книги / Texts and practical assignments for stylistic pre-translation analysis
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understatement
oxymoron
= is when insignificance is exaggerated,
e.g. If you don’t give me a drop of water, I’ll die.
= is a combination of words in which the meanings of the two clash, being opposite,
e.g. hot winter, eternity of seconds, to cry silently.
Lexico-stylistic devices based on the interaction between the free and phraseological meanings of lexical units
zeugma |
= is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic re- |
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lations to the adjacent words in the context, |
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e.g. He lost his keys and his temper; Clara was not a narrow woman ei- |
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ther in mind or in body. |
pun |
= is based on the interaction of word meanings, |
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e.g. – Are these eggs fresh? |
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– They are just from the country. |
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– What country, I wonder? |
semantically |
= are slight variations of zeugma when the number of homogeneous |
false chain |
members used with the same verb/s increases, |
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e.g. But she heard and remembered discussions of Freud, Chinese lyrics, |
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naturalization of minds, Christian sciences, and fishing in Ontario. |
violation of |
= is when the phraseological meaning/s of some phraseological unit/s are |
phraseological |
intentionally replaced with their original literal meanings, |
unit |
e.g. Little John was born with a silver spoon in his mouth which was ra- |
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ther curly and large. |
Syntactical stylistic devices
anaphora |
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= is a repetition of the unit that comes at the beginning of a phrase, sen- |
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tence, etc., |
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e.g. Supposing he was there. Supposing he did it. |
epiphora |
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= is a repetition of the unit that comes at the end of successive phrases, |
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sentences, etc., |
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e.g. I wake up and I am alone. I walk around the village and I am alone. |
framing (ring |
= the initial part of a syntactical unit is repeated at the end of it, |
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repetition) |
e.g. He ran away from the battle. He was an ordinary human being, so he |
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ran away from the battle. |
anadiplosis |
= the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the be- |
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(catch |
repeti- |
ginning of the next part, |
tion) |
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e.g. A great desire of peace – peace of no matter what kind – swept |
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through them. |
anadiploses |
= are several successive anadiploses, |
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(chain |
repeti- |
e.g. To behave in this way would be to slight a lady, to slight a lady |
tion) |
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would be to be deficient in chivalry, and chivalry is a part of my charac- |
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ter. |
parallelism |
= is an identify or similarity of the syntactical structures in two or more |
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sentences or parts of a sentence, |
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e.g. He was soft. He was foolish. |
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The seeds you sow – Another reaps. |
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The robes you wear – Another wears. |
chiasmus (re- |
= is a variety of parallelism based on the repetition of the syntactical pat- |
versed parallel |
tern which has a reversed order of words or phrases, |
construction) |
e.g. Tom Ramsey knew everybody and everybody knew Tom Ramsey. |
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Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down. |
inversion |
= the direct word order is changed, |
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e.g. Talent Mr. Micawber had, capital Mr. Micawber had not. |
detachment |
= secondary sentence members are placed independently of the words |
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they logically refer to, |
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e.g. He tried – but all in vain. |
rhetorical ques- |
= is the statement in the form of a question, |
tion |
e.g. What am I? A simple worker. What was I before? Nothing. |
ellipsis |
= is omission of one of sentence members, |
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e.g. I went to London as one goes to exile, she – to New York. |
aposiopesis |
= is a break in the narration, |
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e.g. You just come home or I’ll … |
polysyndeton |
= conjunctions are repeated in quick succession, |
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e.g. They wore red shirts and green shirts and yellow shirts and pink |
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shirts. |
asyndeton |
= one or more conjunctions are deliberately omitted, |
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e.g. Walking together. Dancing together. Sitting silently together. |
Lexico-syntactical devices based on the interaction of lexical meanings of words through the syntactical arrangement of the elements.
