Парономазия в художественном тексте функции и структурно-семантические модели

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ. «ДОНСКОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» (ДГТУ)

Факультет «Социально-гуманитарный» Кафедра «Мировые языки и культуры» Специальность «Лингвистика»

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«Парономазия в художественном тексте: функции и структурно-семантические модели»

Ростов-на-Дону

2020

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………...3

1“Paronomasia”……………………………………………………………………4

2Pun as one of the forms of wordplay.……………………...……………………..4

3Classification of Pun …………………………………………………….….……4

3.1Typographic Paronomasia.……………….………………….….……...4

3.2Visual Paronomasia …………….………………………….…………..4

4Function of Paronomasia…………….……………………….………………….4

5Structural-Semantic Pun…………….……………………….……….…………..4

6Examples of Paronomasia in Literature…………….……...………………….…5 Conclusion…………………………………………...……………………………..7 References………………………………………………...………………………..7

Introduction

This paper focuses on the analysis of pun as one of the categories of wordplay and its manifestation in one-liner jokes in the English languages. The data of this article are all of one-liner jokes containing puns which were collected from different online sources.

The article deals with the study of Linguistic Function of Pun, and its structural-semantic model.

The objective of the article is to investigate the phenomenon of pun as one of the types of wordplay and its specific features.

The significance of the present article lies in the factor according to which linguosemantic structure of pun is discussed from the point of general theoretical as well as contextual-pragmatic positions.

I make an attempt to answer the following questions presented in the article: Definition of Paronomasia (Pun). What is the classification of pun? What kind of specific semantic features are characteristic for pun?

1. “Paronomasia”

The term comes from two ancient Greek words “para” and “onomazo”, which translates as “near” and “call”, respectively. In the Literary Encyclopedia, it is defined as: Paronomasia is a stylistic figure consisting in combining in one speech segment that are similar in sound but different in meaning.

Paronomasia is called a binary figure, since at least two words are always used. At the same time, any words can be compared, whether they are of the same root and related, or unrelated, whose consonance is accidental. Also found in the literature is the term “annomination” (from the Latin “annominatio” - “similar name, similarity”), meaning the same.

2. Pun as one of the forms of wordplay

It is obvious that there is not a universal definition of wordplay or pun; that the difficulties created by the complexity of wordplay and its various classifications are caused by the complexity of the phenomenon and its categories and subcategories.

As a result of different perceptions and understanding of pun there are also various approaches as to how it should be classified.

The pun can be called paronomasia, is a form of wordplay which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similarsounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2009).

Henri Bergson defines a pun as a sentence or utterance in which "the same sentence appears to offer two independent meanings, but it is only an appearance; in reality there are two different sentences made up of different words, but claiming to be one and the same because both have the same sound". (Augarde, 2003).

As John Dryden puts it, punning is to torture one poor word ten thousand ways. (Dryden’s quotes).

Walter Redfern succinctly says: "To pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms". Considering the above mentioned definitions, we can come to the conclusion

and say that the pun is a way of using the characteristics of the language(s) to cause a word, a sentence or a discourse to involve two or more different meanings. So humorous or any other effects created by puns depend upon the ambiguities words entail.

3. Classification of Pun

There are two types of paronomasia that are: Typographic and Visual Paronomasia.

3.1. Typographic Paronomasia is further classified into five categories:

is digging a new well.”

c)Homonymic – These words include both homographs and homophones.

d)Compound – These contain two or more puns in a sentence.

e)Recursive – In these, the second part of a pun depends upon the meaning of the first.

3.2. Visual Paronomasia.

These are actually puns and used in non-phonetic texts. Visual paronomasia includes the “4 Pics 1 Word” word game, where players are supposed to look at four pictures and guess the word that they have in common.

4. Function of Paronomasia

Paronomasia gives thoughtful meanings to literary texts, aside from providing humorous and witty comments.

Through paronomasia, writers demonstrate the shrewdness of characters, and their own ingenuity by playing with the words.

Besides, in literary works, paronomasia functions as a purposeful efforts to provide a source of comic relief, and to show their artistic ability.

Being a source of fun, paronomasia is used in comedy theaters, and jokes give humorous meanings to perplexing stories. Also, it is found in limerick forms of poetry.

5. Structural-Semantic Pun

Structural-Semantic ambiguity arises when a word or concept has an inherently diffuse meaning based on its widespread or informal usage.

This is often the case, for example, with idiomatic expressions whose definitions are rarely or never well-defined, and are presented in the context of a larger argument that invites a certain conclusion.

