левой колонки (числитель) подбериге его синоним из правой (знаменатель):

75. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

1. to support the missile in the proper attitude; 2. being largely determined by the amount of acceleration; 3. the permissible thrust; 4. the complexity of the launchpr; 5. to require the

48

2. Launchers for guided missiles used as military weapons must meet the requirements of combat. 3. The thrust delivered by this system was fairly high. 4. Thrust producing devices must be attached to the missile to give it initial acceleration. 5. The booster separated from the missile after it had ceased-delivering thrust. 6. The first task was to conceal the location of the firing site. 7. In this case thrust can be developed by an outside thrust producing device. 8. This launcher permits the weapon to be fired in any desired direction.

77. Найдите в тексте "Launchers" ответы на вопросы:

1. What is the type of launching equipment suitable for a specific missile determined by?

2.Can rocket-propelled missiles be launched from simple platforms?

3.How may the auxiliary thrust be provided?

4.Is the booster similar in principle to jet assisted takeoff units used with aircraft?

5.How are most ground launched missiles fired?

6.Is the ideal tactical launcher maneuverable?

7.What does the launcher permit?

8.Must the equipment be^easy to assemble and disassemble?

78.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:

Rocket Launching

A rocket is ready for launching. It is being held down by the force of gravity. According to the First Law of Motion, it will remain at rest until acted upon by some new force. The rocket weighs 20 tons, if fully loaded. As the firing button 1 is pushed, the rocket propellant' ^tarts to burn. The exhaust gas is expelled out of the rocket engine, rapidly delivering thrust. When the thrust of the rocket engine is greater fhan the weight aof the rocket, the rocket will move. The thrust exceeds 20 tons, and the rocket

49

starts to climb12. Its speed increases in accordance with the Second Law of Motion: the acceleration of a rocket is always di­ rectly proportional to its thrust. Inside the rocket engine, the propellant burns, generating hot exhaust gases. The molecules of the exhaust gases press with equal force on the walls of the combustion chamber. Since the orifice of this chamber is open, there is no push in that direction. The end result of the action of these various forces is movement of the rocket in the forward direction. The rocket propellant carries its own oxidizing supply. If it is a solid propellant the oxygen is mixed with the combustible

with thefuel as it goes into-the combustion chamber. Sometimes

transports the explosive warhead during -the flight through space and high-speed re-entry into the atmosphere. The re-entry body, which sometimes is referred to as the nose cone, is a major subsystem of the ballistic missile.

Usually the re-entry body is separated from the airframe after the propulsion period or propelled flight of the ballistic missile. The re-entry body then follows a ballistic trajectory through space towards the target. On the downward leg of the ballistic trajectory the speed of the re-entry vehicle increases because of the acceleration of gravity, and the vehicle accordingly descends into the atmosphere at a high enough velocity for aerodynamic heating to produce extremely high temperatures.

A re-entry body consists of several parts or subassemblies, including the payload, a structure, and a heat shield. From the standpoints of the mission the most important item is the payload and its explosive warhead. Support for the warhead consists of the safing, arming, and -fuzing devices, an attitude control system which corrects the terminal trajectory so that the re-entry body has the correct orientation as it plunges into the atmosphere, and a power supply for these units. The power supply provides electrical power for the support equipment.

The safing, fuzing, and arming system keeps the warhead safe until the re-entry body'has reached a certain part of its

50