climax |
= is a type of semantically complicated parallelism in which each word |
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combination, clause, sentence is logically, emotionally, etc. more im- |
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portant, |
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e.g. It was a lovely city, a beautiful city, a fairy city, a gem of a city. |
anticlimax |
= is a sudden interruption of a climax by an unexpected turn of the |
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thought, |
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e.g. Women have a wonderful instinct about things. They can discover |
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everything – except obvious. |
antithesis |
= is a characterization of a word or a phenomenon from a specific point |
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of view. However, it is not a logical opposition, |
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e.g. Some people have much to live on and little to live for. |
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Mrs. Nook had a large home and a small husband. |
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(Compare: hell and paradise, light and heavy, etc.) |
simile |
= is an imaginative comparison of two unlike objects, |
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e.g. She is like a rose. |
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(Compare: She is like her mother). |
litotes |
= two negations are joined together to give a positive evaluation, |
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e.g. It’s not an uncommon thing to happen. |
periphrasis |
= renaming an object using a phrase that brings out some particular fea- |
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ture of this object, |
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e.g. to tie the knot instead of to marry. |
euphemism |
= is a word or phrase replacing some unpleasant one, |
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e.g. to join the majority instead of to die. |
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Supplement 2. Text and Information Types
1. Mark types of information (cognitive, operative, emotive, and aesthetic by I.S. Alexeeva) using +, ++, - for each text type:
Translatological text classification
Text type Information type
Cognitive Operative Emotive Aesthetic
Scientific Popular scientific Encyclopedic Educational Official Legislative (law) Contract Business letter
Manual, instructions for use Public speech
Newspaper Fiction Advertisement
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Supplement 3. Encyclopedic Texts
1. Watch the first five minutes of the 1978 video via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7HQ10pR45kY and answer the following:
1.What questions does the narrator ask?
2.Which of them can be answered these days?
Before watching: translate unidentified flying object, extraterrestrial, hostile
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2A. Translate into Russian: |
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Velocity |
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Dome |
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To defy the known laws of physics |
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Circumstantial evidence |
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Visible or audible propulsion |
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Equilateral triangle |
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Chariot |
2B. Find the meanings of Axis Powers and Allied Powers of the WW2.
3. Carry out the stylistic pre-translation analysis of the encyclopedic text below, translate the text into Russian:
Unidentified flying object (UFO)
The acronym UFO, Unidentified Flying Object, refers to any real or apparent flying object which cannot be identified by the observer and which remains unidentified after investigation. Sightings of unusual aerial phenomena date back to ancient times, but reports of UFO sightings only became fashionable after the first widely publicized American sighting in 1947. Often UFOs are linked to extraterrestrials, aliens in control of flying saucers being the popular explanation for UFOs. Despite so many reports, and significant scientific investigation of the claims, no resolution as to the true nature of all such phenomena has been achieved.
Description. Although there are hundreds of different types of Unidentified Flying Objects or UFOs observed all over the world, a majority of the sightings can be grouped into five common categories:
Saucer, disk-shaped “craft” without visible or audible propulsion.
Rapidly-moving lights or lights with apparent ability to rapidly change direc-
tion.
Large triangular “craft”
Cigar-shaped “craft” with lighted windows (Meteor fireballs are sometimes reported this way)
Other: equilateral triangles, spheres, domes, diamonds, shapeless black masses, eggs, and cylinders.
UFOs are often alleged to be able to go from a dead stop to high velocities and maneuver in ways that defy the known laws of physics, which is one reason that certain reports are ruled out as manned aircraft. All evidence in support of these claims is at best circumstantial.
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History. Ancient accounts
Unusual aerial phenomena have been reported throughout history. Ancient Chinese and Indian texts talk of flying vehicles that are driven by either deities or people from far off lands. Much of the speculation regarding the UFO connection to ancient times comes from Erich Von Daniken's 1968 book, Chariots of the Gods? in which it was argued that aliens, using UFOs as their transportation, had been visiting and influencing the evolution of Earth for centuries.
UFOs in the modern era
During World War II, both Axis and Allied airplanes reported strange lights that would trail them during flight. These lights were later given the name Foo Fighters. As widespread and unsettling as these reports were, there was no context into which to place them until 1947.
The post-World War II UFO phase in the United States began with a reported sighting by American businessman Kenneth Arnold on June 24, 1947, while flying his private plane near Mount Rainier, Washington. He reported seeing nine brilliantly bright objects flying across the face of Rainier towards nearby Mount Adams, which he calculated as traveling at at least 1200 miles per hour, based on timing their travel between Rainier and Adams. His sighting subsequently received significant media and public attention. Arnold’s reported descriptions caught the media’s and the public’s fancy and gave rise to the terms flying saucer and flying disk.
