книги / Социально-экономический обзор Пермского края
..pdfTogether with features inherent to such districts all over the world in Prikamye they are distinguished with a number of peculiarities. Wide use of forced cheap manpower (special migrants, convicts, prisoners etc.) allowed to arrange here mass logging that is not economically efficient at use of hired manpower.
2. Outlying districts of dispersed development type – areas of relatively uniform (mostly forestry and agricultural) development are presented in the region by Gornozavodsky, Ilyinsky and Usolsky districts. These are the territories of transition type (from the districts of new (pioneer) development to the developed (advanced) districts. For such districts the selective (dispersed) type of development is indicative: the density of rural population is about 2 men/km2, the share of agricultural lands is approaching 20 %. Together with agricultural sector there exist the points and even centers of industrial production. In comparison with the newly developed regions the economy of these areas is less resource-intensive and more intense. Only the specific payments for resources exceed the average territorial value 3 times. They are maximal in oil producing Usolsky district and minimal – in Gornozavodsky. The network of transportation communications connecting the main regional centers is relatively developed on the territory. The major part of transportation mains fulfils the transit functions. The share of this type of districts is the following: population amounts to 4,1 %, area – to 18,9 %, industrial production output – to 0,8 %, agricultural production output – to 4,7 %.
The main development problems are preconditioned by maintained predominance of resource-extracting (oil, construction materials) and resourceproducing (agricultural sector) branches and as a result, by lack of pronounced specialization. Present social-economic situation in these areas is the result of setup economic complex destruction. Traditional (mostly rural) economic branches degraded that resulted in dismantlement of settlement system and massive population outflow. For the period of 1959–2004 number of residents in Usolsky district reduced 3,2 times, in Ilyinsky and Gornozavodsky districts – 1,6 times.
3. Predominantly agricultural districts of outlying type – areas of relatively uniform, mostly or partially of agricultural development – backward agricultural outlying districts. They are characterized with high density of rural population, uniform development of area, predominance of extensive agricultural farming forms. Municipal formations of this category occupy 13,8 % of the region’s area and concentrating 67 % of its population produce 0,03 % of industrial and over 16,7 % of agricultural products. The following districts belong to this type: Bardymsky, Berezovsky, Bolshesosnovsky, Yelovsky, Karagaysky, Kishertsky, Ordinsky, Uinsky, Chastinsky. High resources intensiveness of production proves the extensive type of nature management. In general, it is only a bit lower than in the newly developed regions. Producing a bit over 2 % of total output of regional industrial and agricultural sectors these areas provide for 13,5 % of the entire value of resources payments of municipal formations. In many respects this situation is explained by use of oil resources in the above regions.
4. Developed industrial-agricultural areas of semi-outlying character.
Relatively high developed industrial-agricultural areas with intensive agricultural
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sector belong to this type. Urban population prevail in municipal formations of this type, it is concentrated in small and medium size towns – administrative centers of district and interdistrict level. These are the most promising PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) districts occupying 23 % of the area and 20 % of population. These are the districts producing 7 % of industrial and 50 % of agricultural products. High level of industrial development, resource-saving character of economy, intensive type of agricultural production is typical for them. Municipal formations related to this type (towns of Gubakha, Dobryanka, Krasnokamsk, Alexandrovsk, Solikamsk, Kungur; Vereschaginsky, Kungursky, Ochersky, Nytvensky, Chaykovsky, Osinsky and Chernushinsky districts) produce over 15 % of industrial and almost one-third of agricultural products in the region. Specific resource payments of these areas just slightly exceed average level for the municipal formations. At that one shall take into account the fact that economic complexes of regions combine rural, semi-rural and non-rural types of activity. These regions do not form single monolith as they represent the concentration nuclears and focuses of outlying areas growth. This group of areas is numerous and rather non-uniform. The following sub-types can be singled out in it basing on the sectorial economic structure:
•Industrial-agricultural (Chernushinsky district);
•Agricultural - industrial (Vereschaginsky, Osinsky, Ochersky districts and the area subordinate to the town of Alexandrovsk);
•Mainly industrial (towns of Dobryanka, Chaykovsky, Krasnokamsk, Nytvensky district);
•Industrial (Gubakha, Kungur).
