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In this context, classifications according to the village settlement origins and village settlements’ role in broader set of settlements are of our special interest. We’ll start with a first type of classification, based on a village settlement origin (1).

The sole question is: is there a way, that origin of a settlement can influence street pattern, building lots size and shape, settlement’s function? No, there isn’t. Although it can imply some conclusions, it will absolutely never be able to offer a full scope of information needed by urban designer, not to speak of quality of those information. That is why typology according to urban-morphological criteria was formed, to provide all the relevant information, not only about the current stance of a settlement but its’ development trough time, also13. Consequently, the fact whether the village arose spontaneously, or was built and settled by authorities –– is in this case irrelevant, and therefore, can be neglected.

As for the classification by a village settlement’s function (Classification № 4), there are three factors of interest that we are ought to pay attention to:

––First, during the several last decades, we have witnessed a tremendous development of transport and transportation lines, not only in Republic of Serbia, but in far larger, global scale. Daily migrations became a worldwide practice, thus nowadays it is not unusual, but often very common, to travel 30 to 60 minutes from home to work and vice versa. In country of 88.361 km², with population density of 92 p/km² [15], it is without question, that there is a plethora of working force to be found even within 30 km (30 min drive) radius around every randomly chosen point in the country. Subsequently, there is no more need for dense territorial concentration of working force, which is now able to be scattered across broad area, and to concentrate on one place only in working hours. Therefore, special-type villages, if there is still some left, will without any doubt, cede their existence in nearest future;

––Second, according to a recent study, only 12 % of the people, living in RS village households, are engaged exclusively in agricultural activities. For the other 88 %, agriculture represents itself only a secondary activity [15]. Having that in mind, nowadays there is hardly left any difference between “special” and regular-type villages;

––Third, a key factor in arranging social and communal infrastructure14 in a settlement isn’t its role in a broader set of settlement, but it’s population, which further sets up it’s place in a broader settlement network. Nature and scope of settlement’s social, communal, commercial,

13In other words, it also has a time constraint ––hence the term ‘morphological’ in her name.

14We have in mind existence administrative buildings, grocery stores and magazines, primary and secondary schools, churches, police stations, gas stations, etc., and also qualityof infrastructure.

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and other non-housing and non-agricultural infrastructure comes either from laws and regulations that are tightly-connected to a population parameters15, or from consumers distribution, which is, again, tightly connected with the population quantity, density and purchasing power. Therefore, there is no reason for classification by the settlement’s role in broader set of settlements not to be neglected, too. That leaves us with two typologies, which actually can be easily merged:

1.Typology according the urban-morphological characteristics (Classification № 3), and:

2.Typology based on the settlement size (Classification № 4).

Having in mind our previous conclusion, that all the information necessary for processes of urban planning, urban and architectural design (in rural areas and settlements), is contained inside these two, and there is no any relevant information left aside by neglecting others, we are able to come forward with process of their merging.

Although initial, empiric calculations offer us whole 60 (6*10) possible village types, the whole matter is in fact far simpler, and, in practice, their number does not exceed 40. It is due to a fact, that, in reality, there are no Stari Vlah villages above level C1, and there are no Ibartype villages above level C2. On the other side, systematically developed and subsequently planned villages are never smaller than C1, and so on. Therefore, mutual exclusiveness of several factors, that are fundamental to type-forming, shrinks the overall sum to 38 villagetypes, as is shown in the chart below (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. A proposed classification scheme of village settlements in Republic of Serbia

15 In case when Government is investor.

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Conclusion. Advantages of the proposed village classification optimization are many, and are both theoretical and practical.

First of all, in practical domain, the proposed optimization would greatly improve the overall process of village and rural area planning. Right now, at the end of the current, fourfold classification process, a so-called “description mark” is given. This mark can be up to several sentences long, and often contains duplicated data, as great deal of information from different classifications is overlapping. Besides the fact it makes settlement information hard-to-present in spatial diagrams (very important component both in early design stages, and in final presentations), it also often confuses the designers themselves. Consequentially, in most cases, it either prolongsthe design process, or affects itsoverallquality. On the other hand, having in mind that an end-result of the proposed re-classification looks like this: subsequently re-planned village, B2; roadside village, M1. Stari Vlah village, C2, it is obvious that it allows much more freedom and information-clarity in spatial analysis and presentation, as can be seen in (Fig. 7).