Adapted from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object
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Supplement 4. Educational Texts
1.What do you know about black holes in the outer space?
2.Translate into Russian:
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hydrogen |
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to collapse inward |
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to run out of fuel |
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to shrink |
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to build up (about iron) |
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a shock wave |
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to litter |
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scattered remains of a super nova |
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to slam |
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to blow apart |
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a collapsed core |
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gravity |
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squashed |
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a deep puncture |
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to affect the environment in pro- |
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a clue |
found ways |
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3A. Watch the video via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6sQtzVYSc0 and answer the questions:
1.What burns inside stars?
2.Explain how a star dies. What does a star give birth to?
3.What’s left after a super nova is born?
3B. Identify the substyle of the video.
4.Identify the substyle and genre of the text below. Draw a mind map of black hole-related words from the text and translate them into Russian.
Singularities
In the centre of a black hole is a gravitational singularity, a one-dimensional point which contains a huge mass in an infinitely small space, where density and gravity become infinite and space-time curves infinitely, and
where the laws of physics as we know them cease to operate. As the eminent American physicist Kip Thorne describes it, it is "the point where all laws of physics break down".
Current theory suggests that, as an object falls into a black
hole and approaches the singularity at the centre, it will become stretched out or “spaghettified” due to the increasing differential in gravitational attraction on different parts of it, before presumably losing dimensionality completely and disappearing irrevocably into the singularity. An observer watching from a safe distance outside, though, would have a different view of the event. According to relativity theory, they would see the object moving slower and slower as it approaches the black hole until it comes to a complete halt at the event horizon, never actually falling into the black hole.
The existence of a singularity is often taken as proof that the theory of general relativity has broken down, which is perhaps not unexpected as it occurs in conditions where quantum effects should become important. It is conceivable that some future combined theory of quantum gravity (such as current research into superstrings)
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may be able to describe black holes without the need for singularities, but such a theory is still many years away.
According to the "cosmic censorship" hypothesis, a black hole's singularity remains hidden behind its event horizon, in that it is always surrounded by an area which does not allow light to escape, and therefore cannot be directly observed. The only exception the hypothesis allows (known as a “naked” singularity) is the initial Big Bang itself.
It seems likely, then, that, by its very nature, we will never be able to fully describe or even understand the singularity at the centre of a black hole. Although an observer can send signals into a black hole, nothing inside the black hole can ever communicate with anything outside it, so its secrets would seem to be safe forever.
Adapted from: https://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/topics_blackholes_singularities.html
5. Carry out the pre-translation analysis of the text and translate it into Russian.
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Supplement 5. Business Letters
1.Look through the business letter in Task 2, its parts, and the punctuation used in the letter. Is it written in the British or American variant of the English language? What punctuation marks are used in the British variant? What punctuation marks are used in the Russian language in such letters?
2.Carry out the pre-translation analysis, underline business letter clichés, and translate the letter into Russian paying attention to using the proper structure and punctuation:
Dear Sir or Madam:
Attached please find a Certificate of Ownership form to be filed in accordance with the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. The fee to file the Certificate is $239.00. If your document is more than 1 page, please add $9.00 for each additional page. You will receive a stamped “Filed” copy of your submitted document. A certified copy may be requested for an additional $50. Expedited services are available. Please contact our office concerning these fees.
Contact our Franchise Tax Section concerning taxes due on any Delaware companies merging out of existence. A check for the tax payment and the filing/assessment fee must accompany the Certificate for filing. Please make your check payable to the “Delaware Secretary of State”.
For the convenience of processing your order in a timely manner, please include a cover letter with your name, address and telephone/fax number to enable us to contact you, if necessary. Please make sure you thoroughly complete all information requested on this form. It is important that the execution be legible, we request that you print or type your name under the signature line.
Thank you for choosing Delaware as your corporate home. Should you require further assistance in this or any other matter, please don’t hesitate to call us at (302) 739-3073.
