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Учебное пособие рекомендовано Экспертно-методическим советом Гуманитарного института ФГБОУ ВО РГУФКСМиТ

Протокол № 58 от «01» июня 2016 г.

УДК: 811.111(07)

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Автор:

Литвинов С.В. – д. и. н., профессор кафедры иностранных языков РГУФКСМиТ.

Рецензент:

Кузьмичева Е.В. – к. п. н., профессор, завкафедрой режиссуры массовых спортивно-художественных представлений РГУФКСМиТ.

Учебное пособие «Плавание» предназначено для студентов высших учебных заведений спортивного профиля составлено в соответствии с требованиями ФГОС ВО по направлению подготовки 49.04.01 «Физическая культура». Оно служит развитию навыков устной и письменной речи на английском языке. Пособие содержит достаточный специальный запас лексики, а также грамматический материал для усвоения общепрофессиональной лексики. Основой для упражнений послужили материалы из неадаптированных аутентичных текстов на английском языке профессионального характера, найденные в сети Интернет.

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History of swimming

Swimming is a water based team or individual sport. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with events in freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly. Recreational swimming is a popular low-impact form of exercise.

The recreational activity of swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times. The earliest recording of swimming dates back to Stone Age paintings from around 10000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC. Some of the earliest references to swimming include the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible, Beowulf, The Quran along with others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, The Swimmer or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming (Der Schwimmer oder ein Zweigespräch über die Schwimmkunst).

Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in the 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths was opened to the public. By 1837, the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial swimming pools, built around London. The recreational activity grew in popularity and by 1880, when the first national governing body, the Amateur Swimming Association, was formed, there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across the country.

In 1844 two Native American participants at a swimming competition in London introduced the front crawl to a Western audience. Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand-over stroke from some South American natives and successfully debuted the new stroke in 1873, winning a local competition in England. His stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today.

Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (between England and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming 21.26 miles (34.21 km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911.

Other European countries also established swimming federations; Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The first European amateur swimming

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competitions were in 1889 in Vienna. The world's first women's swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892.

Swimming became part of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902, the Australian Richmond Cavill introduced the front crawl to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed. Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952.

International Organizations

FINA or Fédération Internationale de Natation (trans: International Swimming Federation) is the International Federation (IF) recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for administering international competition in Aquatics. It is one of several IFs which administer a given sport/discipline for the IOC and/or international community. It is based in Lausanne, Switzerland.

FINA currently oversees competition in five aquatics sports: swimming, diving, synchronized swimming, water polo and open water swimming. Beginning in 2013, high diving is an emerging discipline within FINA. FINA also oversees "Masters" competition (for adults) in its disciplines.

On July 24, 2009, Julio Maglione of Uruguay was elected FINA President.

History

FINA was founded on July 19, 1908 in the Manchester Hotel in London, UK at the end of the 1908 Summer Olympics by the Belgian, British, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Hungarian and Swedish Swimming Federations.

Number of national federations by year:

•1908: 8.

•1928: 38.

•1958: 75.

•1978: 106.

•1988: 109.

•2000: 174.

•2008: 197.

•2010: 202.

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•2012: 203.

•2015: 208.

Members

At the February 2015, FINA Bureau meeting, Kosovo became the 208th national federation of FINA. Members are grouped by continent, and there are 5 continental associations of which they can choose to be a member:

•Africa (52): African Swimming Confederation (CANA).

•Americas (44): Swimming Union of the Americas (ASUA).

•Asia (44): Asian Amateur Swimming Federation (AASF).

•Europe (52): European Swimming League (LEN).

•Oceania (16): Oceania Swimming Association (OSA).

Organizations

The FINA membership meets every four years, usually coinciding with the World Championships. There are two types of normal or "ordinary" congress:

General and Technical. FINA’s highest authority is the General Congress. Any technical issues concerning FINA’s five aquatic disciplines are decided by the Technical Congress. Each Congress has two voting members from each Member federation, plus the following non-voting members: the 22 members of the Bureau, the Honorary Life President, and all Honorary Members. The Technical Congress has the following additional non-voting members: all members from the respective Technical Committees. Extraordinary" Congress are also called from time to time, to deal with a specific topic or area of concern (e.g., an Extraordinary Congress was held with the 2009 World Championships to review the Masters swimming rules; there was a General Congress at the 2009 Worlds). All Congress meetings are chaired by FINA's president.

Between Congress meetings of the entire membership, a smaller 22-member representative board, called the FINA Bureau, meets to act in a timely manner on items which cannot wait until the entire body can meet. It is the Bureau that elects the FINA Executive Officers.

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Various committees and commission also help with the oversight of individual disciplines (e.g. the Technical Open Water Swimming Committee helps with open water), or topic-related issues (e.g. the FINA Doping Panel).

Events

FINA organizes one championship involving each of the five disciplines it oversees (the "World Championships"), as well championships and circuits in each of the disciplines.

World Championships

The biggest FINA event is the biennial World Championships, currently held every odd year. It features competitions in all five aquatic disciplines. Prior to 2000, the event was held every 4 years, in the even year between (Summer) Olympic Games.

Discipline championships

•Swimming: World Swimming Championships (25 m), (aka "Short Course Worlds"). Bi-annual event (in even years), swum in 25-meter length pool (Olympic and World Championships are in a 50m pool).

•Water Polo: Water Polo World Leagues (men's and women's).

•Diving: Diving World Series.

•Open Water: World Open Water Swimming Championships (aka "Open Water Worlds"). Even years from 2000-2010.

•Synchronized Swimming: Synchro World Cup.

•Masters: World Masters Championships (aka "Masters Worlds"). Biannual, in even years. "Masters" competition is for adults (20 years old and up). This championships features all 5 disciplines.

