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III. Match two parts of the sentences according to the text:

IV. Find the terms in the text that mean the same as the following definitions:

1.Relating to or concerned with motor vehicles (para1);

2.Trustworthy and reliable (para1);

3.A person travelling in a car, train, boat, etc. , not driven by him (para1);

4.A device for slowing or stopping a moving vehicle (para 2);

5.A flexible pipe, for conveying a liquid or gas (para 2);

6.Not mixed or adulterated with any other substance or material (para 3);

7.A thick piece of soft material, typically used to protect or shape something (para 4);

8.An aircraft powered by one or more jet engines (para 6);

9.Damage, erode, or destroy by friction or use (para 8).

V. Identify the differences between disc brakes and drum brakes.

VI. Render the text in English:

Тормозные альтернативы: Быстрый стоп Барабанные тормозные механизмы. Многие ошибочно считают, что на большинстве

иномарок барабанные тормоза не применяются из-за низкой эффективности. На самом деле барабанные тормоза в нормальных условиях обеспечивают большее замедление, чем дисковые: если вы будете с одинаковой силой давить на педаль тормоза, то машина с барабанными тормозами остановится быстрее. Главный недостаток барабанных тормозов — нестабильность работы. Если на автомобиле с барабанными тормозами вы решите погонять по гоночному треку, то сначала все будет нормально, но через некоторое время барабанные тормоза перегреются (они слишком медленно рассеивают тепло) и будут тормозить куда слабее. Но те, кто любят погонять, маломощные автомобили не покупают. Поэтому сзади такие машины оснащают более дешевыми барабанны-

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ми механизмами. А вот спереди даже на самых дешевых автомобилях устанавливают дисковые тормоза, поскольку именно они обеспечивают замедление при резких торможениях, когда большая часть веса автомобиля приходится на передние колеса.

Дисковые тормозные механизмы. На маломощных автомобилях спереди устанавливаются невентилируемые стальные диски. Более скоростные версии имеют вентилируемые тормозные диски, внутренние спиралевидные каналы которых обеспечивают им быстрое охлаждение.

Антиблокировочная тормозная система (АБС). В странах Европейского Союза все новые легковые автомобили по закону должны быть оснащены АБС, однако во многих странах (в том числе в России) наличие системы АБС пока не является обязательным. Многие автомобилисты ошибочно считают, что АБС предназначена для снижения тормозного пути. На самом деле на некоторых дорожных поверхностях (например, на каменистой грунтовой дороге) автомобиль без АБС остановится быстрее. Основная задача этой системы — не дать колесу при торможении заблокироваться и тем самым помочь водителю не потерять контроль над автомобилем при торможении, ведь автомобиль может просто развернуть на дороге.

«Популярная механика»

Use the words and phrases given below:

Ошибочно — by mistake; иномарка — car of foreign make; из-за низкой эффективности — because of low efficiency; замедление — deacceleration; нестабильность работы — work instability; гоночный трек — racing track; перегреваться — overheat; маломощный — low-duty, low-powered; оснащать — equip; резкое торможение — hard braking; невентилируемые стальные диски — solid steel disks; вентилируемые тормозные диски — ventilated brake disks; внутренние спиралевидные каналы — internal helical passages; быстрое охлаждение — rapid cooling; антиблокировочная тормозная система — antilock brake system (ABS); по закону — under the law; поверхность дороги — road surface.

Unit 5

I. CD Tape-4. 1) Before you listen “The Most Unpopular Men in London” mind the unknown words and phrases:

Words and word combinations to be remembered: 1. tow-away n принудительная отбуксиров-

2) Read the paragraph below and find the answers to these questions:

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1.What do people do to John and Dave?

2.What is John and Dave’s job?

A Tow-Away Team

It’s half past eight in the morning and John Punch is starting his day’s work. Before he finishes, he and his mate, Dave Wilson, will be shouted at, argued with and sworn at. But that’s all in a day’s work for two of the most unpopular men in London, for John and Dave are a tow-away team. With their blue and white lorry they lift cars that have been illegally parked and take them away to the car pound.

3) Listen. You will hear more about John and Dave’s job. Find the answers to these questions:

1.What kinds of illegal parking are mentioned?

2.Which cars can be towed away?

3.How long do John and Dave usually take to remove the vehicle?

4.How much does it cost to get a car out of the pound?

5.What happens if the owner arrives before the car has been lifted?

6.What sort of things do people do if they see their car being lifted?

7.How does John feel about his job?

4) What does John say about these things?

-putting a car down;

-sob stories;

-bribes.

5) Are there similar people in your city? Would you like to do their job? Do you think their job is necessary? What would happen if there were no to-away teams?

Read the text:

Driver, Vehicle, and Road

Transportation is a system consisting essentially of three components: driver, vehicle, and road. If any of these components fails, the whole system would fail, and conditions of hazards would be created on the road. To provide a safe and efficient transportation system, it is necessary that all of these three components should function in a well coordinated manner.

Every year several thousand people are killed on the roads. Accidents are often caused by the drivers. There are rules that help to make the roads safe, but people do not follow the rules.

Vehicle also plays a vital part in determining safety on roads. An unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road transportation system.

Accidents can be divided into three types:

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1.Head-on impacts between cars;

2.Side impacts caused by accidents at intersections;

3.Rear impacts in which the car is struck from the rear by another car.