Sincerely,
Department of State Division of Corporations encl. rev. 07/04
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Supplement 6. Joint Venture Agreements
1.Read the agreement in Task 3. What is the purpose of signing such an agreement?
2.Match the words and their descriptions; translate them into Russian using the EBRD Glossary of Project Finance at http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/research/essay/pfeng.pdf:
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To incorporate a joint |
A. An area with a set of laws under the control of a |
company |
system of courts or government entity which are dif- |
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ferent from neighbouring areas |
2. |
Jurisdiction |
B. To purchase or claim the shares of (a new issue of |
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stock, bonds, or other securities) |
3. |
Articles of Association |
C. To form a joint company |
(Incorporation) / By-laws |
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of the Corporation |
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4. |
To subscribe to shares, |
D. Articles of incorporation are also sometimes called |
capital |
a certification of formation or a charter. The articles of |
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incorporation contain general information about a cor- |
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poration, such as the name and location of the busi- |
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ness. / Bylaws, on the other hand, contain information |
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about the rules and regulations that govern a corpora- |
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tion. |
5. |
Lien |
E. A security of some value that represents ownership |
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in a corporation |
6. |
Absolute title to proper- |
F. The legal right of a creditor to sell the collateral |
ty |
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property of a debtor who fails to meet the obligations |
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of a loan contract. |
7. |
Common share with par |
G. The authorised capital of a company is the maxi- |
value of … |
mum amount of share capital that the company is au- |
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thorised by its constitutional documents to issue |
8. |
Authorized capital |
H. In property law, a title is a bundle of rights in a |
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piece of property. |
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The key: 1-C; 2-A; 3-D; 4-B; 5-F; 6-H; 7-E; 8-G |
3. Carry out the stylistic pre-translation analysis and translate into Russian:
AGREEMENT BETWEEN AMERICAN AND FOREIGN CORPORATIONS TO FORM A JOINT VENTURE IN FOREIGN COUNTRY
This Agreement is made this_____________day of_______________, 2008 between____________________________, a corporation organized under the laws of State of _________________________, United States of America, and having its principal office at __________________("American Company") and ____________
_________________, a corporation organized in accordance with the laws of
__________________, and having its principal office at___________________("Foreign Company") with reference to the following facts:
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A.Foreign Company is engaged in the manufacture and sale of______; and 88
B.American Company manufactures __________________ under certain patents in the United States of America and sells them under certain trade names and bearing certain trade marks throughout the world; and
C.American Company and Foreign Company desire to cause the above products to be manufactured in the Country of ______________________; and
D.Capital, industrial property, technical skills and know-how are required to produce such products (the "Products") and to market them; and
E.American Company is in a position and is willing to supply such capital, industrial property, technical skills and know-how; and
F.American Company and Foreign Company desire to form a corporation in the country of _________________________ to carry out the production and marketing of the products.
THEREFORE, intending to be legally bound, the parties agree as follows: 1. FORMATION OF JOINT COMPANY
American Company and Foreign Company shall cause a new corporation (the "Joint Сотрапу") to be duly organized under the laws of ______in accordance with the terms of this Agreement and with appropriate documents equivalent under the laws of the jurisdiction to Articles and By-laws, which in the English translation shall read in substantially the form of Exhibit A attached hereto. If any of the provisions contained in Exhibit A should not be approved by the appropriate authority for inclusion in the documents of incorporation of the Joint Company, the parties agree to make such amendments thereto as shall be acceptable to the said appropriate authority without altering their purpose or intention, or failing such amendment, to take all such other steps and do such other things, including the execution of any other agreements as may be necessary, to achieve the interest and purpose of such of the provisions as may not have been found acceptable by said appropriate authority. The cost of the incorporating the Joint Company shall be borne equally by American Company and Foreign Company.
2. NAME OF JOINT COMPANY
The name of the Joint Company shall be__________________________.
3. CAPITAL OF JOINT COMPANY
The Joint Company shall have an authorized capital of $______consisting of
____________ common shares with par value of $ ____________________each.
4. SUBSCRIPTIONS ТО CAPITAL OF JOINT COMPANY
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