книги / Обучение аннотированию научных статей на английском языке

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3. Проанализируйте приведенный пример аннотации с точки зренияструктуры ииспользования языковых средств.

In his paper “Global Implications of Patent Law Variation,” Koji Suzuki (1991) states that lack of consistency in the world’s patent laws is a serious problem. In most of the world, patent ownership is given to the inventor that is first to file for a patent. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent policy. In view of this, patent ownership can change depending on the country. Multiple patent ownership can result in economic problems; however, most striking is the international tension it causes. The fact that the United States does not recognize patent ownership in other countries, in violation of the

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Paris Convention on Industrial Properties, has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to push the United States to review its existing patent law principles.

4. Ознакомьтесь со следующей аннотацией к статье. Выделите составные части аннотации. Какие обороты используются во введении, в основной части, в заключении.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION,

VOL. 50, NO. 4, April, 2002

Analysis of a Cylindrical Antenna Containing

an Aperture Coupled Load

Frank A. Pisano, UI and Chalmers M. Butler, Life Fellow, IEEE

Abstract ‒ In this paper we present the basis for the analysis of shielding tuning network coupled to wire antenna elements. The structure analyzed comprises three conducting cylindrical tubes that form an aperture-fed circular coaxial waveguide. Two methods are presented for formulating and solving integral equations for the structure. The first method is bases on the mixed potential electric field integral equation enforced on the three cylindrical tubes, and the second is based on aperture theory. An end correction capacitance is used to adjust the reflection coefficient in the eigenmode expressions of the aperture method. The data obtained by the two methods are in close agreement. Differences in actual currents and equivalent currents obtained from solutions are discussed and reconciled.

Index terms ‒ Apertures, coaxial transmission line discontinuities, coaxial waveguides, cylindrical antennas.

5.Какие грамматические явления, характерные для аннотации, вы можете выделить в тексте? Выпишите слова и выражения, которые помогут вам составить свою собственную аннотацию.

6.Сравните текст аннотации на английском (упр. 4)

ирусском языках: что общего, а в чем отличия?

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Анализ цилиндрической антенны, имеющей внутреннюю область за апертурой

Аннотация. В этой статье мы приводим начальные сведения для анализа регулировки экранированных систем, соединенных проводящими антенными элементами. Проанализированная структура включает в себя три проводящие цилиндрические поверхности, которые формируют апертуру, подобную круглому коаксиальному волноводу. Представляются два метода, обеспечивающие формулировку и решение интегральных уравнений для данной структуры. Первый метод основан на интегральном уравнении смешанного потенциального электрического поля, усиленного тремя цилиндрическими поверхностями, а второй основан на теории апертуры. Для коррекции коэффициентов отражения собственных мод в выражениях метода апертуры используются конечные уравнения. Наблюдается большое сходство в данных, полученных двумя методами. Обсуждены и согласованы различия в фактических и эквивалентных потоках, полученных из решений.

Основные термины. Апертура, коаксиальная линия электропередачи с неоднородностями, коаксиальные волноводы, цилиндрические антенны.

7. Прочитайте и переведите следующую аннотацию. Выпишите слова, которые помогут вам составить свою собственную аннотацию:

Wireless World, December 1997

Analogue function generator

A straight-line approximation design by G.J. Phelps, B. Sc.

This article describes a versatile function approximator, whose analogue input and output signals are related by a segmented characteristic. The function characteristics are made up of a number of straight lines (segments), each one joining the next, at “break points”,

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to form a continuous line. A variable characteristic is obtained by adjusting the position of intersection of any two segments.

8. Прочитайте и переведите следующий отрывок статьи. Составьте аннотацию отрывка, учитывая структуру аннотации и особенностей ее составления.

University of Manchester, 2018

SHALE GAS IS ONE OF THE LEAST SUSTAINABLE WAYS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY, RESEARCH FINDS

The major study, which is the first of its kind, considered environmental, economic and social sustainability of shale gas in the UK and compared it to other electricity generating options. These were coal, nuclear, natural gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), solar photovoltaics (PV), wind, hydro and biomass.

The study, published in Science of The Total Environment, compared shale gas and the other electricity options against 18 sustainability indicators. Of these, 11 were environmental, three economic and four social. Examples of the indicators considered include climate change impacts, environmental pollution, costs of electricity, creation of jobs and public perceptions.