For instance:

(1). - Did you take a bath?

-No, only towels, is there one missing?

(Take a bath), as a fixed phrase means to have a shower, but its direct, word for word

translation can be - carry away a bath, to carry it from one place to another. This two-way

perception and understanding of one and the same phrase creates ambiguity and causes

laughter.

(2). -When do parents complain because of eye pain?

- When they have their eye on you!

In this specific example ambiguity is created by the phrase (to have an eye on). In the question the word eye implies the part of the body and the answer is quite incongruous. It can be argued that this witty, unexpected answer together with the semantic ambiguity creates a structural-semantic pun.

6. Examples of Paronomasia in Literature

Paronomasia underscores the expertise of writers and their characters. From Jesus Christ to Shakespeare, examples of paronomasia have been crafted to create rhetorical effect.

Example #1: Richard III (By William Shakespeare)

Launce: “It is no matter if the tied were lost; for it is the unkindest tied that ever any man tied.”

Richard: “Now is the winter of our discontent … made glorious summer by this Son of York.”

William Shakespeare is probably the most renowned punster in literature. Here the word “tied” is used three times as homophonic paronomasia, giving different meanings in three different places. Similarly, the word “son” is King Edward IV, not the weather of York.

Example #2: A Hymn to God the Father (By John Donne)

“When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done for I have more. That at my death Thy Son

Shall shine as he shines now, and heretofore And having done that, Thou hast done;

I fear no more.”

In the above excerpt, John Donne has rhymed his name with “done,” and his wife’s name Anne More with “more.” The words are underlined. This is an example of homophonic paronomasia.

Example #3: Romeo and Juliet (By William Shakespeare)

Mercutio: “Nay, gentle Romeo, we must have you dance.”

Romeo: “Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead … So stakes me to the ground I cannot move…”

This extract is again an example of homophonic paronomasia. Shakespeare has exploited the words “sole” and “soul.” Both sound the same, though they have different meanings, creating comic effect.

Example #4: Great Expectations (By Charles Dickens)

“Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with

my tickled frame.”

Here, Dickens plays on the word “tickle.” This word is maneuvered in such a way that it gives two different meanings and comic effect.

Example #5: Ulysses (By James Joyce)

“If you see kay Tell him he may See you in tea

Tell him from me –”

Joyce has included this brief poem with paronomasia words in it. Here, the word

“see” is used with the same spelling but different meanings. It is creating humor when spelled out.

Example #6: Hamlet (By William Shakespeare)

Claudius:”…But now, my cousin Hamlet, and my son.”

Hamlet: [aside] “A little more than kin, and less than kind … Not so, my lord, I am too much in the sun.”

Here, Hamlet is distressed that his mother married his uncle, which is not allowed in Christianity. The word “kind” is used as a short form of kindred. Shakespeare plays with the meaning of this word “kind.”

Conclusion

Article shows that, puns used in the examples of the given article are created on the basis of syntactic, semantic, structural and lexical ambiguity.

According to the given research ambiguity is a convention of punning, but as Attardo points out, not every ambiguous word constitutes a pun (1994 :133). The pun has to have a context to build upon, and be opposed to.

References

1)Attardo, S. Linguistic Theories of Humour. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994.

2)Clark David Allen, Jokes, Pun and Riddles .Garden City , New York: Doubleday, 1968.

3)Delabastita, D: Wordplay and Translation: Introduction. In The Translator. Studies in Intercultural Communication. Volume 2, Number 2; special issue. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing, 1996.

4)Koponen, This view is of the Hardcover edition (2003) from Oxford University Press, USA, 2004.

5)Gelperin I., English Stylistics, Moscow: KD”LIBROCOM”, 2013.

6)Теренин А.В. ПАРОНОМАЗИЯ, ИГРА СЛОВ, КАЛАМБУР: ВЗГЛЯД НА ПРОБЛЕМУ // Современные проблемы науки и образования. – 2015. – № 1-1.; URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=19323 (дата обращения:

10.05.2020).

7)Meri Giorgadze, LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF PUN, ITS TYPOLOGY AND

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9)URL: https://infourok.ru/nauchnoissledovatelskaya-rabota-paronimi-i-paronomaziya-v- lirike-mcvetaevoy-na-primere-ciklov-stihov-stihi-k-chehii-zemnie-prime-2557042.html

(дата обращения: 11.05.2020).

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11)URL: http://smolgu.ru/files/doc/D212_254_01/disser/Sheveleva.pdf (дата обращения: 11.05.2020).

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