•Industrial-agricultural areas with intense agricultural sector ( Okhansky, Permsky, Solikamsky, Suksunsky, Kishertsky, Oktyabrsky, Kuedinsky, Sivinsky)
5.Developed old industrial districts of semi-outlying type – areas with prevailing basic industrial branches with relatively uniform developed agricultural sector. Industry (mostly heavy one) is concentrated in small and medium towns; however, there are no large cities (with population over 100 thousand people). Railway carcass (railway junctions) is existing. The towns of Lysva and Chusovoy as well as corresponding districts belong to this type. 8,6 % of area and 8,6 % of region’s population fall to the areas of this type. These are the areas producing 10,2 % of industrial and 5,6 % of agricultural products. Centers of municipal formations represent old industrial junctions that undergo active diversification process. This is manifested in growing production intensification, in transition to resource-saving technologies. This group of municipal formations has the lowest specific payments for the use of natural resources (2,2 times less than the average regional level). Structural and functional reformation is caused by change in transportation-geographic situation.
6.Old industrial semi-outlying depressive districts functioning on the basis of resources production of basin type. In the region these are the districts specializing (or specialized) on mining industry, i.e. coal producing districts (towns of Kizel, Gremyachinsk). Focal type of area development manifests itself in population
concentration in urban settlements (over 90 %) and sparsely populated suburban area. Density of rural population amounts to less than 1 man/km2. High production concentration resulted in excessive specialization and in low level of economic
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diversification. The crisis of coal industry made depressive the entire Kizelovsky industrial district. The only exception is Gubakha where coal industry was in a timely manner “substituted” by chemical one. On the area of Kizel and Gremyachinsk (1,8 % of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area) where 5,7 % of regional industrialproduction assets are concentrated and 1,8 % of population live only 0,07 % of industrial products and 0,03 % of agricultural products are produced. The investments into the fixed assets here are almost equal to zero (0,1 % of regional investments in 2003). These are the most problematic PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) areas. The economic collapse conditioned also low level of resources consumption though specific payments here are somewhat higher than in the other municipal formations.
7.Developed industrial district near the center – towns of Berezniki and Solikamsk. The towns were founded and up till now have been functioning as centers of heavy industry (mining and basic chemical industry, non-ferrous industry). At present the above towns are being transformed into the administrative & economical center of the northern districts of the Territory. That is why they are singled out into the special transition type from the center of heavy industry to large-scale urban administrative-trading center. Long-term industrial development of neighboring towns produced its effect on the economy and gave rise to a number of serious problems. Economical complex is oversaturated with heavy industry’s enterprises. On 2,3 % of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area almost 13,8 % FIA (fixed industrial assets) are concentrated, almost 23 % of industrial and 13 % of agricultural products are produced, 19,8 % of population is concentrated and 14 % of investments into the fixed assets are made. There shall be solved problem of high-tech branches development, of social economical reorientation, closing, conversion or withdrawal of harmful and environmentally hazardous production facilities outside the town’s boundaries.
8.Central metropolitan area – the City of Perm. It is characterized by concentration of economic activity with prevalence of branches conditioning STP (scientific and technical potential); it concentrates administrative functions. Over one third of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) population, including 58 % of urban population, live within the area not exceeding 0,5 % of the regional area, about a half of industrial products are made and over 45 % of the fixed assets of nonproductive sphere are concentrated here. Industrial growth of the city is not balanced in relation to social infrastructure, expansion of consumer goods output and services sector as well as in relation to the rates of housing and cultural-domestic (recreational) construction and market structures formation.
Thus, the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) can be characterized by considerable territorial differentiation of economic and social development.
3.2. Performance of the Municipal and State Administration. Establishing of state power bodies’ system of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) takes place under the conditions of the intergovernmental financing relations reform, administrative and municipal reforms conducted in the Russian Federation, as well as in conditions of tax reform completing and revision of federal legislation content in terms of delimitation of jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and governmental
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authorities between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At present, a number of external and internal problems is typical for the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) administrative system.
The external problems include the problems of unstable federal legislation in determination of a closed powers’ list that are subject to execution on the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Delegation and exchange of powers into the process of which the municipal formations are also involved will entail complicated procedures of additional legal regulation, of structures establishment in the form of power bodies or changing of the existing structures, coordination of federal, territorial and municipal authorities’ actions. Application of organizational and administrative resources for the above procedures hinders their maximal use for solving direct tasks that the territorial authorities face in the field of social-economic development of the region that can be more efficient on condition of the set objectives and defined powers stability.