The Government believes shale gas has the potential to provide the UK with greater energy security, growth and jobs. And it is "encouraging safe and environmentally sound exploration to determine this potential."

But the researchers found that for shale gas to be considered as sustainable as the best options, such as wind and solar PV, huge improvements would be needed.

This includes a 329-fold reduction in environmental impacts and 16 times higher employment in the sector.

The environmental and social sustainability of shale gas would also need to improve by up to a 100 times for it to compete with domestic natural gas and imported LNG.

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Prof. Adisa Azapagic, from the School of Chemical Engineering & Analytical Science, says: 'Many countries are considering exploitation of shale gas but its overall sustainability is disputed. Previous studies focused mainly on environmental aspects of shale gas, largely in the US, with scant information on socio-economic aspects'.

Whilst the current Government and industry are keen to develop shale gas, Scotland has banned fracking and in the rest of the UK there is strong opposition. This comes from numerous stakeholders, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs), local residents and activists across the country.

The impacts on the environment from fracking are the main argument against the exploitation of shale gas. But its supporters highlight improved national energy security and economic development as key benefits.

Prof. Azapagic, Professor of Sustainable Chemical Engineering, added: 'The results of this study clearly show that, assuming equal importance of the environmental, economic and social aspects, shale gas ranks seventh out of the nine electricity options, which means most other options for electricity generation are more sustainable.

'The results also suggest that any future electricity mix would be more sustainable with a lower rather than a higher share of shale gas.'

The research team says these results can now help inform UK policy makers, industry, NGOs and consumers. They will also be of interest to other countries considering exploitation of shale gas.

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UNIT II.

РАЗВЕРНУТОЕ УСТНО-РЕЧЕВОЕ АННОТИРОВАНИЕ

1. Познакомьтесь со следующими словами и выражениями для составления аннотации:

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2.Сгруппируйте слова в соответствии с шагами аннотации, т.е. какие слова, словосочетания и выражения могут быть использованы во введении, в основной части и в заключении. Составьте свои примеры с данными словами.

3.Прочитайте и переведите образцы предложений, которые могут быть вам полезны при составлении аннотации:

1.A whole chapter is devoted to the question of environment.

2.The author round off the article by giving tips to parents how to back up learning.

3.The witness has given the policeman a blow-by-blow account of what happened.

4.David gave us a vivid account of his trip to Rio.

5.The man gave the detective an eyewitness account of the rob-

bery.

6.The author gives his fascinating firsthand account of the Chinese Cultural Revolution.

7.Some critics comment that the film is unnecessarily violent.

8.The Police Chief has no intention to comment on the bomb

attack.

9.She emphasizes that flying is a very safe way to travel.

10.This tragic incident underlines the need for immediate ac-

tion.

11.He emphasizes that driving at high speed is a major hazard on the road.

12.The lawyer emphasizes the fact that they are only children.

13.Modern medicine has focused on developing highly complicated surgical techniques.

14.In his speech he focused on economy.

15.Traditional education focuses on basic reading and writing

skills.

16.The reporter concludes from the analysis of traffic accidents that the speed limit should be lowered.

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17.The jury came to the conclusion that he was guilty.

18.He’d like to draw your attention to the no smoking rule.

19.The article was intended to draw attention to the situation in Cambodia.

20.Health officials have tried to raise awareness about AIDS among teenagers.

21.We have a lot of sympathy for your stand on lower taxes.

22.I have a lot of sympathy for his opinion.

23.He sympathizes with the plight of the homeless.

24.The poor girl was in a terrible plight.

25.It’s hard to sympathize with her political opinions.

26.I have no sympathy for Helen - it’s her own fault.

27.Students marched in sympathy with the strikers.

28.Not many people sympathize with his political views.

29.I’ve a lot of sympathy for single parents; they brought up the children on their own.

30.John’s sympathies lie firmly with the Conservative Party.

31.Many workers sympathized with the striking miners.

32.The anti-abortion rally (митинг) attracted many sympa-

thizers.

33.There are no simple solutions to the problem of overpopu-

lation.

34.The book will be of particular interest to those studying Russian politics since 1917.

35.Publishing this article was definitely in the public interest.

36.He quotes the President as saying he would veto the bill.

37.The parents intend to express their disapproval of the mar-

riage.

38.The chief expressed his approval of the new science lab.

39.The President has expressed his approval of the government’s economic strategy.

40.The article is sure to encourage debate.

41.Good public transport encourages people to leave their cars

at home.

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