As for the theoretical impact of the proposed optimization, we believe that it would positively affect the studies of Republic of Serbia’s rural areas and settlements, as it cuts of a great deal of irrelevant and overlapping information, subsequently allowing researchers to speed-up their research and focus their work not on acknowledging and describing current state and investigate its way of occurrence, but to the future development of rural areas and settlements.

Fig. 7. An example of rural-design spatial diagram, improved in accordance with systematization,

proposed byauthors

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References

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2.Cvijic J. Antropogeografski i etnografski spisi (Sabrana dela) [Anthropogeographical and ethnographical materials (Collected works)]. Belgrade, Srpska akadeimja nauka i umetnosti, Novinsko-izdavacka radna organizacija “Knjizevne novine” Zavod za udzbenike i nastavna sredstva, 1987. 180 p.

3.Cvijic J. Naselja srpskih zemalja, Knjiga 12 [Settlements of Serbian lands, Book 12]. Belgrade, Drzavna stamparija Kraljevine Srbije, 1909. 533 p.

4.Cvijic J. Naselja srpskih zemalja: rasprave I gradja, Knjiga 4 [Settlements of Serbian lands: Discussions and materials]. Belgrade, Drzavna stamparija Kraljevine Srbije, 1902. 243 p.

5.Da-Mi Maeng, Nedovic-Budic Z. Urban Form and Planning in the Information Age: Lessons from Literature,

SPATIUM, 2008, no. 17, pp. 1––13.

6.Deroko A. Folklorna arhitektura u Yugoslavii [Folklore Architecture in Yugoslavia]. Belgrade, University of Belgrade & Narodna knjiga, 1964. 104 p.

7.Djokic V. Morfoloshka istrazhivanja u urbanizmu [Morphological researches in urbanism]. Belgrade, Arhitektura i urbanizam, 2007, no. 20/21, pp. 61––72.

8.Dopudja D. Appendix to the classification of rural settlements in the Republic of Serbia, according to their urban-morphological characteristics. Moscow, RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches, 18(2), pp. 382—390.

9.Findrik R. Dinarska brvnara [Dinaric cottage] Sirogojno, Muzej “Staro selo”, 1998. 308 p.

10.Gadzic N. S. Arhitektura Shar-planinskih sela sa posebnim osvrtom na stvaralashtvo Sredachkih zidara. Diss. D-ra arkh. [Architecture of Sara mountain villages with a particular view on the entrepreneurship of Sredacka district masons]. Belgrade, Facultyof Architecture, University of Belgrade, 2016. 363 p.

11.Glasnik Etnografskog muzeja [Bulletin of the Ethnographic Museum, Volume 69]. Belgrade, Etnografski muzej u Beogradu, Knjiga 69, 2005. 198 p.

12.Gricic Lj. Grcic M. Tradicionalno seosko neimarstvo u kulturnom pejzazu Macve, Posavine i Pocerine [Traditional village architecture in cultural landscape of Machva, Posavina and Pocerina]. Belgrade, Bulletin of the Serbian geographical society, no. 87, 2007, pp.149––162.

13.Koich B. Dj. Seoska arhitektura i rurizam: Teoriјa i elementi. 2-e izd. preradjeno i dopunjeno [Village architecture and rurizm: Theoryand practice]. Belgrade, Gradjevinska knjiga, 1973. 260 p.

14.Mitkovich A., Vasiljevska Lj., Bogdanovivh I., Dinich M. Functional and Size Typology of the Village Settlements in the City of Nish Territory FACTA UNIVERSITATIS, Series: Architecture and Civil Engineering, vol. 2, no. 4, 2002, pp. 231––249.

15.Mitrovich M. M. Sela u Srbiјi: Promene strukture i problemi odrzhivog razvoјa [Villages in Serbia: Changes in their structure and problems of sustainable development]. Belgrade, Republicki zavod za statistiku, 2015.

260p.

16.Novikhov V. A. Arhitekturnaya organizaciya selskoi sredi [Architectural organization of rural environment]. Moscow, Rosiiskaya akademiya arhitekturi i storitelnih nayk, «Arhitektura – S», 2005. 375 p.

17.Ribar M. Savremeni rurizam [Modern rurizm]. Belgrade, Centar za multidisciplinarne studiјe Univerziteta u Beogradu, 1988. 94 p.

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18.Simonovich Dj. R. Uredjenje seoskih teritoriјa i naselja: Urbanizaciјa sela. 2-e izd. preradj. i dop [Development of village settlements and their territories: Village urbanization]. Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Architectural Faculty, 1993. 352 p.