The most important internal problem to be solved by the territorial authorities is the absence of clearly identified strategic and tactical objectives of carried out activity transformed into specific coordinated plans. It results in a huge share of incorrectness in division of powers and functions of public authorities, in formal attitude to creation and implementation of program measures package, volumes and methods of their budget financing.
As an important problem of the reformed administration system one can mention the closeness and non-transparency of authorities’ activity for the society. It is expressed in limited participation of society’s representatives in formulation of power solutions, in insufficient development of public control mechanisms over their execution, in poor population’s awareness of objectives, functions, structure and division of responsibilities of the power system in the region.
Closeness and non-transparency of powers’ activity result in a weak feedback that manifests itself in insufficient authorities’ awareness of real society’ needs that in its turn is deprived of possibility to produce external stimulating impact on improvement of state control efficiency.
The activity of government authorities is insufficiently oriented on reaching the specific results of social-economic development in the region.
Legislative division of state power in the region into three branches – representative, executive and judicial shall provide for independent execution of powers by them.
Legislative authority of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) enjoys supremacy as within the frames of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION subject’s powers it establishes legal basis of state and public life in the region, the main directions for implementation of uniform state policy in the region and therefore it eventually defines the legal organization and forms of activity of executive and judicial
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authorities. The position of legislative (representative) body of state power established by the Fundamental Law – Statute of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) conditions the supreme legal force of laws adopted by it and attaches generally binding character to the legal provisions expressed in them.
Top executive – the Governor of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) enjoys independent status defined by federal laws and regulations of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) Statute. The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) Governor acts as a subject of legislative initiative with specific powers, he signs and declares the laws of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY), heads the executive authority of the Territory and represents the Territory at its interaction with federal and local authorities.
The executive authority in person of highest executive power body, i.e. the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)’s Government and PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) executive power bodies formed by it carries out the direct activity on laws implementation in the field of social-economical development of the Territory, it works out the draft budget of the Territory, provides for its execution, manages and controls the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) property.
As a body that allows in full to implement the principle of powers division on the regional level there can act the Statute Court of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY). The Statute Court acts as a governmental body making decisions in the disputes on correspondence of PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) legislation norms to the norms of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)’s Statute. The corresponding decisions produce direct effect as they exclude the application of illegal norms and play preventive role as they prevent the preparation and publishing of legal acts that do not meet the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) fundamental law on the part of both legislative and executive bodies of state authority providing by this in practice the actual application of power division principle.
The competence of the Statute Court consists of three statute powers: interpretation of laws and other statutory legal acts issued by governmental authorities and effective on the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)’s area in terms of their correspondence to the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)’s Statute, interpretation of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) Statute and making decisions in the disputes on the competence between the authorities.
In the regional management system a number of institutions has some special powers: the Plenipotentiary on the humane rights in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) coordinates the protection of citizens’ rights and interests, the Controlling and Accounting Chamber of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) implements the function of control over targeted and efficient use of budgetary funds, the Election Committee of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) provides for observance of citizens’ and other persons’ rights at elections holding on the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area.
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3.3. Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area Development Details
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area is characterized by low level of economic and social development and population density. Occupying 20,5 % of the entire area in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) (0,2 % of the Russian Federation), the Area concentrates only 5,1 % of its residents (0,1 % of the Russian Federation citizens). Population density in Komi-Permyak Area amounts to 4,9 man/sq. km (that is 4 times lower than generally in Perm Region and almost 2 times lower than in the Russian Federation. Komi-Permyak Area is at the same time underdeveloped and stagnating region occupying the last place in Privolzhsky Federal District in respect to all the indices. Thus, for example, the share of own revenues of the Area in the expenditures of regional budgets in 2004 was the lowest in Privolzhsky Federal District – 22,6 %.
Low level of economic and industrial development of Komi-Permyak Area, especially of its processing branches, became the key factor conditioning the lowest urbanization degree in the European part of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION (31 %). There is only one town on the territory of Komi-Permyak Area – administrative center Kudymkar with population size of 34,1 thousand people (it relates to the category of “small towns”).