Other events

In addition to the championships events listed above, FINA also organizes the following annual events, and sub-championships:

•World Cups: in swimming, water polo (men's, women's), diving, high diving, op en water (10Ks) and synchro.

•Grand Prix: Annual race/competition series of multiple events in open water (races over 10-kilometers).

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•Junior Worlds: A world-level championships restricted to a younger age population (typically under-18, though can vary by discipline/gender). Held in swimming, water polo, diving, and synchronized swimming. Open Water is to begin in 2012.

•World Men's Water Polo Development Trophy.

Competition

Competitive swimming became popular in the nineteenth century. The goal of competitive swimming is to beat the competitors in any given event. Swimming in competition should create the least resistance in order to obtain maximum speed. However, some professional swimmers who do not hold a national or world ranking are considered the best in regard to their technical skills. Typically, an athlete goes through a cycle of training in which the body is overloaded with work in the beginning and middle segments of the cycle, and then the workload is decreased in the final stage as the swimmer approaches competition.

The practice of reducing exercise in the days just before an important competition is called tapering. A final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper": the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair for the sake of reducing drag and having a sleeker and more hydrodynamic feel in the water.

World record holder and Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps in the 400 IM. Swimming is an event at the Summer Olympic Games, where male and female athletes compete in 16 of the recognized events each. Olympic events are held in a

50-meter pool, called a long course pool.

There are forty officially recognized individual swimming events in the pool; however the International Olympic Committee only recognizes 32 of them. The international governing body for competitive swimming is the Fédération Internationale de Natation ("International Swimming Federation"), better known as FINA.

Open water

In open water swimming, where the events are swum in a body of open water (lake or sea), there are also 5 km, 10 km and 25 km events for men and women. However, only the 10 km event is included in the Olympic schedule, again for both

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men and women. Open-water competitions are typically separate to other swimming competitions with the exception of the World Championships and the Olympics.

Swimming as an Olympic sport

In 1957, the international swimming Federation became the register only those world records that were achieved in 50-meter pools. One of the objective of development indicators and ratios of sporting event forces of different countries are the results of swimmers in these countries at the Olympics is the biggest international competition of our time. Successes and failures at the games reflect the work done in the countries sport work.

In the program of Olympic Games in ancient Greece, swimming was not. Now it occupies a worthy place. At every Olympic Games, which are held once every four years, swimmers start in many countries. At 1 Olympiad in Athens in 1896 g. involved only swimmers-male for very modest: 100, 500 and 1200 m freestyle. Alfred Hajos won (Hungary) in the 100 and 1200 m freestyle and Paul Neumann (Austria) at 500 m. program II, 1900 Olympics in Paris on swimming programs are drastically different from previous games. The Olympic Games include unusual for us competitions like swimming with obstacles on the 200 m and diving to 60 m, as well as relay (5 X 40 m).

First at the Olympics was not yet firmly established programme of swimming competitions. The program was adopted, which offered to Olympic Committee of the country in which the Olympiad took place. Organizers of the games usually take into account primarily the interests of their athletes. This to some extent explains the fact that the III Olympic Games, held in 1904 in St. Louis (United States) dominated the Freestyle distance (7 out of 9, including baton), where Americans feel stronger than in swimming breaststroke and backstroke. Indeed, Charles Daniels, Francis Gailey spoke in four rooms programme, and each time were among the medalists. In addition, the Americans won the first, second and third place in relay swimming-4 X 50 yard freestyle. All distances were measured in familiar to Americans and unusual for many Europeans yardage.

However, the hopes of Americans not fully materialize — of the six freestyle distances in individual swimming two won the Hungarian swimmer Zoltán Halman

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and two German Emil Rausch. Organization of competitions was unsatisfactory: starting a raft was sinking under the weight of the items on it, a place for swimmers turn was awkward. Constantly changing Olympic swimming programme put participants in unequal conditions and created a number of inconveniences. It was therefore decided, in view of the accumulated experience, establish a stable programme of swimming competitions at the Olympics, and already the IV Olympic Games in 1908, g. conducted under this program. Strong competition schedule gave the opportunity to register the Olympic records, analyze results from Olympics to Olympics etc. It should be noted that before the Olympics such a possibility IV was not, as the program of the competitions in swimming the first three Olympiads had different distances. Although some Olympics swimmers V tried to apply the method of swimming crawl (for example, Daniels), but swimming technique in this way was not quite perfect. For the first time at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912 g. swimmer from Hawaii Duke Kahanamoku demonstrated navigation Krol, a technique which approached modern. Kahanamoku significantly improved the existing world and Olympic records at the distance of 100 m freestyle.

It should be noted that both the V and VII in the way Olympics swim breaststroke, in addition to the common distance of 200 m, was also the distance of 400 m in the future she was excluded from the program. V the Olympics in Stockholm for the first time women swimmers. The outbreak of the first world war prevented hold the VI Olympic Games. VII Olympiad in Antwerp in 1920 was held here were again improved the world and Olympic records in the 100 m freestyle, 100 m backstroke and 4 X 200 relay m. Noticeably stepped forward at the VIII Olympics swimmers. At all distances, the results were significantly improved. Particularly distinguished himself by Johnny Weissmuller (United States), showing an improved technique of how Kroll and, for the first time in the history of the games, Spain distance 100 m freestyle with a result of less than a minute. In these competitions, Australian Andrew Charlton showed magnificent result crawl at a distance of 1500 m-20.00, 6. Weissmuller confirmed the reputation of the fastest swimmer in the world and also at the IX games in Amsterdam. A Swedish swimmer Arne Borg won in the 1500 metres, setting a new Olympic record at that distance with a result of less

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