19.Stankovic M. Iskustva graditelja: Narodno graditeljstvo Zapadne Krajine u Republici Srpskoj (kraj 19. i pocetak 20. vijeka) [Masons legacy: Folklore architecture in Western Krajina in Republic of Srpska (end of XVIII and beginning of XIX century]. Banja Luka, Knjizevna zadruga JUKZ, 2003. 277 p.

20.Vasic M., Turnsek B. AJ. Prilog analizi seoskog arhitektonskog nasledja [An attachment to a village genealogystudies]. Nish, Zbornik radova Gradjevinsko-arhitektonskog fakulteta, 2009, no. 20, pp. 184––200.

21.Videnovic A. Ch. Revitalizaciya centara u selima brdsko –– planinskih podruchya Istochne Srbije. Diss. D-ra arkh. [Revitalization of the village centers in mountain areas of Eastern Serbia]. Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Universityof Belgrade, 2016. 467 p.

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DOI10.25987/VSTU.2019.42.2.009

UDC 711.5 : 711.8 : 697.34

V. N. Mel'kumov1, S. N. Kuznetsov2, S. G. Tul'skaya3, A. A. Chuikina4

INFLUENCE OF THE LAYOUT OF FUNCTIONAL ZONES OF CITIES

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Voronezh State Technical University

Russia, Voronezh, tel.: (473)271-53-21, e-mail: teplosnab_kaf@vgasu.vrn.ru

1D. Sc. in Engineering, Prof., Head of the Dept. of Heat and Gas Supply and Oil and Gas Business

2D. Sc. in Engineering, Assoc. Prof., Prof. of the Dept. of Heat and Gas Supply and Oil and Gas Business

3PhD in Engineering, Assoc. Prof. of the Dept. of Heat Supply and Oil and Gas Business

4PhD student of the Dept. of Heat Supply and Oil and Gas Business

Statement of the problem. Capital costs of construction and operation of heating networks are largely determined by the length and branching of the system, which mainly depend on the layout of cities. In this regard, there is a need to study the impact of the location of functional areas of cities on the main indicators of developing heating systems.

Results and conclusions. The existing dependences of the study of the influence of planning decisions on the trace of the heat network on the enlarged indicators are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are noted, as well as possible calculation errors in relation to the design data, which allowed one to increase the accuracy of the calculation. Based on the numerical study, it was confirmed that there is an increase in the material characteristics of the removal of the heat source from the center of the heat load. The discrepancy between the results of the optimization of the network trace based on the considered single parameters for different planning of the heat supply area is identified. The conclusion was made that getting a full insight into the efficiency of the system is possible only when taking into account several parameters and their relative importance.

Keywords: territoryplanning, functional zones, heat supply, optimalitycriteria, design of heat supply systems.

Introduction. Modern urban planning is underpinned by segregation of cities into functional closely connected areas [6, 14, 16]. This includes highly developed communication and infrastructure networks. As planning of functional areas of cities largely relies on historical construction patterns and its revamping, large-scale development of existing infrastructure is mainly determined by the parameters specified in a general plan [13, 15].

© Mel'kumov V. N., Kuznetsov S. N., Tul'skaya S. G., Chuikina A. A., 2019

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One of the most important urban infrastructure systems is heat supply system where the above parameters can generally be spatial characteristics of the thermal load distribution and thermal energy sources in relation to each other.

Obviously financial investments into construction and operation of heating networks largely depend on the length and branching of a system. Hence in [5, 8] it is noted that the most viable and feasible in terms of thermal energy transportation is when thermal loads are evenly distributed along pipelines and a heat generating source is placed in the centre of a service area.

Even distribution of thermal energy also facilitates development and reconstruction planning of heat supply systems [4, 10, 12]. However, users are not commonly evenly distributed in space and these assumptions thus lead to calculation errors.

In [10, 12] it is noted that existing criteria that are in place in design to allow for a branching heat supply system more often than not fail to present a realistic estimate. Therefore it is becoming increasingly important to investigate the influence of segregation of city spaces for heat supply systems by means of the complex approach allowing for traditional parameters of the performance of heat supply systems and available information on actual objects.

1. Existing parameters of determining the efficiency of heat supply systems. Analysis of the influence of segregation of cities for developing heat supply systems appears to be challenging and daunting. Associated costs can be reduced due to more extended characteristics that have proved to be effective.