By now the complex of negative factors complicating and hindering the development of Komi-Permyak Area has formed and continues to produce its effect. To their number the following shall be related:
–Unfavorable economical and geographical situation of the Area (its remoteness from the main economic centers);
–Poor transportation development of the territory characterized with complete absence of railway transportation, shortage of comfortable highways, undeveloped network of internal motor roads;
–Non-uniform economical development of the territory as it is more developed in the southern part and lesser developed in the northern part;
–Non-integrated economical development, first of all it relates to the industry that is characterized by clearly seen mono-specialization on forest utilization;
–Low development level of facilities and enterprises of production and social infrastructure, especially of communal-domestic services;
–Imbalance of various links of agricultural-industrial complex, insufficient, almost chronic lagging behind in development of facilities for storage, transportation and processing of agricultural products;
–Insufficient geological investigation of territory;
–Incomplete use of explored mineral products, first of all, due to the lack of efficient processes and equipment corresponding to their quality specifics, deposition and location conditions;
–Shortage in development of settling system related to non-uniform distribution of settlements along the territory (in the southern and central parts occupying only 19 % of Area’s square 90 % of settlements are concentrated while in the forest exploitation zone covering almost all northern territories and considerable part of western and eastern territories only 10 % of Area’s settlements are located);
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–Growing lagging behind in the rates of enterprises’ technical re-equipment;
–Insufficient network development of institutions of higher, specialized
secondary education and secondary trade education institutions that could train the personnel for the Area’s economy;
– Low level of agricultural economy efficiency (works on improvement of soils fertility and land development are almost stopped).
Deposits of many kinds of mineral products exist in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area: iron ores, gold in detritus, copper ore. However, their exploration level and development prospects are ambiguous. Signs of platinum and stannic rock presence are available on the Area’s territory. Out of non-ore raw materials the deposits of limestone, mineral paints and various clays and sands are spread in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area. The Area possesses relatively favorable conditions for set up of entities potentially suitable as recreational and treatment zones for population of the entire Territory and other regions. Territorial combination of such natural conditions as water bodies, forests and picturesque landscapes is extremely valuable.
To the positive factors defining the prospects of Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area development there can be related almost non-used recreational potential (numerous sources of various mineral waters, picturesque landscapes, good environmental conditions), availability of favorable environmental conditions and considerable areas that can be used both for industrial and civil engineering and for expansion of agricultural lands area.
It should be considered that Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area is the basic permanent residence place for the whole nationality – the Komi-Permyaks that favors preservation of relatively stable demographic situation in the Area, fixing of population on its territory despite certain drawbacks in social-economic development.
For changing of the existing situation the stimulation of Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area’ economic growth is required. As a decisive factor of social economic development of the Area in the near future there will first of all act rich resources potential – high quality forest resources, mineral deposits for construction materials production, availability of free territories for industrial and civil engineering and for expansion of agricultural lands for production of ecologically pure products.
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4. The Main Problems and Competitive Advantages of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)
4.1. The Main Competitive Disadvantages
Instability of economic development. Two structure-forming sectors – exportoriented and domestically oriented between which considerable imbalance exists can be singled out in the regional industry. Export-oriented branches are characterized with higher profitability, capital provision, labor resources of high quality in comparison with domestically oriented sector. The gap between these sectorial groups in terms of the above rates increases.
The main contribution into the economic growth of The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is made by export-oriented branches; the contribution of domestically oriented branches is insignificant. Export-oriented model of economic growth setup in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) means high dependency of the economy on external market. The world markets to which the regional products are supplied are marked with considerable volatility (frequent and drastic prices fluctuations). The specified dependency does not promote the achievement of stable economic growth in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY): the growth impulse is conditioned by increase of world prices on the exported products.
Inability to maintain high rates of economic growth at the existing economical structure. Possibilities of further economic growth in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) are based on capabilities of export-oriented sector to increase export volumes that has certain limitations effective both inside these branches and outside them.
The existing structural disproportion results in slowdown of economic growth rates: insufficient growth rates of domestically oriented branches condition low degree of internal market saturation at the expense of own production and export-oriented branches have considerable limitations in production volume buildup.
Low investment activity. Along with decrease in fixed capital accumulation, considerable decrease in circulating assets is observed in the Territory. In the structure of GRP the share of accumulation reduces thus creating threat to further development of capital volume growth in the region as well as to the investment process. Staring from 2002 the drop in fixed capital accumulation is observed.
