!!Экзамен зачет 2023 год / presedent

Romodanova Olga

Text 1

The subject of the text is presidency: it's history and development in the USA.

The presidency was created just in time of war of independence. That's why there were some fears to delegate too much power to one person. It was strengthened with delegates' desire for strong leadership. As a result The Articles of Confederation had failed to bind the states together into a unified nation because of the absence a single head of state.

Delegates understood importance of creation the new executive office, but not royalty and without any opportunity for tyranny.

There was no consensus on the presidency, but "checks and balances” philosophy was imposed on the presidency through the powers specifically delegated to the Congress and the courts.

Article II of the Constitution consists the requirements for the presidency: president should be natural-born citizen, at least thirty five years old, who has lived in the USA for a minimum of 14 years. But responsibilities, which also set forth in Article II are brief and vague. One of the reason is very personal - it was confidence in George Washington.

The duties was:

1. Serve as administrative head of the nation - Constitution only said that “the executive power shall be vested in the President of the United States of America” and that “ he should take care that the laws be faithfully executed”. In practice it's not the most important duty.

2. Act as commander in chief of the military - the power to declare war is given to Congress, nevertheless, the presidents have initiated military action without the approval of Congress.

3. Convene Congress - he summon Congress into special session and he must also periodically inform Congress of the State of the Union.

4. Veto legislation - The president can veto any bill or resolution, but Congress can override it.

5. Appoint various officials - federal court judges, ambassadors, Cabinet members, other key policy makers.

6. Make treaties - With the advice and consent of at least two-thirds of those senators voting at the time.

7. Grant pardons - to individuals for political offenses.