One of the core methods of assessing heat supply systems is that relying on the use of limited indices of financial characteristics (1) and length of a heat supply network (2) set forth by S. F. Kopyev [5]:

a network; L is the total length of pipelines of a heat supply system.

A feature of these parameters is that they indicate the efficiency of heat supply in a particular area of a heat source when users are evenly distributed, which is rather uncommon. The method discussed in [8] has the same flaw as a financial characteristics of a heat supply network is given by the formula

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where n is the number of reas of a heat supply system; mу is a specific financial characteristics of an area of a network determined with the formula

17.5

М , (4)

у G0.03qв0.48qп0.14m0.12Rл0.19

where G is the consumption of a heat carrier in the pipeline; qп is a designed consumption of a heat carrier per user; qв is the density of consumption of a heat carrier of a particular area of heat supply (defined as a ratio of a designed consumption of a heat carrier of a particular area to the heat supply area); m is the coefficient that is employed as the shape of an area is made rectangular and fit in size; Rл is a specific linear drop in the pressure in the main pipeline [8]. A total length of pipelines of the entire heat supply system can also be identified using specific indices [8] according to the formula

where lуд is a specific length of an area of a network related to a unit of heat carrier consumption in the area and is determined by the formula

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l . (6)

уд G0.09qв0.45qп0.47m0.1

The fact that thermal load is not evenly distributed can be taken into account as the entire network is divided into individual area with a constant level of heat carrier consumption, which is likely if routing is known. Then a financial characteristics can be found using the dependence presented in [9]:

Another way of allowing for uneven distribution of thermal load discussed in [5] relies on the

heat rotation indice set forth by Ye. P. Shubin where thermal load is seen to be concentrated at joining points of a heat supply system.

This method assumes that from the viewpoint of thermal energy transportation each thermal

One of the downsides is that this does not depend on routing of a heat network as it allows for a vector distance from a heat source to user. In [5] it is noted that as a vector distance is re-

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placed by an actual one lфi obtained following the routing of a heat network, the dependence takes the following form

However, in this case as complex, branched networks are designed, some pipelines can be considered a few times, which has a negative impact on the credibility of the outcome. All the above dependencies are purely approximate and empirical. Therefore a particular scheme should be evaluated based on all ofthe above mentioned parameters and experimental data.

2. Analysis of a numerical study of the influence of the position of functional area on

routing of a heat supply system. The principle of urban space zoning is based on segregation of individual area (industrial, residential, public, suburban) according to their function. Heat generating sources can be referred to as industrial areas and should thus be located in a corresponding area, which has an effect on routing of heat supply mains.

Fig. 1 shows the dependence of a financial characteristics of a heat supply networok on the location of a heat energy source (industrial area) determined by the formula (7) for extended indices and using the formula (10) for actual project data.

i 1

where Dвн is an internal diameter of the pipeline in the heat supply network; liф is the length of an area of the heat supply network; n is the number of areas of the heat supply network.

Fig. 1. Dependence of a financial characteristics of a heat network on the position of a heat energysource: █ is a heat generating source located in the centre of a residential area; █ is a heat generating source located in the centre of a residential area boundary; █ is a heat generating source located with a shift at a residential area boundary; █ is a heat generating source located in the suburbs of a residential area;

- - - are optimal radii of heat supply

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A difference in the data obtaimed using the extended indices from the project ones is around 23 %, which causes significant errors in preliminary analysis based on the extended data. However, the dynamics of changes in the index remains the same depending on the position of a heat source.

What is more distinct is the influence of the location of a service area of a heat source which is shown in Fig. 2. This suggests that in case of an unchangeable location of users (central heat stations) and a changeable location of thermal energy a financial characteristics ofa heat network increases as the source is gradually removed from the centre of the thermal load.

Similarly, there is a dependence of changes in theoretical and actual moments of thermal load [11] determined by the formula (8) and (9) that reflects heat transit which is inevitable when users are located specifically in relation to a heat energy source (Fig. 3).

Number of the scheme

Fig. 2. Dependence of a financial characteristics of a heat supplynetwork on the location of a heat energysource

in the boundaryof a heat source

The efficiency of heat supply systems connected to a heat source located in a certain place considering the dynamics of connecting to a potential load can be evaluated based on the parameter of an effective radius of heat supply. Traditionally this parameter is identified using the dependency presented in [8, 9] where it is recommended that an optimal radius is considered that was shown to be minimum costs on a heat supply network and a heat generator. This parameter was analytically expressed in the following way:

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