Gradual decrease in investment growth rates and their lagging behind of GRP growth rate considerably limits the economic growth in the region (to provide for high rates of economic growth the rate of investment growth shall 1,5–2 times exceed the rate of GRP growth). As a result the share of investments into GRP decreases. High level of basic production assets’ wear-out and outdated technologies are not compensated by investment volumes.
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Non-uniformity and insufficiency of infrastructure development and especially of its transportation component. The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) is characterized by the considerable degree of infrastructure entities wear-out: housing-communal, social and transportation. Average wear-out of housing stock amounts to 43 %, the share of slum and emergency dwelling in total volume of housing stock amounts to 3,3 % (including 25,4 % in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area), in communal infrastructure the wear-out of waterline networks amounts to 65 %, of sewage networks – to 59 %, over 50 % of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) schoolchildren study in the buildings that need major overhaul, 40 % of roads do not meet the current standards and regulations.
One marks non-uniformity in regional transportation infrastructure’s development: weak development of railway and motor road networks in the northern districts that prevents development of trade and economic relations with neighboring regions. Insufficient number of motor roads connecting north and south of the region hinders economic development both of northern PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) areas and of the entire region. The absence of meridional roads and non-development of water transportation deteriorate the general infrastructure potential of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY).
Insufficient throughput capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway within the regional borders creates barriers for increase of its freight turnover. The condition of airport “Bolshoye Savino” in terms of some parameters does not meet the present-day international standards.
Unbalanced labor market and insufficient quality of labor resources. Reduction of able-bodied citizens and reduction of employed population number at relatively permanent number of economically active population set up hinders in region’s provision with labor resources.
Non-correspondence of working places structure to manpower specialization results in unbalance on the regional labor market. The level of unemployment in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) lately preserved at the level of 7 % exceeds the natural unemployment level and sets up hurdles on the way of population’s employment.
Among the constituent entities of the Privolzhsky Federal District the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) occupies one of last places in terms of educational level of the employed population that testifies to insufficient quality of manpower. Out of each 1000 men in the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) 781 men have education (higher education, including post gradual education, incomplete higher education, specialized secondary education, secondary (complete) and secondary basic education) while on the average in Privolzhsky Federal District this rate amounted to 813 men.
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Irrational use of natural resources and considerable environmental risks.
Present volumes of mineral products extraction are not covered by growth of explored reserves of mineral products, also insufficient reproduction of renewable natural resources and first of all of forestry ones is marked.
The lack of clear-cut legislation basis on delimitation of subjects’ rights on disputable deposits and insufficient degree of interest in development of mineral – raw materials basis on the level of regional micro-subjects restrain the takeover of already discovered deposits into development.
The existing considerable pollutant emissions into the air, considerable discharge of polluted waters into water bodies of the Russian Federation, poor condition of treatment facilities and huge amount of industrial and domestic wastes significantly deteriorate the environmental conditions. The presence of cavities under dwelling and industrial buildings creates the safety problem for mining structures and related facilities. The threat of destruction of unique natural complexes and specially protected natural territories exists in the Territory.
Depopulation and low life span. During the last 15 years the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) population has been undergoing annual reduction. It occurs both due to natural population loss (approximately by 20 000 people annually during the last 5 years) and due to negative migration balance. Considerable death rate exists among able-bodied citizens, the highest share at that falls to non-medical causes (injuries and poisoning).
Existing disproportions in territorial development. The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) represents the area with considerable differentiation of municipal formations in respect to the level of social-economic development and living conditions of population. The main industrial centers are singled out on the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) area which in terms of their economic development and living standard of population considerably exceed the most backward territories (mostly of agricultural specialization or monoprofile ones to which Komi-Permyak Autonomous Area relates).
4.2. Key Competitive Advantages of the PERM KRAI (TERRITORY)
High innovation potential. A number of major scientific centers and educational institutions of world level find themselves in The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY). From that point of view The PERM KRAI (TERRITORY) possesses unique potential in comparison with other regions.
In the region four institutes, one affiliated branch of the institute of Ural Division of the RUSSIAN FEDERATION Academy of Science, fourteen higher educational institutions and about thirty five branch institutes and designing offices of scientific and industrial organizations carry out their activity. Totally 66 organizations of various departmental subordination and various forms of property in which over
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