Head-on accidents are the most numerous in which the driver and the front seat passenger suffer head injuries. That is why the most important function of safety belts is to protect the driver and passenger from head injury.

Modern roads should possess the following principal features. They should be designed according to the anticipated volume and speed of the traffic. Bends and gradients should always be slight. Visibility should not be hindered. They should be well lit. Hedge and tree planting on the road sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to avoid monotony and boredom.

In modern road construction, there is much greater recognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath the road. It is regarded as an integral part of the road. In case of mechanical stabilization granular or cohesive materials are added to the subsoil. In dry climates it is necessary to add substances helping to retain sufficient moisture.

Stabilization can be carried out by adding substances that harden the soil, and greatly increase its compressive strength. The constantly increasing volume of modern traffic involves the construction of numerous auxiliary structures, such as bridges, tunnels, and underpasses. It is mainly these structures that will present problems for the engineers.

Founded in the early 1900s Society of Automotive Engineers International* (SAE) serves its primary constituents in many ways. Through its globally-recognized magazines, Automotive Engineering International, Aerospace Engineering and Manufacturing, and Off Highway Engineering, SAE keeps the mobility community informed on the latest developments in the field.

•*http://www.sae.org/

II. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.Why is it necessary to provide a safe and efficient transportation system?

2.What are the main types of accidents?

3.Why is head-on accident type considered to be the most numerous one?

4.Innumerate the road principal features.

5.What is subsoil beneath the road?

6.What are substances added to the soil for?

7.What is SAE International?

III. Match the synonyms in column A and column B:

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IV. A group of people were asked to rate car, bus and walking as forms of transport. Look at the table and the example below. Then write sentences to compare the other features:

Example: Travelling by car is the most dangerous form of transport. Walking is slightly safer, but it is considerably safer to travel by bus.

V. 1) Scan the text and according to the questions given below put the paragraphs in the right order:

1.What is carried in HEV in addition to fuel tank?

2.In what conditions are petrol engines least efficient?

3.What is regenerative braking?

4.Is energy wasted from idling when car is stopped?

5.Does HEV need special fuel?

Hybrid Cars

HEVs have automatic start / shutoff. The petrol engine shuts off when the car comes to stop. When the driver presses the accelerator, the motor instantly starts the engine again. No energy is wasted from idling when the car is stopped.

When the car is running at a constant speed, cruising, the petrol engine provides all the power required. For overtaking, hill climbing, and accelerating from stop, the electric motor provides extra power. In some cars, the motor also provides power for low-speed cruising as petrol engines are least efficient in these conditions.

A hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) has both a petrol engine and an electric motor. The petrol engine is the main power source. It is smaller and lighter than the engines of conventional cars. The electric motor provides extra power when needed. In some HEVs, it is connected to the wheels by the same transmission. In addition to a fuel tank, the HEV carries a pack of advanced batteries. There is also a processor which decides when to use the motor and engine.

HEVs are more efficient and pollute less than cars with only petrol engines. They do not require special fuel like hydrogen cars and, unlike electric cars, they do not need to be plugged in overnight to recharge the batteries. However, they are heavy because of the weight of the batteries.

HEVs use regenerative braking when the driver brakes, the resistance of the motor helps to slow down the car. At the same time, the energy from the wheels turns the motor which then functions as a generator, producing electricity to recharge the batteries. When the batteries are low, the petrol engine also drives the generator.

2) Answer the following questions according to the text:

1.When is petrol engine used alone?

2.When is electric motor used alone?

3.When are both motors used?

4.What advantage does this car have over an electric car?

5.How is the battery charged?

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PART V. ROBOTS AND COMPUTERS

Unit 1

I. Work in small groups. What do these pictures have in common? What are the differences between them? Compare the answers with other students and provide reasons to support your ideas:

Read the text:

Machines through the Ages

Mechanization, or the use of machines to do the work of animals or people, has been with us for centuries. There are six basic kinds of mechanization. Classification depends on whether machines, or combinations of animals and people, are responsible for the three fundamental elements that occur in every type of activity — power, action and control.

The first kind of mechanization is introduced by typing. In typing words, a body produces “the power” to drive a machine, but the machine produces “action”; control is with the body. In one of the mechanized devices the horse and cart, an animal is responsible for power, while the person control the mechanism, but the element responsible for action — the cart’s wheels and axles — is mechanical. The horse and cart is a simple example of mechanism that saves the human body from doing something.

In the second kind of mechanization, hardware is responsible for both power and action. In a car, for example, the wheels, gears and so on provide action while the engine supplies power.

Windand watermills are another kind of mechanized device. Like cars, they use inanimate power source (air or water). But these power sources are not within a person’s control.

The next two types of mechanized devices are all partly automatic. They are mechanically controlled; a person does not have to be present to supervise them.

Simple automatic devices are not new. Soon after the first machine-tools appeared late in the 18th century, engineers modified them so that they could work by themselves for some of the time. An operator would set his machine so that it cut a piece of metal automatically. He would not have to do anything while the operation took place. The control devices here were camshafts and stops.

The fifth example of mechanization is semi-automatic equipment. Here people are required for only some elements of control. In this category are assembly lines with the conveyer sys-

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